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3.3 Mid-Republic 264 BC to 146 BC
Hi everyone, this is the third part of the Chapter Three, Mid-Republic, from 264 BC to 146 BC
First we will talk about The Punic Wars
1. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Roman Republic and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. They were called the Punic Wars because Latin term for Carthaginian was Punic, with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry. Carthage was a city-state founded by Phoenicians in 814 BC. Phoenicians were people of Phoenicia, a maritime country or a collection of city states at eastern end of the Mediterranean. During the 7th to 3rd centuries BC, Carthage first became independent and gradually grew into a powerful Empire.
2. We can see from this map. In 264 BC the Carthaginian Empire extended over much of the coast of North Africa and southern Spain and also you can see the island Corsica, Sardinia, and most of Sicily.
3. We can see the territory change of the Punic Wars from this map
4. The first Punic War. After conquering the Greek cities in the south of the Italian peninsular, the Romans invaded Sicily in 265BC. Next year the first Punic War started. Carthage was a sea power, Roman was a land power. But Romans learned fast. They took a wrecked Carthaginian ship as a model and within two months, the Romans had a fleet of over one hundred warships. Roman engineers invented gangplanks something like a bridge could be dropped onto the enemy’s ship with a sharp spike to link the two ships together, thus the Romans infantrymen could fight like on the land. In 241BC the defeated Carthaginian commander Hamilcar Barca surrendered and paid a huge indemnity to Romans. Indemnity is a sum of money paid by the loser of the war.
5. The second Punic War.
After the first war, Carthage began the expansion of territory in Spain; this was thought to be a threat to Romans. In 218BC a new Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca’ son Hannibal Barca lunched the second Punic War.
6. Hannibal was considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Look at his epic march. He led the 23,000 Carthaginian troops and 18 war elephants started from Spain, marched to the east along the north Mediterranean coast, across the Alps, and reached the Po valley. He attacked the Romans from the north. Romans lost battles one after another.
7. In 217 the Roman Senate named a great general Quintus Fabius Maximus a dictator. Fabius successfully used delaying tactics to slow down the enemy’s campaign. He was regarded as the originator of many tactics used in guerrilla warfare. From this painting we can see Hannibal’s great epic. You can see the troops and elephants. In 211BC a 25 years old young commander Scipio the Elder, led a new army to attack Spain. In the rise of Roman Empire, the Greek historian Polybius recorded before the Roman army entered the city of New Carthage, Scipio ordered:” to exterminate every form of life you will encounter, sparing none”. Scipio later sailed to Africa and this drew Hannibal back home. Finally in 202 at the final battle at Zama the Carthaginian army was destroyed.
8. The third Punic War
Romans wanted a total destruction of Carthage. Cato the Elder was an ex-council and now a senator, all his speeches ended by a striking sentence: "And I also think that Carthage must be destroyed". In 146, the adopted grandson of Scipio the Elder, Scipio the Younger, totally destroyed Carthage after a three-year siege. The city was burned for 17 days, 50,000 survivors were sold into slavery.
9. look at this map, in the same year the Battle of Corinth marked the conquest of Greek mainland by the Roman Republic; by 146 BC the Romans not only conquered Carthage, it also conquered Macedonian and Greece mainland, Spain and southern Gaul. It was an Empire now across the whole Mediterranean area.
10. The successful Roman expansion depends on their powerful military force. The largest unit of the Roman army is legion, soldiers in the legion called legionaries. In the beginning of the Roman Republic there were two separate legions of 5,000 men each. each one commanded by one of the two consuls. In 494 BC, when foreign threats emerged, ten legions were raised. To the end of the Republic, there were about 20 legions.
11. In the middle of the Republic, legions were composed of cavalry and infantry.
Cavalry called Equites, they fought on horseback, sometimes called "knights" in modern times. They were the elites of the army. Equites were recruited exclusively from the patricians; their equipment was purchased by themselves, consisted of a round shield, helmet, body armor, sword and one or more long spear called lances. Heavy infantry was the principal unit of the legion, composed of citizens could afford the equipment of an iron helmet, shield, armor and a heavy long spear called javelin. Light infantry were mainly poorer citizens who could not afford to equip themselves properly.
