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4.1 Pax Romana 1
Hi guys, now we start a new chapter - Chapter Four: Ancient Roman Civilization - the second part, and we start it from Pax Romana.
1. On January 16, 27 BC the Senate gave Octavian the new titles of Augustus and Princeps. Augustus in Latin means "venerable", "majestic", and "superior "; Princeps means the first citizen. This marked the end of Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire; Octavian became the first emperor until his death in 14 AD at the age of 75. This period we called Augustan age.
2. The Augustan age
This is the map of the Roman Empire under Augustus. Yellow part represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC, green represents territories conquered by Augustus, and pink areas represent client states. A client state is a state that is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to or controlled by another more powerful state.
3. Julius Caesar was Octavian’s maternal great-uncle. They have the same first name Gaius. When Octavian was born, Caesar named him and made him as his adopted son and heir. After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, Octavian formed the second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus. He finally defeated the other two and started a new era: the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. The Pax Romana in Latin meaning "Roman Peace". It was a two-hundred-year long period of relatively peaceful time from the Augustan age starting from 27 BC to 192AD, marked by the assassination of Commodus, the last emperor of Nerva–Antonine Dynasty. Pax was the Roman goddess of peace, came from the Greek goddess Eirene. Pax was one of Augustus’s favorite deities; a deity is a god or goddess. Worship of Pax was organized during the rule of Augustus.
4. In 13AD the Senate ordered to build an altar of Pax called Altar of Augustan Peace. The purpose was to honor Augustus because the Senate believed Romans were grateful for Augustus giving them harmony, prosperity and peace. An altar is a structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes.
5. This relief from the Alter of Augustan Peace. We can see the goddess Pax sits there holding two happy babies and she is looking at them with love. This was the symbol of the Pax Romana.
6. Augustus made some reforms. He reduced the member of Senators from 1,000 to 600, and made the membership hereditary; it could pass down to their sons. The Senate actually became the emperor’s useful subordinate. He disbanded some legions. The number of legions reduced from 60 to 28, all under absolute command of Augustus himself. And he established a small elite unit, the Praetorian Guard whose members served as personal bodyguards to the Roman emperor. Augustan age has three famous poets and a famous historian.
7. Virgil 70-19 BC
This is an image of Virgil wearing a laurel wreath, a symbol of victory and honor. Virgil used his poems to glorify Augustus and the new age. His epic the Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid told the heroic story of Aeneas, the son of a Trojan prince and the goddess Aphrodite, Roman name Venus. After the fall of Troy, he led some survivors underwent a series of adventures around the Mediterranean Sea, and finally arrived Italy. He was the first true hero of Rome, and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. The founder of Rome. The Aeneid is full of prophecies about the future of Rome including the victories of Augustus; the shield of Aeneas even depicts Augustus would defeat Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC. Aeneas once entered the underworld, there he was told by his father about the mission of Rome:" remember, Romans, your task is to rule the people. This will be your art: to teach the habit of peace, to spare the defeated and to subdue the haughty."
8. Both Virgil and Horace (65-8BC) were patronized by Augustus. Horace was the leading lyric poet during the time of Augustus. His poems directly glorify Augustus and the new age. In his works Augustus was almost a god; his victories were compared to the great heroes of the Roman legend. His most famous work is The Odes, a collection in four books of Latin lyric poems. An ode is a poem, especially one that is written in praise of a particular person, thing, or event. The most frequent themes of his Odes are love, friendship, philosophy, and the art of poet.
9. Ovid (43-71) was the greatest Latin poet of erotic love. Augustus favored Virgil and Horace but disliked Ovid. He was sent by Augustus into exile in a remote province on the Black Sea, where he remained until his death. His famous Metamorphoses is a narrative poem consisting of 15 books and over 250 myths, telling the history of the world from its creation to the time of Julius Caesar. The Art of love consists of three books. The purpose of these poems was to teach the art of seduction and adultery. Seduction is an act of winning the love or sexual favor of someone, adultery is having sex with someone out of marriage. The first two books teach men how to seduce women and how to keep a lover. The third book teaches women seduction techniques.
10. Livy (59-17AD) was a great historian at the Augustan age. His only surviving work is the History of Rome telling the history of Rome from the earliest legends through the death of Augustus in Livy's own time. He recorded the chaos of numerous civil wars, and the moral corruption of the Roman Republic. He praised Roman heroism in order to promote the new type of government of Augustus. In the preface of this book he said that he did not care whether his personal fame remained in darkness, what he cared was his work could help to "preserve the memory of the deeds of the world’s preeminent nation".
