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5.4. Late Middle Ages 1.  1250-1500

Hi, this is the 4th part of chapter 5—The Late Middle ages 1. Let’s talk about the crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

1. Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages from 1250-1500 is really a terrible time. A series of terrible events happened. They were called the crisis of the Late Middle Ages. The population of Europe boomed during the High Middle Ages and reached around 100 million. But after these crises Europe lost half of its population. The Medieval Warm Period ended, followed by the Little Ice Age. The colder temperature and a great number of devastating floods disrupted harvests and caused mass famine. The Black Death took at least one third of lives in Europe. This period was full of wars. There were international wars like the Hundred Years' War between France and England and many Civil Wars like Wars of the Roses in England. There were also religious troubles; the Western Schism damaged the reputation of the Catholic Church.

2. Holy Roman Empire

Since Otto was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, the Ottonian dynasty ruled Germany and the later Holy Roman Empire from 919 until 1024. Then four kings from the Salian dynasty Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V ruled the empire from 1024 to 1125. We know both Henry III and Henry IV were involved in the power struggles with papacy which called the Investiture controversy. The next dynasty the House of Staufen ruled from 1155 to 1250. Its first Emperor was Frederick Barbarossa, Barbarossa in Italian means "red beard". You can see from here. You can see the red beard. He ruled for 45 years. He challenged papal authority and sought to establish German predominance in Western Europe. He sent six expeditions trying to control northern Italy. In 1190 Frederick died in Asia Minor while leading an army in the Third Crusade.

3. The great Interregnum

Interregnum, that means there was no king. From 1250 to 1312 the Holy Roman Empire had no emperor. This is called the great Interregnum. Interregnum is the time during which a throne is vacant. There were two other times, 1378–1433 and 1437–1452. These two times also had no emperor.

Disintegration and decentralization of the empire.

After the separation of the Charlemagne’s Empire, the Capetian dynasty started from Hugh Capet ruled the western part and gradually formed a united kingdom of France. In the Eastern part since Otto was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, the Ottonian dynasty ruled until 1024. In the High and Late Middle Ages the disintegration and decentralization continued.

4. It was not a united nation but rather a weakening union or collection of territories. There were some large Kingdoms such as the kingdom of Germany, the kingdom of Bohemia, and the kingdom of Italy, kingdom of Burgundy, and also Duchy of Bavaria. In the western part of the Empire there were 1,600 autonomous principalities, free towns, and bishoprics. A principality is a country that is ruled by a prince, a bishopric is the area under the supervision of a bishop.

5. The House of Luxembourg

From thirteenth century, four big families competed for the power within the empire: Habsburg, Luxembourg, Wittelsbach and Anjou.

The House of Luxembourg ruled as King of the Romans and Holy Roman emperors from 1308 to 1437. They also held the title as Duke of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland. Their rule was twice interrupted by the rival House of Wittelsbach. From this map we can see Luxembourg, Bohemia, and Brandenburg.

6. Charles IV 1316-1378

Charles IV was from the House of Luxembourg. His grandfather Henry was Count of Luxembourg and Holy Roman Emperor. Henry had arranged the marriage of his son John and the heiress of Bohemia thus John became the king of Bohemia. Bohemia is the area of western part of today’s Czech Republic. Today Bohemian also means artistic people who live in an unconventional way. John’s son Charles IV succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in 1346. In1355 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Charles IV’s time was a Golden Age of Bohemia.

7. He was born in Prague, and he had French education. He was a fluent in Latin, Czech, German, French, and Italian. He wrote his own autobiography. He made many efforts to make Prague a culture center by combining French and Czech traditions. He invited then 23 year old German-Bohemian architect Peter Parler to build St. Vitus Cathedral, a masterpiece of Gothic architecture. He also founded the University of Prague known as Charles University. There was a literary renaissance in both Latin and Czech during his time. He initiated the Czech translation of the Bible. His reign was the Golden Age of Bohemia.

Golden Bull

The Holy Roman Emperor should be crowned by the Pope. They first should be elected king of Romans, actually the German king. In 1356 Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, formally defined election proceedings. It was named the Golden Bull for the golden seal it carried. The kings were elected by seven Prince-electors including three bishops and four secular noblemen.

8. This is the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague

9. Jan Hus c. 1369 – 1415

Unexpectedly Charles’s interests in the Czech culture inspired a generation of political and religious reformers during the reign of his son Sigismund, king of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary and the Holy Roman Emperor. The leader of the movement was Jan Hus, a Czech theologian, Catholic priest, and rector (president) of the Charles University. Hus was the predecessor of the future Protectant Reformation led by Martin Luther. His followers were called Hussites. They openly conflicted with the powerful German-speaking minority, and they also challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. They condemned the indulgences. In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins in purgatory. Purgatory is the place where Roman Catholics believe the spirits of dead people are sent to suffer for their sins before they go to heaven. At late Middle Ages the corrupted Catholic Church encouraged people to buy the indulgence. Selling indulgence became a way to collect money.

In 1415 during the Council of Constance held by the Catholic Church, Jan Hus, was sentenced to be burnt at the stake as a heretic, a person who holds beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church. After the execution of Hus the Catholic Church launched five papal crusades against the followers of Hus, forced the Bohemians to defend themselves. This war was called the Hussite Wars. The fighting ended after 1434, the Hussites agreed to submit to the authority of the King of Bohemia and the Roman Catholic Church, and were allowed to some degree of freedom of religion. Most of Bohemia remained Hussite through the fifteenth century.

10. This painting showed Hus was burnt at the stake as a heretic in 1415

11. Hapsburg  

The House of Habsburg also called House of Austria was one of the most influential royal houses of Europe. They held the throne of the Holy Roman Empire from 1452 until it dissolved in 1806. Habsburg was name of a Castle built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland by Count Radbot, the ancestor of the family. In the late thirteenth century, Count of Habsburg Rudolph moved the family's power base to Austria. He became King of Germany and Duke of Austria. Hapsburg ruled Austria until 1918.

In 1453 Frederick III became the first Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Habsburg. Besides Austria, through a series of dynastic marriages Hapsburg acquired the throne of Spain, Bohemia, and Hungary; they also controlled Burgundy, Netherlands and other territories. The house of Hapsburg now was ruling a multinational empire of Europe.

12. From this map we can see the dominion of the Habsburg 1547. We can see Austria, Spain, Burgundy, Netherlands, Bohemia, Bavaria and Hungary and Italy.

13. Key words: Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, Charles IV, Bohemia, Jan Hus, Hapsburg

This is the end of the 4th part of chapter 5.



下一节:5.5.1 Text

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5.4.2 Video课程教案、知识点、字幕

Hi this is the 4th part of chapter 5

The Late Middle ages 1

Let’s talk about

the crisis of the Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages from 1250-1500

is really a terrible time

A series of terrible events happened

They were called

the crisis of the Late Middle Ages

The population of Europe boomed

during the High Middle Ages

and reached around 100 million

But after these crises

Europe lost half of its population

The Medieval Warm Period ended

followed by the Little Ice Age

The colder temperature

and a great number of devastating floods

disrupted harvests and caused mass famine

The Black Death took

at least one third of lives in Europe

This period was full of wars

There were international wars

like the Hundred Years' War

between France and England

and many Civil Wars like

Wars of the Roses in England

There were also religious troubles

The Western Schism damaged the reputation

of the Catholic Church

The Holy Roman Empire since Otto

was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962

The Ottonian dynasty ruled Germany

and the later Holy Roman Empire

from 919 until 1024

Then four kings from the Salian dynasty

Conrad II Henry III IV and V

ruled the empire from 1024 to 1125

We know both Henry III and Henry IV

were involved

in the power struggles with papacy

which called the Investiture controversy

The next dynasty

the House of Staufen ruled

from 1155 to 1250

Its first Emperor was Frederick Barbarossa

Barbarossa in Italian means red beard

You can see from here

You can see the red beard

He ruled for 45 years

He challenged papal authority

and sought to establish

German predominance

in the Western Europe

He sent six expeditions

trying to control northern Italy

In 1190 Frederick died in Asia Minor

while leading an army

in the Third Crusade

The great Interregnum

Interregnum that means there was no king

From 1250 to 1312

the Holy Roman Empire had no emperor

This is called the great Interregnum

Interregnum is the time during

which a throne is vacant

There were two other times

1378–1433 and 1437–1452

These two times also had no emperor

Disintegration and decentralization

of the empire

After the separation

of the Charlemagne’s Empire

The Capetian dynasty

started from Hugh Capet

ruled the western part

and gradually formed

a united kingdom of France

In the Eastern part

since Otto was crowned

Holy Roman Emperor in 962

the Ottonian dynasty ruled until 1024

In the High and Late Middle Ages

the disintegration

and decentralization continued

It was not a united nation

but rather a weakening union

or collection of territories

There were some large Kingdoms

such as the kingdom of Germany

the kingdom of Bohemia

and the kingdom of Italy

kingdom of Burgundy

and also Duchy of Bavaria

In the western part of the Empire

there were

1600 autonomous principalities

free towns and bishoprics

A principality is a country

that is ruled by a prince

a bishopric is the area

under the supervision of a bishop

The House of Luxembourg

From thirteenth century

four big families competed

for the power within the empire

Habsburg Luxembourg Wittelsbach and Anjou

The House of Luxembourg

ruled as King of the Romans

and Holy Roman Emperors

from 1308 to 1437

They also held the title

as Duke of Luxembourg

King of Bohemia Hungary and Poland

Their rule was twice interrupted

by the rival House of Wittelsbach

From this map we can see Luxembourg

Bohemia and Brandenburg

Charles IV was from the House of Luxembourg

His grandfather Henry was Count of Luxembourg

and Holy Roman Emperor

Henry had arranged

the marriage of his son John

and the heiress of Bohemia

Thus John became the king of Bohemia

Bohemia is the area of western part

of today’s Czech Republic

Today Bohemian also

means artistic people

who live in an unconventional way

John’s son Charles IV succeeded

his father as king of Bohemia

In 1355 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor

Charles IV’s time was

a Golden Age of Bohemia

Charles was born in Prague

and he had French education

He was a fluent in

Latin Czech German French and Italian

He wrote his own autobiography

He made many efforts

to make Prague a culture center

by combining French and Czech traditions

He invited then 23-year-old

German-Bohemian architect

Peter Parler to build St Vitus Cathedral

a masterpiece of Gothic architecture

He also founded the University of Prague

known as Charles University

There was a literary renaissance

in both Latin and Czech during his time

He initiated the

Czech translation of the Bible

His reign was the Golden Age of Bohemia

Golden Bull

The Holy Roman Emperor

should be crowned by the Pope

They first should be elected

king of Romans

actually the German king

In 1356 Charles IV issued the Golden Bull

formally defined election proceedings

It was named the Golden Bull

for the golden seal it carried

The kings were elected

by seven Prince-electors

including three bishops

and four secular noblemen

This is the St Vitus Cathedral in Prague

Jan Hus

Unexpectedly Charles’s interests

in the Czech culture

inspired a generation of political

and religious reformers

During the reign of his son Sigismund

king of Germany

Bohemia and Hungary

and the Holy Roman Emperor

The leader of the movement was Jan Hus

a Czech theologian Catholic priest

and president of the Charles University

Hus was the predecessor of

the future Protectant Reformation

led by Martin Luther

His followers were called Hussites

They openly conflicted

With the powerful

German-speaking minority

and they also challenged the authority

of the Roman Catholic Church

They condemned the indulgences

In the teaching of the Catholic Church

an indulgence is a way to

reduce the amount of punishment

one has to undergo for sins in purgatory

Purgatory is the place

where Roman Catholics believe

the spirits of dead people

are sent to suffer for their sins

before they go to heaven

At late Middle Ages

the corrupted Catholic Church

encouraged people to buy the indulgence

Selling indulgence

became a way to collect money

In 1415 during the Council of Constance

held by the Catholic Church

Jan Hus was sentenced to be burnt

at the stake as a heretic

a person who holds beliefs in conflict

with the dogma of

the Roman Catholic Church

After the execution of Hus

the Catholic Church launched

five papal crusades

against the followers of Hus

forced the Bohemians

to defend themselves

This war was called the Hussite Wars

The fighting ended after 1434

the Hussites agreed to submit to the authority

of the King of Bohemia

and the Roman Catholic Church

and were allowed to some degree

of freedom of religion

Most of Bohemia remained Hussite

through the fifteenth century

This painting showed Hus was burnt

at the stake as a heretic in 1415

Hapsburg

The House of Habsburg

also called House of Austria

was one of the

most influential royal houses of Europe

They held the throne

of the Holy Roman Empire

from 1452 until it dissolved in 1806

Habsburg was name of a Castle

built in the 1020s

in present-day Switzerland

by Count Radbot the ancestor of the family

In the late thirteenth century

Count of Habsburg Rudolph

moved the family's power base to Austria

He became King of Germany

and Duke of Austria

Hapsburg ruled Austria until 1918

In 1453 Frederick III

became the first Holy Roman Emperor

of the House of Habsburg

Besides Austria

through a series of dynastic marriages

Hapsburg acquired the throne of Spain

Bohemia and Hungary

also controlled Burgundy Netherlands

and other territories

The house of Hapsburg now was ruling

a multinational empire of Europe

From this map we can see

the dominion of the Habsburg

We can see

Austria Spain Burgundy Netherlands

Bohemia Bavaria and Hungary and Italy

Now let’s look at the Key words

Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

Charles IV

Bohemia

Jan Hus Hapsburg

This is the end of

the 4th part of chapter 5

History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史课程列表:

Chapter 1 Early Greece

-1.0 Introduction

--1.0.1 Text

--1.0.2 Video

--1.0.3 Exercises

-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age

--1.1.1 Text

--1.1.2 Video

--1.1.3 Exercises

-1.2 Greek Gods

--1.2.1 Text

--1.2.2 Video

--1.2.3 Exercises

-1.3 Archaic Greece

--1.3.1 Text

--1.3.2 Video

--1.3.3 Exercises

-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars

--1.4.1 Text

--1.4.2 Video

--1.4.3 Exercises

-1.5 Discussion

--1.5.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece

-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC

--2.1.1 Text

--2.1.2 Video

--2.1.3 Exercises

-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC

--2.2.1 Text

--2.2.2 Video

--2.2.3 Exercises

-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy

--2.3.1 Text

--2.3.2 Video

--2.3.3 Exercises

-2.4 Athenian Drama

--2.4.1 Text

--2.4.2 Video

--2.4.3 Exercises

-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World

--2.5.1 Text

--2.5.2 Video

--2.5.3 Exercises

-2.6 Discussion

--2.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 3 Ancient Civilization 1

-3.1 Roman Kingdom

--3.1.1 Text

--3.1.2 Video

--3.1.3 Exercises

-3.2 Early Republic

--3.2.1 Text

--3.2.2 Video

--3.2.3 Exercises

-3.3 Mid-Republic

--3.3.1 Text

--3.3.2 Video

--3.3.3 Exercises

-3.4 Late-Republic

--3.4.1 Text

--3.4.2 Video

--3.4.3 Exercises

-3.5 End of the Republic

--3.5.1 Text

--3.5.2 Video

--3.5.3 Exercises

-3.6 Discussion

--3.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 4 Ancient Roman Civilization 2

-4.1 Pax Romana 1

--4.1.1 Text

--4.1.2 Video

--4.1.3 Excecises

-4.2 Pax Romana 2

--4.2.1 Text

--4.2.2 Video

--4.2.3 Excecises

-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine

--4.3.1 Text

--4.3.2 Video

--4.3.3 Excecises

-4.4 The Victory of Christianity

--4.4.1 Text

--4.4.2 Video

--4.4.3 Exercises

-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire

--4.5.1 Text

--4.5.2 Video

--4.5.3 Exercises

-4.6 Discussion

--4.6.1 Discussion topic

Chapter 5 Middle Ages

-5.1 Early Middle Ages

--5.1.1 Text

--5.1.2 Video

--5.1.3 Excecises

-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty

--5.2.1 Text

--5.2.2 Video

--5.2.3 Excecises

-5.3 High Middle Ages

--5.3.1 Text

--5.3.2 Video

--5.3.3 Excecises

-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1

--5.4.1 Text

--5.4.2 Video

--5.4.1 Excecises

-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2

--5.5.1 Text

--5.5.2 Video

--5.5.3 Excecises

-5.6 Discussion

--5.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 6 Renaissance and Reformation

-6.1 The Renaissance

--6.1.1 Text

--6.1.2 Video

--6.1.3 Exercises

-6.2 Protestant Reformation

--6.2.1 Text

--6.2.2 Video

--6.2.3 Exercises

-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia

--6.3.1 Text

--6.3.2 Video

--6.3.3 Exercises

-6.4 Age of Discovery

--6.4.1 Text

--6.4.2 Video

--6.4.3 Exercises

-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble

--6.5.1 Text

--6.5.2 Video

--6.5.3 Exercises

-6.6 Discussion

--6.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century

-7.1 The Thirty Years War

--7.1.1 Text

--7.1.2 Video

--7.1.3 Exercises

-7.2 English Revolution

--7.2.1 Text

--7.2.2 Video

--7.2.3 Exercises

-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

--7.3.1 Text

--7.3.2 Video

--7.3.3 Exercises

-7.4 Dutch Golden Age

--7.4.1 Text

--7.4.2 Video

--7.4.3 Exercises

-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century

--7.5 Text

--7.5.2 Video

--7.5.3 Exercises

-7.6 Discussion

--7.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 8 West in the Eighteenth Century

-8.1 The United Kingdom

--8.1.1 Text

--8.1.2 Video

--8.1.3 Exercises

-8.2 The American Revolution

--8.2.1 Text

--8.2.2 Video

--8.2.3 Exercises

-8.3 The French Revolution

--8.3.1 Text

--8.3.2 Video

--8.3.3 Exercises

-8.4 Age of Enlightenment

--8.4.1 Text

--8.4.2 Video

--8.4.3 Exercises

-8.5 West after the 18th century

--8.5.1 Text

--8.5.2 Video

--8.5.3 Exercises

-8.6 Discussion

--8.6.1 Discussion Topics

5.4.2 Video笔记与讨论

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