12. Roman religion
The ancient Romans were highly religious. For Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Every man and woman has their own god; each family had a household shrine to worship their own deity. A deity is a god or goddess. Religion is also a state affair. There was no separation of church and state at that time. A citizen who was elected public officials might also serve as a priest. Priests could marry and raise a family.
We mentioned before the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, Roman language the Latin alphabet adopted the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. The Greek religion also influenced the Romans. The god of all gods was Jupiter, the Greek god Zeus. This relief shows romans are sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
Roman god of war Mars was Ares in Greece, he was regarded as the ancestor of the Roman people. As the military gods Mars was second in importance only to Jupiter. And in Rome Greek goddess Hera became Juno, and
13. Aphrodite became Venus. This statue called "Venus in a bikini", from Pompeii. She is untying her sandal, with a small Eros squatting beneath her left arm. Eros is the son of Aphrodite, god of sexual attraction. The word “erotic”, meaning sexual feelings or desire came from this god. His Roman name was Cupid, means "desire".
14. Romans also have their own gods, like the ancestor of Romans Aeneas, a Trojan hero, son of Venus and the goddess of love. The founders of Rome Romulus and Remus were also worshiped; they are sons of the Mars, god of war. This is Janus, the Roman god of gates, time, doorways, beginnings and endings. He has two faces, since he can look to the future and to the past at the same time. The name of the first month January came from him, but others thought it was from Juno, the wife of Jupiter.
15. The Roman triumph was a ceremony to celebrate the success of a military commander who had led Roman army to victory. This is the day for a man of triumph. The victorious commander received the highest honor. He was close to being "king for a day". He dressed like a god, his face pointed red like god. In a four-horse chariot, he drove across the city. Before him the spoils and captives of his victory, his armies followed behind. At Jupiter's temple on the Capitoline Hill, he sacrificed two white oxen to Jupiter and laid tokens of his victory at Jupiter's feet.
16. Key words from this part: The Punic Wars, Hannibal, Scipio the Elder, Scipio the Younger, The Roman triumph
This is the end of the third part
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi everyone
This is the third part of the Chapter Three
Mid- Republic from 264 BC to 146 BC
First we will talk about The Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars
fought between Roman Republic and Carthage
from 264 BC to 146 BC
They were called the Punic Wars
because Latin term for Carthaginian was Punic
with reference to the
Carthaginian’s Phoenician ancestry
Carthage was a city state
founded by Phoenicians in 814 BC
Phoenicians were people of Phoenicia
a maritime country or a collection of city states
at eastern end of the Mediterranean
During the 7th to 3rd centuries BC
Carthage first became independent
and gradually grew into a powerful Empire
We can see this map
In 264 BC the Carthaginian Empire extended
over much of the coast of North Africa
and southern Spain
and also you can see the island Corsica
Sardinia and most of Sicily
We can see the territory change
of the Punic Wars from this map
The first Punic War
After conquering the Greek cities
in the south of the Italian peninsular
the Romans invaded Sicily in 265 BC
Next year the first Punic War started
Carthage was a sea power
Roman was a land power
but Romans learned fast
They took a wrecked
Carthaginian ship as a model
and within two months
the Romans had a fleet
of over one hundred warships
of over one hundred warships
Roman engineers invented gangplanks
something like a bridge could be
dropped onto the enemy’s ship
with a sharp spike to link the two ships together
Thus the Romans infantrymen
could fight like on the land
In 241 BC the defeated Carthaginian commander
Hamilcar Barca surrendered
and paid a huge indemnity to Romans
Indemnity is a sum of money paid
by the loser of the war
The second Punic War
After the first war Carthage began
the expansion of territory in Spain
This was thought to be a threat to Romans
In 218 BC a new Carthaginian general
Hamilcar Barca’s son
Hannibal Barca lunched the second Punic War
Hannibal was considered one of the greatest
military commanders in history
Look at his epic march
He led the 23000 Carthaginian troops
and 18 war elephants
started from Spain
marched to the east
along the north Mediterranean coast
across the Alps and reached the Po valley
He attacked the Romans from the north
Romans lost battles one after another
In 217 the Roman Senate named
a great general