11. Julio-Claudian Dynasty
The Pax Romana lasted for 200 years, mainly consisted of three dynasties. The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the first consisting of five emperors, they ruled the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 68 AD when the last emperor Nero committed suicide. The name "Julio-Claudian dynasty" is derived from the two imperial families: the gens Julia and gens Claudia. "Gens" means family. These are the five emperors: Augustus (27 BC–14 AD), Tiberius (14–37), Caligula (37–41), Claudius (41–54), and Nero (54–68).
12. Nero’s rule is usually associated with very cruel tyranny and extravagance. His personality was vicious and paranoid, extremely suspicious and afraid of other people. It seems he cared only two things. One was murdering. He killed his mother, wife, aunt and his tutors and generals. The other one was spending a lot of money and time to show and to make people believe he was a great poet, actor, singer and athlete.
13. Great Fire of Rome 64AD
According to Roman historian Tacitus (c. 56 – c. 120 AD), in 64AD Nero secretly sent out men pretending to be drunk to set fire to the city. This Great Fire of Rome lasted for six days. Nero watched the fire from his palace on the Palatine Hill. The same time he was singing. The fire destroyed 3 of the 14 Roman districts and severely damaged 7 more.
14. Nero blamed the Christian community in the city for the fire, and started the first persecution against the Christians by the Roman Empire. Many Christians were killed by "being thrown to the beasts, crucified, and being burned alive". This painting shows Christians were crucified and being burned alive.
15. The Year of the Four Emperors 69 AD
Nero’s cruelty and tyranny caused anger across the Empire. Finally the desperate commanders in Gaul, Spain and Africa revolted. This was the first civil war of the Roman Empire. Nero committed suicide. The Year of 69 was called the year of Four Emperors. Four emperors ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. And Vespasian finally restored the order who became the first Emperor of a new dynasty, the Flavian Dynasty.
16. Let’s look at Key words: Julius Caesar, Pax Romana, Virgil, Ovid, Nero.
This is the first part of chapter four.
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi guys now we start a new chapter
Chapter four
Ancient Roman Civilization
the second part
and we start it from Pax Romana
On January 16 27 BC the Senate gave
Octavian the new titles
of Augustus and Princeps
Augustus in Latin means venerable
majestic and superior
Princeps means the first citizen
This marked the end of Roman Republic
and the beginning of the Roman Empire
Octavian became the first emperor
until his death in 14 AD at the age of 75
This period we called the Augustan age
This is the map of the
Roman Empire under Augustus
Yellow part represents the extent
of the Republic in 31 BC
Green represents territories conquered
by Augustus
and pink areas represent client states
A client state is a state
that is economically politically
or militarily subordinate to or controlled
by another more powerful state
Julius Caesar was
Octavian’s maternal great uncle
They have the same first name Gaius
When Octavian was born
Caesar named him and
made him as his adopted son and heir
After the assassination
of Julius Caesar in 44 BC
Octavian formed the second Triumvirate
with Mark Antony and Lepidus
He finally defeated the other two
and started a new era
the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta
The Pax Romana in Latin meaning
Roman Peace
It was a two hundred year long period
of relatively peaceful time
from the Augustan age starting
from 27 BC to 192AD
marked by the assassination
of Commodus
the last emperor
of Nerva Antonine Dynasty
Pax was the Roman goddess of peace
came from the Greek goddess Eirene
Pax was one of Augustus s favorite Deities
A deity is a god or goddess
Worship of Pax was organized
during the rule of Augustus
In 13AD the Senate ordered
to build an altar of Pax
called Altar of Augustan Peace
The purpose was to honor Augustus
because the Senate believed
Romans were grateful
for Augustus giving them
harmony prosperity and peace
An altar is a structure
upon which offerings
such as sacrifices are made
for religious purposes
This relief from the Alter of Augustan Peace
We can see the goddess
Pax sits there holding two happy babies
and she is looking at them with love
This was the symbol of the Pax Romana
Augustus made some reforms
He reduced the member
of Senators from 1000 to 600
and made the membership hereditary
It could pass down to their sons
The Senate actually became
the emperor’s useful subordinate
He disbanded some legions
The number of legions
reduced from 60 to 28
All under absolute command
of Augustus himself
And he established a small
elite unit the Praetorian Guard
whose members served
as personal bodyguards
to the Roman emperor
Augustan age has three famous poets
and a famous historian
Virgil
This is an image of
Virgil wearing a laurel wreath
a symbol of victory and honor
Virgil used his poems to glorify
Augustus and the new age
His epic the Aeneid has been considered
the national epic of ancient Rome
Modeled after
Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
the Aeneid told the
heroic story of Aeneas
the son of a Trojan prince
and the goddess
Aphrodite Roman name Venus
After the fall of Troy
he led some survivors
underwent a series of adventures
around the Mediterranean Sea
and finally arrived Italy
He was the first true hero of Rome
and an ancestor of
Romulus and Remus
The founder of Rome
The Aeneid is full of prophecies
about the future of Rome including
the victories of Augustus
the shield of Aeneas even depicts
Augustus would defeat
Mark Antony and Cleopatra
at Actium in 31 BC
Aeneas once entered the underworld
There he was told by his father
about the mission of Rome
Remember Romans your task
is to rule the people
This will be your art
to teach the habit of peace
to spare the defeated
and to subdue the haughty
Both Virgil and Horace were
patronized by Augustus
Horace was the leading lyric poet
during the time of Augustus
His poems directly glorify
Augustus and the new age
In his works Augustus was almost a god
His victories were compared
to the great heroes
of the Roman legend
His most famous work is The Odes
a collection in four books
of Latin lyric poems
An ode is a poem
especially the one that is written in
praise of a particular person
thing or event
The most frequent themes of his Odes
are love friendship philosophy
and the art of poet
Ovid was the greatest
Latin poet of erotic love
Augustus favored Virgil and Horace
but disliked Ovid
He was sent by Augustus into exile
in a remote province on the Black Sea
where he remained until his death
His famous Metamorphoses
is a narrative poem
consisting of 15 books
and over 250 myths
telling the history of the world
from its creation to the time
of Julius Caesar
The Art of love consists of three books
The purpose of these poems
was to teach the art of seduction
and adultery
Seduction is an act of winning the love
or sexual favor of someone
Adultery is having sex
with someone out of marriage
The first two books teach men
how to seduce women
and how to keep a lover
The third book teaches women
seduction techniques
Livy was a great historian
at the Augustan age
His only surviving work
is the History of Rome
telling the history of Rome
from the earliest legends
through the death of Augustus
in Livy’s own time
He recorded the chaos
of numerous civil wars
and the moral corruption
of the Roman Republic
He praised Roman heroism
in order to promote the new type
of government of Augustus
In the preface of his book
he said that he did not care
whether his personal fame remained
in darkness
What he cared was his work
could helped to preserve
the memory of the deeds of the
world’s preeminent nation
The Pax Romana lasted for 200 years
mainly consisted of three dynasties
The Julio Claudian dynasty was the first
consisting of five emperors
They ruled the Roman Empire
from 27 BC to 68 AD
when the last emperor Nero
committed suicide
The name Julio Claudian dynasty
Is derived from the
two imperial families
the gens Julia and gens Claudia
Gens means family
These are the five emperors
Augustus Tiberius Caligula
Claudius and Nero
Nero’s rule is usually associated
with very cruel tyranny
and extravagance
His personality was vicious
and paranoid
extremely suspicious and
afraid of other people
It seems he cared only two things
One was murdering
He killed his mother wife aunt
and his tutors and generals
The other one was spending a lot of
money and time
to show and to make people
believe he was a great poet
actor singer and athlete
According to Roman historian Tacitus
in 64AD Nero secretly sent out men
pretending to be drunk
to set fire to the city
This Great Fire of Rome lasted for six days
Nero watched the fire from his palace
on the Palatine Hill
The same time he was singing
The fire destroyed 3 of the14
Roman districts
and severely damaged 7 more
Nero blamed the
Christian community in the city for the fir
and started the first persecution
against the Christians
by the Roman Empire
Many Christians were killed by
being thrown to the beasts
crucified and being burned alive
This painting shows
Christians were crucified
and being burned alive
Nero’s cruelty and tyranny caused
anger across the Empire
Finally the desperate commanders
in Gaul Spain and Africa revolted
This was the first civil war of the
Roman Empire
Nero committed suicide
The Year of 69 was called the year
of Four Emperors
Four emperors ruled in succession
Galba Otho Vitellius and Vespasian
And Vespasian finally restored the order
who became the first Emperor
of a new dynasty
the Flavian Dynasty
Let’s look at key words
Julius Caesar
Pax Romana
Virgil
Ovid
Nero
This is the first part of the chapter four
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion