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3.3.2 Video

3.3 Mid-Republic   264 BC to 146 BC

Hi everyone, this is the third part of the Chapter Three, Mid-Republic, from 264 BC to 146 BC

First we will talk about The Punic Wars

1. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Roman Republic and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. They were called the Punic Wars because Latin term for Carthaginian was Punic, with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry. Carthage was a city-state founded by Phoenicians in 814 BC. Phoenicians were people of Phoenicia, a maritime country or a collection of city states at eastern end of the Mediterranean. During the 7th to 3rd centuries BC, Carthage first became independent and gradually grew into a powerful Empire.

2. We can see from this map. In 264 BC the Carthaginian Empire extended over much of the coast of North Africa and southern Spain and also you can see the island Corsica, Sardinia, and most of Sicily.

3. We can see the territory change of the Punic Wars from this map

4. The first Punic War. After conquering the Greek cities in the south of the Italian peninsular, the Romans invaded Sicily in 265BC. Next year the first Punic War started. Carthage was a sea power, Roman was a land power. But Romans learned fast. They took a wrecked Carthaginian ship as a model and within two months, the Romans had a fleet of over one hundred warships. Roman engineers invented gangplanks something like a bridge could be dropped onto the enemy’s ship with a sharp spike to link the two ships together, thus the Romans infantrymen could fight like on the land. In 241BC the defeated Carthaginian commander Hamilcar Barca surrendered and paid a huge indemnity to Romans. Indemnity is a sum of money paid by the loser of the war.

5. The second Punic War.

After the first war, Carthage began the expansion of territory in Spain; this was thought to be a threat to Romans. In 218BC a new Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca’ son Hannibal Barca lunched the second Punic War.

6. Hannibal was considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Look at his epic march. He led the 23,000 Carthaginian troops and 18 war elephants started from Spain, marched to the east along the north Mediterranean coast, across the Alps, and reached the Po valley. He attacked the Romans from the north. Romans lost battles one after another.

7. In 217 the Roman Senate named a great general Quintus Fabius Maximus a dictator. Fabius successfully used delaying tactics to slow down the enemy’s campaign. He was regarded as the originator of many tactics used in guerrilla warfare. From this painting we can see Hannibal’s great epic. You can see the troops and elephants. In 211BC a 25 years old young commander Scipio the Elder, led a new army to attack Spain. In the rise of Roman Empire, the Greek historian Polybius recorded before the Roman army entered the city of New Carthage, Scipio ordered:” to exterminate every form of life you will encounter, sparing none”. Scipio later sailed to Africa and this drew Hannibal back home. Finally in 202 at the final battle at Zama the Carthaginian army was destroyed.

8. The third Punic War

Romans wanted a total destruction of Carthage. Cato the Elder was an ex-council and   now a senator, all his speeches ended by a striking sentence: "And I also think that Carthage must be destroyed". In 146, the adopted grandson of Scipio the Elder, Scipio the Younger, totally destroyed Carthage after a three-year siege. The city was burned for 17 days, 50,000 survivors were sold into slavery.

9. look at this map, in the same year the Battle of Corinth marked the conquest of Greek mainland by the Roman Republic; by 146 BC the Romans not only conquered Carthage, it also conquered Macedonian and Greece mainland, Spain and southern Gaul. It was an Empire now across the whole Mediterranean area.

10. The successful Roman expansion depends on their powerful military force. The largest unit of the Roman army is legion, soldiers in the legion called legionaries. In the beginning of the Roman Republic there were two separate legions of 5,000 men each. each one commanded by one of the two consuls. In 494 BC, when foreign threats emerged, ten legions were raised. To the end of the Republic, there were about 20 legions.

11. In the middle of the Republic, legions were composed of cavalry and infantry.

Cavalry called Equites, they fought on horseback, sometimes called "knights" in modern times. They were the elites of the army. Equites were recruited exclusively from the patricians; their equipment was purchased by themselves, consisted of a round shield, helmet, body armor, sword and one or more long spear called lances. Heavy infantry was the principal unit of the legion, composed of citizens could afford the equipment of an iron helmet, shield, armor and a heavy long spear called javelin. Light infantry were mainly poorer citizens who could not afford to equip themselves properly.

12. Roman religion

The ancient Romans were highly religious. For Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Every man and woman has their own god; each family had a household shrine to worship their own deity. A deity is a god or goddess. Religion is also a state affair. There was no separation of church and state at that time. A citizen who was elected public officials might also serve as a priest. Priests could marry and raise a family. 

We mentioned before the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, Roman language the Latin alphabet adopted the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. The Greek religion also influenced the Romans. The god of all gods was Jupiter, the Greek god Zeus. This relief shows romans are sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter

Roman god of war Mars was Ares in Greece, he was regarded as the ancestor of the Roman people. As the military gods Mars was second in importance only to Jupiter. And in Rome Greek goddess Hera became Juno, and

13. Aphrodite became Venus. This statue called "Venus in a bikini", from Pompeii. She is untying her sandal, with a small Eros squatting beneath her left arm. Eros is the son of Aphrodite, god of sexual attraction. The word “erotic”, meaning sexual feelings or desire came from this god. His Roman name was Cupid, means "desire".

14. Romans also have their own gods, like the ancestor of Romans Aeneas, a Trojan hero, son of Venus and the goddess of love. The founders of Rome Romulus and Remus were also worshiped; they are sons of the Mars, god of war. This is Janus, the Roman god of gates, time, doorways, beginnings and endings. He has two faces, since he can look to the future and to the past at the same time. The name of the first month January came from him, but others thought it was from Juno, the wife of Jupiter.

15. The Roman triumph was a ceremony to celebrate the success of a military commander who had led Roman army to victory. This is the day for a man of triumph. The victorious commander received the highest honor. He was close to being "king for a day". He dressed like a god, his face pointed red like god. In a four-horse chariot, he drove across the city. Before him the spoils and captives of his victory, his armies followed behind. At Jupiter's temple on the Capitoline Hill, he sacrificed two white oxen to Jupiter and laid tokens of his victory at Jupiter's feet.

16. Key words from this part: The Punic Wars, Hannibal, Scipio the Elder, Scipio the Younger, The Roman triumph

This is the end of the third part



下一节:3.4.1 Text

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3.3.2 Video课程教案、知识点、字幕

Hi everyone

This is the third part of the Chapter Three

Mid- Republic from 264 BC to 146 BC

First we will talk about The Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars

fought between Roman Republic and Carthage

from 264 BC to 146 BC

They were called the Punic Wars

because Latin term for Carthaginian was Punic

with reference to the

Carthaginian’s Phoenician ancestry

Carthage was a city state

founded by Phoenicians in 814 BC

Phoenicians were people of Phoenicia

a maritime country or a collection of city states

at eastern end of the Mediterranean

During the 7th to 3rd centuries BC

Carthage first became independent

and gradually grew into a powerful Empire

We can see this map

In 264 BC the Carthaginian Empire extended

over much of the coast of North Africa

and southern Spain

and also you can see the island Corsica

Sardinia and most of Sicily

We can see the territory change

of the Punic Wars from this map

The first Punic War

After conquering the Greek cities

in the south of the Italian peninsular

the Romans invaded Sicily in 265 BC

Next year the first Punic War started

Carthage was a sea power

Roman was a land power

but Romans learned fast

They took a wrecked

Carthaginian ship as a model

and within two months

the Romans had a fleet

of over one hundred warships

of over one hundred warships

Roman engineers invented gangplanks

something like a bridge could be

dropped onto the enemy’s ship

with a sharp spike to link the two ships together

Thus the Romans infantrymen

could fight like on the land

In 241 BC the defeated Carthaginian commander

Hamilcar Barca surrendered

and paid a huge indemnity to Romans

Indemnity is a sum of money paid

by the loser of the war

The second Punic War

After the first war Carthage began

the expansion of territory in Spain

This was thought to be a threat to Romans

In 218 BC a new Carthaginian general

Hamilcar Barca’s son

Hannibal Barca lunched the second Punic War

Hannibal was considered one of the greatest

military commanders in history

Look at his epic march

He led the 23000 Carthaginian troops

and 18 war elephants

started from Spain

marched to the east

along the north Mediterranean coast

across the Alps and reached the Po valley

He attacked the Romans from the north

Romans lost battles one after another

In 217 the Roman Senate named

a great general

Quintus Fabius Maximus a dictator

Fabius successfully used delaying tactics

to slow down the enemy’s campaign

He was regarded as the originator

of many tactics

used in guerrilla warfare

From this painting we can see

Hannibal’s great epic

You can see the troops and elephants

In 211 BC a 25 years old young commander

Scipio the Elder

led a new army to attack Spain

In the rise of Roman Empire

the Greek historian Polybius recorded

before the Roman army entered the city

of New Carthage

Scipio ordered

To exterminate every form of life

you will encounter sparing none

Scipio later sailed to Africa

and this drew Hannibal back home

Finally in 202 at the final battle at Zama

the Carthaginian army was destroyed

The third Punic War

Romans wanted a total destruction of Carthage

Cato the Elder was an ex-council

and now a senator

All his speeches ended by a striking sentence

And I also think that

Carthage must be destroyed

In 146 the adopted grandson of Scipio the Elder

Scipio the Younger totally destroyed Carthage

after a three year siege

The city was burned for 17 days

50000 survivors were sold into slavery

Look at this map

In the same year the Battle of Corinth

marked the conquest of Greek mainland

by the Roman Republic

By 146 BC the Romans not only

conquered Carthage

it also conquered Macedonian

and Greece mainland

Spain and southern Gaul

It was an Empire now across the

whole Mediterranean area

The successful Roman expansion

depends on their powerful military force

The largest unit of the Roman army is legion

Soldiers in the legion called legionaries

In the beginning of the Roman Republic

there were two separate legions

of 5000 men each

of 5000 men each

Each one commanded by

one of the two consuls

In 494 BC when foreign threats emerged

ten legions were raised

To the end of the Republic

there were about 20 legions

In the middle of the Republic

legions were composed of cavalry and infantry

Cavalry called Equites

They fought on horseback

sometimes called knights in modern times

They were the elites of the army

Equites were recruited exclusively

from the patricians

Their equipment was purchased by themselves

consisted of a round shield

helmet body armor sword

and one or more long spear called lances

Heavy infantry was the principal

unit of the legion

composed of citizens could afford the equipment

of an iron helmet

shield armor and a heavy long spear

called javelin

Light infantry were mainly poorer citizens

who could not afford to equip themselves properly

The ancient Romans were highly religious

For Romans religion was a part of daily life

Every man and woman has their own god

Each family had a household shrine to

worship their own deity

A deity is a god or goddess

Religion is also a state affair

There was no separation of church

and state at that time

A citizen who was elected public officials

might also serve as a priest

could marry and raise a family

We mentioned before the Greeks adopted

the Phoenician alphabet

Roman language the Latin alphabet

adopted the Etruscan and Greek alphabets

The Greek religion also influenced the Romans

The god of all gods

was Jupiter the Greek god Zeus

This relief shows Romans are sacrificing

at the Temple of Jupiter

Roman god of war Mars was Ares in Greece

He was regarded as the

ancestor of the Roman people

As the military god

Mars was second in importance

only to Jupiter

And in Rome Greek goddess Hera

became Juno

Aphrodite became Venus

This statue called

Venus in a bikini from Pompeii

She is untying her sandal

with a small Eros squatting beneath

her left arm

Eros is the son of Aphrodite

god of sexual attraction

The word erotic meaning sexual feelings

or desire came from this god

His Roman name was Cupid means desire

Romans also have their own gods

like the ancestor of

Romans Aeneas a Trojan hero

son of Venus the goddess of love

The founders of Rome Romulus

and Remus were also worshiped

They are sons of the Mars god of war

This is Janus the Roman god of gates time

doorways beginnings and endings

He has two faces

since he can look to the future

and to the past at the same time

The name of the first month

January came from him

but some others thought it was from

Juno the wife of Jupiter

The Roman triumph was a ceremony

to celebrate the success

of a military commander

who had led Roman army to victory

This is the day for a man of triumph

The victorious commander received

the highest honor

He was close to being king for a day

He dressed like a god

His face pointed red like god

In a four horse chariot

he drove across the city

Before him the spoils

and captives of his victory

His armies followed behind

At Jupiter’s temple on the Capitoline Hill

he sacrificed two white oxen to Jupiter

and laid tokens of

his victory at Jupiter’s feet

Key words from this part

The Punic Wars

Hannibal

Scipio the Elder

Scipio the Younger

The Roman triumph

This is the end of the third part

History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史课程列表:

Chapter 1 Early Greece

-1.0 Introduction

--1.0.1 Text

--1.0.2 Video

--1.0.3 Exercises

-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age

--1.1.1 Text

--1.1.2 Video

--1.1.3 Exercises

-1.2 Greek Gods

--1.2.1 Text

--1.2.2 Video

--1.2.3 Exercises

-1.3 Archaic Greece

--1.3.1 Text

--1.3.2 Video

--1.3.3 Exercises

-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars

--1.4.1 Text

--1.4.2 Video

--1.4.3 Exercises

-1.5 Discussion

--1.5.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece

-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC

--2.1.1 Text

--2.1.2 Video

--2.1.3 Exercises

-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC

--2.2.1 Text

--2.2.2 Video

--2.2.3 Exercises

-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy

--2.3.1 Text

--2.3.2 Video

--2.3.3 Exercises

-2.4 Athenian Drama

--2.4.1 Text

--2.4.2 Video

--2.4.3 Exercises

-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World

--2.5.1 Text

--2.5.2 Video

--2.5.3 Exercises

-2.6 Discussion

--2.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 3 Ancient Civilization 1

-3.1 Roman Kingdom

--3.1.1 Text

--3.1.2 Video

--3.1.3 Exercises

-3.2 Early Republic

--3.2.1 Text

--3.2.2 Video

--3.2.3 Exercises

-3.3 Mid-Republic

--3.3.1 Text

--3.3.2 Video

--3.3.3 Exercises

-3.4 Late-Republic

--3.4.1 Text

--3.4.2 Video

--3.4.3 Exercises

-3.5 End of the Republic

--3.5.1 Text

--3.5.2 Video

--3.5.3 Exercises

-3.6 Discussion

--3.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 4 Ancient Roman Civilization 2

-4.1 Pax Romana 1

--4.1.1 Text

--4.1.2 Video

--4.1.3 Excecises

-4.2 Pax Romana 2

--4.2.1 Text

--4.2.2 Video

--4.2.3 Excecises

-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine

--4.3.1 Text

--4.3.2 Video

--4.3.3 Excecises

-4.4 The Victory of Christianity

--4.4.1 Text

--4.4.2 Video

--4.4.3 Exercises

-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire

--4.5.1 Text

--4.5.2 Video

--4.5.3 Exercises

-4.6 Discussion

--4.6.1 Discussion topic

Chapter 5 Middle Ages

-5.1 Early Middle Ages

--5.1.1 Text

--5.1.2 Video

--5.1.3 Excecises

-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty

--5.2.1 Text

--5.2.2 Video

--5.2.3 Excecises

-5.3 High Middle Ages

--5.3.1 Text

--5.3.2 Video

--5.3.3 Excecises

-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1

--5.4.1 Text

--5.4.2 Video

--5.4.1 Excecises

-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2

--5.5.1 Text

--5.5.2 Video

--5.5.3 Excecises

-5.6 Discussion

--5.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 6 Renaissance and Reformation

-6.1 The Renaissance

--6.1.1 Text

--6.1.2 Video

--6.1.3 Exercises

-6.2 Protestant Reformation

--6.2.1 Text

--6.2.2 Video

--6.2.3 Exercises

-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia

--6.3.1 Text

--6.3.2 Video

--6.3.3 Exercises

-6.4 Age of Discovery

--6.4.1 Text

--6.4.2 Video

--6.4.3 Exercises

-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble

--6.5.1 Text

--6.5.2 Video

--6.5.3 Exercises

-6.6 Discussion

--6.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century

-7.1 The Thirty Years War

--7.1.1 Text

--7.1.2 Video

--7.1.3 Exercises

-7.2 English Revolution

--7.2.1 Text

--7.2.2 Video

--7.2.3 Exercises

-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

--7.3.1 Text

--7.3.2 Video

--7.3.3 Exercises

-7.4 Dutch Golden Age

--7.4.1 Text

--7.4.2 Video

--7.4.3 Exercises

-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century

--7.5 Text

--7.5.2 Video

--7.5.3 Exercises

-7.6 Discussion

--7.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 8 West in the Eighteenth Century

-8.1 The United Kingdom

--8.1.1 Text

--8.1.2 Video

--8.1.3 Exercises

-8.2 The American Revolution

--8.2.1 Text

--8.2.2 Video

--8.2.3 Exercises

-8.3 The French Revolution

--8.3.1 Text

--8.3.2 Video

--8.3.3 Exercises

-8.4 Age of Enlightenment

--8.4.1 Text

--8.4.2 Video

--8.4.3 Exercises

-8.5 West after the 18th century

--8.5.1 Text

--8.5.2 Video

--8.5.3 Exercises

-8.6 Discussion

--8.6.1 Discussion Topics

3.3.2 Video笔记与讨论

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