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3.1. Roman Kingdom 753-509 BC
Nice to meet you again. This is the Chapter Three Ancient Roman Civilization.
Look at this painting.
1. This is the Colosseum in Rome, built c.(about maybe) 70 to 80 AD, it is one of the greatest works of architecture of ancient Rome. The Colosseum could hold 80,000 spectators; it was used for gladiatorial contests, animal hunting execution, and dramas. A gladiator was a man who had to fight against other men or wild animals in order to entertain the audience.
2. American poet Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849) wrote in his poem To Helen “To the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome”. In the first two chapters we have already talked about the glory of the ancient Greece, this and the next chapter we will look back the grandeur of the ancient Roman Civilization. Grandeur is the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand.
The center of the Ancient Roman civilization was Italy. The shape of Italy looks like a big boot and to the north it borders France, Switzerland, Australia, and Slovenia. And to the south, there was a Sicily and Sardinia, Corsica. This island belonged to France. The Apennine Mountains form the peninsula's backbone and the Alps forms most of its northern boundary. The longest river of Italy is the Po, flows from the Alps on the western border and crosses the Po Valley on its way to the Adriatic Sea. From east to south and west Italy is surrounded by Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, and Ligurian Sea. Italy has many famous cities: Milan in Lombardy, Milan and Turin, Genoa, Venice of course, very famous Florence, Rome, Naples, and Palermo in Sicily. Even today across Italy even today we can see many historical sites from the ancient Roman civilization.
3. Let’s look at the territories of the Roman civilization: 509 BC, Roman Republic, 27 BC, Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire finished in 476, Eastern Roman Empire finished in 1453. Rome wasn't built in a day. We can feel the grandeur of the ancient Roman civilization from its long history of almost 13,000 years, form the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, including the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
4. There were two myths about the Founding of Rome.
The first one is the twin brothers and she-wolf. Romulus and Remus were twin brothers, their mother was a princess, and their father was Mars, the god of war, or the demi-god hero Hercules. Their uncle the king thought the boys would be a possible threat to his rule, so the king ordered them to be abandoned on the bank of the Tiber River to die. The twins were nurtured by a she-wolf until a shepherd found and adopted them. When they grow up they killed the king and decided to establish a city in the area of the seven hills, they argued about on which hill the city should be built. Romulus preferred the Palatine Hill but his brother preferred another. Finally Romulus killed his brother and built the city of on the Palatine Hill. And he became the first king of the Roman Kingdom. Since ancient times the image of the she-wolf suckling the twins has been a symbol of Rome. I think this story also seems a prophecy about the city’s future of political strife and bloodshed.
5. The second story was from the Roman epic the Aeneid written by Virgil. Aeneas was a Trojan hero, the son of a prince and the goddess Aphrodite, Roman name Venus. After the fall of the city of Troy, he led some survivors underwent a series of adventures around the Mediterranean Sea, and finally arrived Italy. He was the first true hero of Rome, and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. This painting is Aeneas flees burning Troy.
6. Roman Kingdom
Little is certain about the history of the Roman kingdom, because nearly no written records from that time survived. Rome was founded in a central western area of Italy called Latium, today’s Lazio. Latium was located on the bank of the River Tiber. People there were Latins, they spoke Latin. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language. We know Rome was founded by Romulus in 735BC, and he was the first king. According to the Roman historians Livy and Plutarch from 735BC to 509BC there were seven kings ruled Rome for nearly 150 years. This period of time is called Roman Kingdom. Before Rome was built, to the north of Latium there was an area Etruria, where the first Italian civilization Etruscan civilization emerged. Etruscans later invaded Rome. The Etruscan civilization finally merged into Roman civilization. Many scholars believed that Rome was founded by Latins who later merged with Etruscans.
King and the Senate
After Romulus, all other six kings were elected by the people of Rome to serve for life. Kings was elected by the Curiate Assembly, the principal assembly of the people of Rome. The People of Rome were organized into thirty units called “Curia”, plural "Curiae", actually they were the thirty Patrician families of the ruling class. The Curiate Assembly had legislative powers, the right of making and passing laws. And king has supreme military, executive, and judicial authority through the use of imperium, imperium in Latin means the supreme power to command. Imperium was granted to the king by the Curiate Assembly. When a king died, the Supreme power would go to the Senate, which was responsible for finding a new king. According to legend, Romulus established the Senate as an advisory council of the king. He selected the noblest men as Senators, altogether 300, each 100 representing one of the three ancient tribes of Rome: Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans.
7. This is the map of Etruria and Latium in 750BC
8. Rape of Lucretia is a historical event happened in 509BC in Rome. Lucretia was a noblewoman; she was raped by Tarquin, the son of the last king of Roman kingdom, Tarquin the Proud, an Etruscan. After raped by Tarquin Lucretia killed herself. This caused a revolution. This event marked the end of the Roman Kingdom and the start of the Roman Republic.
9. This is part of a painting The Tragedy of Lucretia by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli. In the center of the painting we can see the dead body of Lucretia is on public display as a heroine. People were shocked, sad and angry. Her husband Lucius Junius Brutus standing beside is taking an oath to expel the king and his family from Rome. After the revolt the king was overthrow and exiled, his son fled but soon was killed. The Curiate Assembly elected two consuls to hold power together. Lucretia’s husband Lucius Junius Brutus became the one of the two first consuls. And this was the end of Roman Kingdom.
10. Look at the Key words: The Colosseum, twin brothers and the she-wolf, Aeneas, Roman Kingdom, Rape of Lucretia
This is the first part of Chapter Three.
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi guys Nice to meet you again
This is the Chapter Three
Ancient Roman Civilization
Look at this painting
This is the Colosseum in Rome
built about maybe 70 to 80 AD
It is one of the greatest works
of architecture of ancient Rome
The Colosseum could hold
80000 spectators
It was used for gladiatorial contests
animal hunting execution
and dramas
A gladiator was a man
who had to fight
against other man or wild animals
in order to entertain the audience
American poet Edgar Allan Poe
wrote in his poem To Helen
To the glory that was Greece
and the grandeur that was Rome
In the first two chapters
we have already talked about
the glory of the ancient Greece
This and the next chapter
we will look back
the grandeur of the ancient
Roman Civilization
Grandeur is the quality
of being magnificent or splendid
or grand
The center of the Ancient
Roman civilization was Italy
The shape of Italy looks like
a big boot
and to the north it borders
France Switzerland Austria
Slovenia
And to the south there was
Sicily and Sardinia
Corsica this island belonged
to France
The Apennine Mountain
forms the peninsula’s backbone
and the Alps forms most
of its northern boundary
The longest river of Italy is the Po
flows from the Alps
on the western border
and crosses the Po Valley
on its way to the Adriatic Sea
From east to south and west
Italy is surrounded by Adriatic Sea
Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea and Ligurian Sea
Italy has many famous cities
Milan in Lombardy
Milan and Turin Genoa Venice
of course very famous Florence
Rome Naples and Palermo in Sicily
Even today across Italy
we can see many historical sites
from the ancient
Roman civilization
Let’s look at the territories
of the Roman civilization
509 BC Roman Republic
27 BC Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire
finished in 476
Eastern Roman Empire
finished in 1453
Rome wasn’t built in a day
We can see the grandeur
of the ancient Roman civilization
from its long history
of almost 1300 years
form the founding of the city
of Rome in the 8th century BC
to the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire in 476 AD
including the Roman Kingdom
Roman Republic
and Roman Empire
until the fall of the western empire
There were two myths
about the founding of Rome
The first one is twin brothers
and she-wolf
Romulus and Remus
were twin brothers
Their mother was a princess
and their father was Mars
the god of war
or the demi god hero Hercules
Their uncle the king thought
the boys would be a
possible threat to his rule
So the king ordered them
to be abandoned
on the bank
of the Tiber River to die
The twins were nurtured
by a she-wolf
until a shepherd found
and adopted them
When they grow up
they killed the king
and decided to establish a city
in the area of the seven hills
They argued about on which
hill the city should be built
Romulus preferred the Palatine Hill
but his brother preferred another
Finally Romulus killed his brother
and built the city
on the Palatine Hill
And he became the first king
of the Roman Kingdom
Since ancient times
the image of the she wolf
suckling the twins
has been a symbol of Rome
I think this story
also seems a prophecy
about the city’s future
of political struggle and bloodshed
The second story
was from the Roman epic the Aeneid
written by Virgil
Aeneas was a Trojan
hero the son of a prince
and the goddess Aphrodite
Roman name Venus
After the fall of the city of Troy
he led some survivors
underwent a series of adventures
around the Mediterranean
Sea and finally arrived Italy
He was the first true hero of Rome
and an ancestor
of Romulus and Remus
This painting is Aeneas
fleeing burning Troy
Roman Kingdom
Little is certain about the history
of the Roman kingdom
because nearly no written records
from that time survived
Rome was founded
in a central western area of Italy
called Latium
today’s Lazio
Latium was located
on the bank of the River Tiber
People there were Latins
They spoke Latin
Through the power
of the Roman Republic
it became the dominant language
We know Rome was founded
by Romulus in 735BC
and he was the first king
According to the
Roman historians
Livy and Plutarch
from 735BC to 509BC
there were seven kings
ruled Rome for nearly 150 years
This period of time is called
Roman Kingdom
Before Rome was built
to the north of Latium
there was an area Etruria
where the first Italian civilization
Etruscan civilization emerged
Etruscans later invaded Rome
The Etruscan civilization finally
merged into Roman civilization
Many scholars believed that
Rome was founded
by Latins who
later merged with Etruscans
Kings and the Senate
After Romulus
all other six kings
were elected
by the people of Rome
to serve for life
Kings was elected
by the Curiate Assembly
the principal assembly
of the people of Rome
The People of Rome were
organized into thirty units
called Curia plural Curiae
Actually they were the thirty
Patrician families
of the ruling class
The Curiate Assembly
had legislative powers
the right of making
and passing laws
And kings had supreme
military executive
and judicial authority through
the use of imperium
Imperium in Latin means
the supreme power to command
Imperium was granted to the king
by the Curiate Assembly
When a king died
the Supreme power
would go to the Senate
which has responsible
for finding a new king
According to legend
Romulus established the Senate
as an advisory council of the king
He selected the noblest men
as Senators altogether 300
each 100 representing one
of the three ancient tribes of Rome
Latins Sabines and Etruscans
This is the map of Etruria
and Latium in 750BC
The Rape of Lucretia
is a historical event
happened in 509BC in Rome
Lucretia was a noblewoman
She was raped by Tarquin
the son of the last king
of Roman kingdom
Tarquin the Proud
an Etruscan
After raped by Tarquin
Lucretia killed herself
This caused a revolution
This event marked the end
of the Roman Kingdom
and the start
of the Roman Republic
This is part of a painting
The Tragedy of Lucretia
by the Italian Renaissance master
Sandro Botticelli
In the center of the painting
We can see the dead body
of Lucretia
is on public display as a heroine
People were shocked sad
and angry
Her husband Lucius Junius
Brutus standing beside
is taking an oath to expel
the king and his family from Rome
After the revolt the king
was overthrow and exiled
His son fled but soon was killed
The Curiate Assembly
elected two consuls
to hold power together
Lucretia’s husband
Lucius Junius Brutus
became the one of the two first consuls
And this was the end
of Roman Kingdom
Look at the Key words
The Colosseum
Twin brothers and the She-wolf
Aeneas
Roman Kingdom
Rape of Lucretia
This is the first part
of the Chapter Three
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion
