骨的总论（2）在线视频

我们通过这些标本的观察

Through the observation of these specimens

2
00:00:20,080 --> 00:00:21,270
可以发现

we can find that

动物全身骨骼是由许多骨

The animal whole body skeleton are formed by many bones

借助于骨连结形成的

with the help of the bone connection

每一块骨是一个骨器官

Each bone is a bone organ

骨骼形成家畜体的坚硬支架

The skeleton forms a rigid framework for the livestock's body

决定家畜体的体型

determining its size

保护体内器官
protecting internal organs

并作为肌肉收缩时的杠杆
and acting as a lever for muscle contraction

骨还是重要的造血器官
Bone is also an important hematopoietic organ

也是钙磷的体内储存的地方
It is also where calcium and phosphorus are stored in the body

并参与动物体的代谢
and it participates in metabolism of animals

各骨因位置和机能不同
Due to different position and function of each bone

形态也不一样
its shape is also different

根据骨的大小和形态可分为
Accoring to the size and shape bones can be divided into four types

长骨 短骨 扁骨和不规则骨四种类型
long bones short bones flat bones and irregular bones

长骨呈长管状
Long bones are long tubular

其中部称为骨干或骨体
whose middle part is called diaphysis or bone body

内有空腔
The empty space in the long bones

称骨髓腔
is called marrow cavity

含有骨髓
which contain bone marrow

22
00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:26,110
两端称为骺或骨端
Its two ends are called epiphysis or capitulum

在骨干和骺之间有软骨板称骺板
There is cartilaginous plate called epiphyseal plate between diaphysis and epiphysis.

幼龄时骺板明显
The epiphyseal plate is obcious at early age

成年后骺板骨化
and ossified when adult

骺与骨干愈合
Epiphysis and diaphysis are united

长骨多分布于四肢的游离部
Long bones are distributed in the free part of four limbs more

主要作用是支持体重和形成运动杠杆
main effect of which is to support weight and form motion lever

短骨一般呈立方形
Short bones are generally cuboid-shaped

多见于结合坚固并有一定灵活性的部位
It is commonly seen in combination with solid and flexible parts

如腕骨 跗骨等
such as the carpus tarsus etc

有支持分散压力和缓冲振动的作用
which disperses the pressure and buffers the vibration.

扁骨多呈板状 主要位于颅腔 胸腔的周围
The flat bones are often plate-like mainly located around the cranial cavity and chest cavity

以及四肢带部 可保护脑和内脏器官
as well as the bands of the four limbs which can protect the brain and visceral organs

或供大量肌肉附着
or be used for attachment by a large amount of muscle

不规则骨形状不规则
Shape of irregular bones are irregular

一般构成家畜体中轴如椎骨等
Irregular bones generally constitute the central axis of body of livestock such as vertebrae

起保护支持和供肌肉附着等作用
with the functions of protection and support as well as muscle attachment

每一个骨器官均由骨膜 骨质 骨髓
Each bone organ is composed of the periosteum sclerotin bone marrow

和血管 神经组成
vascular and nerves

骨膜包括骨外膜和骨内膜
The periosteum includes the exterior periosteum and the endosteum

骨外膜位于骨质的外表面
The exterior periosteum is located on the outer surface of the sclerotin

骨内膜衬于骨腔的内表面
The endosteum is lining the inner surface of the bone cavity

在骨的关节面没有骨膜
There is no periosteum on the articular surface of the bone

and it is covered by articular cartilage

骨外膜富有血管 淋巴管
The exterior periosteum is rich in blood vessels lymphatic vessels

及神经 故呈粉红色
and nerves so it is pink

对骨的营养再生和感觉有重要意义
It is important for bone nutrition regeneration and sensation

骨膜分两层
Periosteum is divided into two layers

外层为纤维层
The outer layer is fibrous layer

富含胶原纤维和血管神经
rich in collagen fiber and vascular nerves

起营养和保护作用
with the functions of nutrition and protection

内层为成骨层 富有细胞成分
The inner layer is the osteogenic layer rich in cellular components

54
00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:32,750
在幼龄时期正在生长的骨
At an early age,

成骨层很发达
the osteogenic layer on growing bone is well developed

细胞非常活跃
and the cells are very active

直接参与骨的生长
directly involved in bone growth

到成年期
By adulthood

成骨层逐渐萎缩
the osteogenic layer begins shrinking

细胞转为静止状态
and the cells become static

但它始终保持分化能力
but always remain differentiation

当骨受损伤时
When the bone is damaged

成骨层有修补和再生骨质的作用
the osteogenic layer has the functions of repairing and regenerating sclerotin

故在骨的手术中应尽量保留骨膜
so the periosteum should be kept as much as possible in the operation

以免发生骨的坏死和延迟骨的愈合
to avoid the occurrence of bone necrosis or the delay of the healing of bone

骨质是构成骨的主要成分
Sclerotin is the main component of bone

分骨密质和骨松质
divided into compact substance and cancellous substance

骨密质位于骨的外周
Compact substance is located in the periphery of the bone

构成长骨的骨干和骺
forming the diaphysis and epiphysis of the long bone

以及其它类型骨的外层 坚硬致密
and the outer layer of other types of bone hard and dense

而骨松质则位于骨的深部呈海绵状
The cancellous substance is spongy located deep in the bone

由互相交错的骨小梁构成
and consists of interlaced bone trabeculae

骨密质和骨松质的这种配合
This combination of the compact substance and cancellous substance

使骨既坚硬又轻便
makes the bone hard and light

骨髓分红骨髓和黄骨髓
Bone marrow can be divided into red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

红骨髓位于骨髓腔和所有骨松质的间隙内
The red bone marrow is located in the space between the bone marrow cavity and all cancellous substance

具有造血功能
It has the function of hematopoietic

成年家畜
In adult livestock

长骨骨髓腔内的红骨髓
the red bone marrow in the marrow cavity of the long bone

被富于
is replaced

脂肪的黄骨髓所代替
by the fatty yellow bone marrow

但在长骨两端 短骨和扁骨的骨松质内
but the red bone marrow remains for life in the cancellous substance

终生保留红骨髓
of both ends of the long bone the short bone and the flat bone

当机体大量失血或贫血时
When a large amount of blood loss or anemia

黄骨髓又能转化为红骨髓
the yellow bone marrow can be converted into red bone marrow

而恢复造血机能
in order to restore hematopoietic function

骨松质中的红骨髓终生存在
The red bone marrow in cancellous substance is existence for the whole life

所以临床上常进行骨髓穿刺
so bone marrow puncture is often performed clinically

检查骨髓象诊断疾病
in order to diagnose the disease by examination of myelogram

骨具有丰富的血管供应
Bone has a rich supply of blood vessels

血管的一部分经骨膜穿入骨质
One part of the blood vessel penetrates into the sclerotin through the periosteum,

另一部分则由骨端的滋养孔进入骨内
and the other part enters the bone through the nutrient foramen at the capitulum

神经与血管伴行分布于骨膜 骨质和骨髓
Nerves and blood vessels are distributed in the periosteum sclerotin and bone marrow

骨的最基本物理特性是既有硬度和弹性
The most basic physical properties of bone are its hardness and elasticity

这与骨的形状 内部结构
which are closely related to its shape internal structure

及其化学成分有密切的关系
and chemical composition

骨的化学成分主要有有机物和无机物
The chemical composition of bone is mainly organic matter and inorganic matter

有机物主要是骨胶原
The organic matter is mainly collagen

在成年家畜占1/3
which accounts for one third of the bone of adult livestock

使骨具有弹性和韧性
and gives bone its elasticity and toughness

无机物主要是磷酸钙和碳酸钙
Inorganic matter is mainly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

在成年家畜占2/3
accounting for two thirds of the bone of adult livestock

使骨具有硬度和脆性
giving bone hardness and brittleness

有机物和无机物在骨中的比例
The proportion of organic matter and inorganic matter in bone

随着年龄和营养状况不同而发生变化
varies with age and nutritional status.

幼畜的骨有机物较多
The organic matter of the bone of young livestock is more

所以骨的弹性大
so the elasticity of bone is large

硬度小
and hardness is small

不易发生骨折
It is not easy to fracture

但容易弯曲变形
but easy to bend and deform

而老年家畜则相反
On the contrary

骨的无机物多 具有硬度
the inorganic matter of bone in old livestock is more so the bone is hard

而缺乏弹性
and lacks of elasticity

因此脆性较大
Therefore the bone in old livestock is brittle

易发生骨折
and prone to fracture

妊娠母畜骨内钙质被胎儿吸收
Calcium in the bone of pregnant female livestock is absorbed by the fetus

使得母畜骨质疏松
which makes the female livestock osteoporosis

而容易发生骨软症
and prone to osteomalacia

奶牛在泌乳期
During the lactation period of cows

如饲料成分比例不当
if the feed composition ratio is not appropriate

可发生上述情况
the above situations can also occur

为了预防骨软症
Attention should be paid to the preparation of fodder

应注意食料成分的调配
to prevent osteomalacia

家畜体全身的骨骼可分为
The whole body skeleton of livestock can be divided into

中轴骨 四肢骨以及内脏骨
axial bone limb bone and visceral bone

中轴骨又可分为头骨
Axial bone can be divided into skull

和躯干骨
and trunk bone

四肢骨包括前肢骨和后肢骨
The limb bone includes the forelimb bone and the hindlimb bone

内脏骨位于内脏器官和柔软器官内
Visceral bone is located in visceral organs and soft organs

如犬的阴茎骨和牛的心骨等
such as the penis bone of dogs and the cardiac bone of cattle

以上是关于骨的总论的内容介绍
The above is the introduction to the General Introdiction to Bone

谢谢大家 再见
Thank you goodbye