Quintus Fabius Maximus a dictator
Fabius successfully used delaying tactics
to slow down the enemy’s campaign
He was regarded as the originator
of many tactics
used in guerrilla warfare
From this painting we can see
Hannibal’s great epic
You can see the troops and elephants
In 211 BC a 25 years old young commander
Scipio the Elder
led a new army to attack Spain
In the rise of Roman Empire
the Greek historian Polybius recorded
before the Roman army entered the city
of New Carthage
Scipio ordered
To exterminate every form of life
you will encounter sparing none
Scipio later sailed to Africa
and this drew Hannibal back home
Finally in 202 at the final battle at Zama
the Carthaginian army was destroyed
The third Punic War
Romans wanted a total destruction of Carthage
Cato the Elder was an ex-council
and now a senator
All his speeches ended by a striking sentence
And I also think that
Carthage must be destroyed
In 146 the adopted grandson of Scipio the Elder
Scipio the Younger totally destroyed Carthage
after a three year siege
The city was burned for 17 days
50000 survivors were sold into slavery
Look at this map
In the same year the Battle of Corinth
marked the conquest of Greek mainland
by the Roman Republic
By 146 BC the Romans not only
conquered Carthage
it also conquered Macedonian
and Greece mainland
Spain and southern Gaul
It was an Empire now across the
whole Mediterranean area
The successful Roman expansion
depends on their powerful military force
The largest unit of the Roman army is legion
Soldiers in the legion called legionaries
In the beginning of the Roman Republic
there were two separate legions
of 5000 men each
of 5000 men each
Each one commanded by
one of the two consuls
In 494 BC when foreign threats emerged
ten legions were raised
To the end of the Republic
there were about 20 legions
In the middle of the Republic
legions were composed of cavalry and infantry
Cavalry called Equites
They fought on horseback
sometimes called knights in modern times
They were the elites of the army
Equites were recruited exclusively
from the patricians
Their equipment was purchased by themselves
consisted of a round shield
helmet body armor sword
and one or more long spear called lances
Heavy infantry was the principal
unit of the legion
composed of citizens could afford the equipment
of an iron helmet
shield armor and a heavy long spear
called javelin
Light infantry were mainly poorer citizens
who could not afford to equip themselves properly
The ancient Romans were highly religious
For Romans religion was a part of daily life
Every man and woman has their own god
Each family had a household shrine to
worship their own deity
A deity is a god or goddess
Religion is also a state affair
There was no separation of church
and state at that time
A citizen who was elected public officials
might also serve as a priest
could marry and raise a family
We mentioned before the Greeks adopted
the Phoenician alphabet
Roman language the Latin alphabet
adopted the Etruscan and Greek alphabets
The Greek religion also influenced the Romans
The god of all gods
was Jupiter the Greek god Zeus
This relief shows Romans are sacrificing
at the Temple of Jupiter
Roman god of war Mars was Ares in Greece
He was regarded as the
ancestor of the Roman people
As the military god
Mars was second in importance
only to Jupiter
And in Rome Greek goddess Hera
became Juno
Aphrodite became Venus
This statue called
Venus in a bikini from Pompeii
She is untying her sandal
with a small Eros squatting beneath
her left arm
Eros is the son of Aphrodite
god of sexual attraction
The word erotic meaning sexual feelings
or desire came from this god
His Roman name was Cupid means desire
Romans also have their own gods
like the ancestor of
Romans Aeneas a Trojan hero
son of Venus the goddess of love
The founders of Rome Romulus
and Remus were also worshiped
They are sons of the Mars god of war
This is Janus the Roman god of gates time
doorways beginnings and endings
He has two faces
since he can look to the future
and to the past at the same time
The name of the first month
January came from him
but some others thought it was from
Juno the wife of Jupiter
The Roman triumph was a ceremony
to celebrate the success
of a military commander
who had led Roman army to victory
This is the day for a man of triumph
The victorious commander received
the highest honor
He was close to being king for a day
He dressed like a god
His face pointed red like god
In a four horse chariot
he drove across the city
Before him the spoils
and captives of his victory
His armies followed behind
At Jupiter’s temple on the Capitoline Hill
he sacrificed two white oxen to Jupiter
and laid tokens of
his victory at Jupiter’s feet
Key words from this part
The Punic Wars
Hannibal
Scipio the Elder
Scipio the Younger
The Roman triumph
This is the end of the third part
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion