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5.5. Late Middle Ages 2.  1250-1500

Hi, this is the last part of the chapter 5: Late Middle Ages 2.

1. Hundred Year’s War 1346-1452

Now we talk about Hundred Year’s War. Let’s look at the family trees of the two kingdoms. Charles IV or Charles the Fair was the last direct Capetian King of France. He died in 1328 without an heir. A succession dispute followed. 

You see the French King Philip III got two sons. The first one became the Count of Valois, and the second one Philp IV became the new king. When Philp IV died his sons Louis, Philip V and Charles IV became the king one by one. In the year 1328, Charles IV died without a son. So the problem is who will be the new French King. Philp IV had a daughter Isabella. She married English king Edward II. Their son Edward III was the new English king. Isabella deposed Edward II and made her fourteen years old son the king called Edward III.So Isabella and Edward III thought of course they should be the king of France. But the French didn't agree. They chose this one—Philip VI, the nephew of Charles IV to be the new king of France-Philip VI of France. So that’s the problem. And actually Edward from the family of the Plantagenet—originally they are from France. They once owned half of the France, but lost nearly all of them. But this time they still have a territory called Gascony. So at the beginning, Edward III thought, OK, Philip VI already became the king. It’s OK. It’s fine for me.” But Philip ordered to confiscate Gascony and this made Edward III very angry, so the war decided. And this time Edward III not only want to take back Gascony, but also wanted to take back the king of France. So thats the problem.

2. Philip VI of France 1293 – 1350

Now let’s look at the new French king Philip VI. When Philip VI was chosen to be king he was 35 years. He reigned for 23 years from 1328 to 1350 until his death. He was the first king of the House of Valois, a cadet line of the House of Capet. This family ruled France from 1328 to 1589. Philip’s father Charles Count of Valois was the brother of Philp IV, the father of king Charles IV who just dead. Valois was a region in northern France.

3. During the Hundred Year’s War France had 5 kings: Philip VI, John II, Charles V, Charles VI and Charles.

4. Edward III of England 1312 – 1377

He became King in 1327 at the age of 14 and ruled for 50 years. His main interest was warfare, famous for his military success and for restoring the royal authority. He transformed England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe.

Edward III was from the House of Plantagenet. Started from Henry II this house had ruled England since 1154. This royal family originated from France. They once owned half of France but most of them lost during the reign of King John. When Edward III became King of England, he still owned Gascony, an area in southern France. You can see the Gascony. At first, Edward seemed to accept the fact that Philip was already the new king of France. But when Philip ordered to confiscate Gascony, Edward lost his patience and launched the war. His goal now was not only take back Gascony but also the crown of France. No one expected this war was so horrible and so long, it lasted for more than 100 years.

5. During the Hundred Year’s War England had 5 kings: Edward III, and also he got a son, Edward the black prince; the second son Duke of Lancaster John; and Edmund, Duke of York. And his grandson Richard II became the new king. After that was Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI.

6. Chivalry

Both kings belong to the age of Chivalry; they were brave warriors, obsessed with Knightly glory, inspired by the legend of King Arthur and the Song of Roland.

Chivalry also called knighthood, the term chivalry means "horsemanship" in Old French. During the High Middle Ages Knighthood gradually became a certain status and lifestyle. The center of the knighthood was northern France and from there spread out across Europe. At the beginning many knights were from the noble families in the past but knights belonged to a class of lower nobility. Knights were elite fighters, skilled in battle on horseback. They served a powerful lord as fighter or bodyguard. Knights have to follow the rules called the code of chivalry, a moral system including loyalty to God, fatherland and the lord they served, bravery, never lie, be generals, and courtly manners, courtly means very polite. We can see the code of chivalry from Don Quixote, a novel by Spanish writer Cervantes (1547-1616), although it satirizes chivalry.

7. Courtly love

Courtly love is a tradition represented in Western European literature between the 12th and the 14th centuries, idealizing love between a knight and a revered usually married lady. This paining shows a knight being armed by his lady.

Song of Roland and the legend of King Arthur

The Song of Roland is an epic poem told the heroic story of Roland, a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne. Roland became a model for knights and also greatly influenced the Code of Chivalry in the Middle Ages.

King Arthur is a legendary British leader led the defense against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. Arthur's story is mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, his historical existence is debated by historians.

8. English victories

At the Battle of Crécy in 1356 English army led by Edward III defeated a much larger army of French led by Philip VI of France. 3,000 French were killed while England lost only 100. At the Battle of Poitiers in 1360 Edward again defeated the French army led by King John II, the successor of Philp, the French king, his son, and much of the French nobility were captured. Two sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, John was released, and Edward agreed to renounce his claim to the French throne, in exchange for the territories over an expanded Aquitaine and Calais, thus restoring the former Angevin Empire. 1415 at The Battle of Agincourt the English army led by Henry V won another victory. Henry V ordered the killing of 4,500 captives including 1,500 French nobles and 3,000 soldiers. This battle is the centerpiece of Shakespeare’s play Henry V.

9. Charles VI was King of France from 1380 to 1422. He suffered from insanity, refused to be touched by people because he believed he was made of glass, likely to shatter into pieces. 2 years before his death he signed the Treaty of Troyes claimed King Henry V of England his successor as king of France. We can imagine how angry his son, the future Charles.

Joan of Arc c. 1412- 1431

Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" is a national heroine who saved France during the Hundred Years’ War. Arc was his father’s surname.

When Charles VI died in 1422, the allied army of English king and Duke of Burgundy of France held all of northern France including Paris. They were besieging Orleans, a city held strategic significance. Charles  was not crowned yet, he was a dauphin, the eldest son of the King and direct heir to the throne. At this moment an illiterate girl from a peasant family came to Charles claiming she heard the voices of saint ordering her to save Orleans and crown the dauphin. Inspired and led by Joan the French army defeated the enemy and saved Orleans. This was a turning point. After that Charles was crowned in 1429. The French army finally became the winner.

In 1431 Joan was captured by Burgundians and sold to the English. She was burned at the stake. She saved the France and the king but the French king didn’t try to save her. Charles VII was a terrible king.

10. This is Joan of Arc and her death.

11. End of war                                                        

The French victory marked the end of the war. From these maps we can see the war from the English victory to the French victory. So we can see the English territory started from here and getting bigger and bigger including northern France and at the finish, nothing. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its decline, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops. The war also strengthened national identities in both countries. France suffered tremendously because the fighting was in its land. But the war also transformed France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state. To England, the dream of uniting the two kingdoms broken. It lost all territories except Calais on the continent. Since the Norman Conquest in 1066 the French language had served as the language of the ruling classes but from 1362 English became the official language. After losing the War, the disappointed English nobles soon started a civil war called the War of the Roses

12. Feudalism

In the 18th century, Adam Smith first coined the term "feudal system" in his book Wealth of Nations (1776). Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs developed in Europe from 9th to 15th centuries. It was a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher ranks, and worked and fought for them in return. In the feudal system a lord is a man who has a high rank in the nobility whose land was given by king. A vassal was a man who gave military service to a lord, in return he was protected by the lord and received land. A fief was a piece of land given to vassals by their lord.

13. Black Death 1347-1352

The Black Death or the Great Plague was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. A pandemic is an occurrence of a disease that affects many people over a wide area. A pandemic is an occurrence of a disease that affects many people over a very wide area. The Black Death took at least one third of lives in Europe. It originated in Central Asia, travelled along the Silk Road, reached Crimea. From there, it was carried by fleas of the infected rats, traveled on ships along the trade routes, spreading the disease everywhere of Mediterranean and Europe. Some people saw the Black Death as the divine punishment of sins, some people blamed Jews poisoned the drinking water. The Black Death also inspired a popular image in art called Dance of Death.

From this map we can see the disease originated from the Central Asia and go to Crimea. From there going through the Mediterranean and also the whole Europe. This is the image of Dance of Death.

14. Papal schism

From 1378 to 1417 the papacy saw another schism called the Papal Schism or Western Schism. In 1305 Clement V was elected Pope. He was a Frenchman, he moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon, a town within the Holy Roman Empire, bordering France just cross the river. Since then for 70 years the Popes were under French control. In 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome and died the next year. The cardinals elected an Italian Pope Urban VI. He tried to end the French control. Most of the cardinals regretted, they left Rome and elected a new pope Clement VII who took up residence in Avignon. Now there were two Popes, they excommunicated each other. In 1408 the cardinals from both sides met in Pisa, Italy. They deposed the two Popes and elected a new Pope. But this only made matters worse. Now there were three Popes. In 1417 the Council of Constance deposed the first two and accepted the resignation of the third. The crises ended but it seriously damaged the reputation of the Catholic Church.

15. Dante, Divine Comedy

Dante Alighieri (c. 1265 – 1321) was an Italian poet, his epic poem Divine Comedy is the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language. It describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise or Heaven, represents the soul's journey towards God. The Roman poet Virgil guided him through Hell and Purgatory; Dante's ideal woman Beatrice guided him through Heaven. Beatrice was an Italian woman; Dante met her only twice but carried his love for her throughout his life. This painting is Dante and Virgil in Hell.

16. Key words:

Now let’s look at the key words: Hundred Year’s War, Philip VI of France, Edward III of England, Joan of Arc, Divine Comedy.

17. Questions:

Let’s look at the questions from this chapter.

1. Give a brief introduction of the history of the Holy Roman Empire from Charlemagne, to Otto and to Charles VI.

2. When did the House of Plantagenet and House of Capet start and end to rule England and France? Who are the most important kings from these two houses?

3. What caused the Hundred Year’s War? What is the role Joan of Arc played during the war?

This is the end of the last part of chapter 5: The Late Middle Ages 2.



下一节:5.6.1 Discussion Topics

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5.5.2 Video课程教案、知识点、字幕

Hi this is

the last part of the chapter 5

Late Middle Ages 2

Now we talk about Hundred Year’s War

Let’s look at

the family trees of the two kingdoms

You see the French King Philip III

got two sons

The first one became the Count of Valois

and the second one

Philp IV became a new king

When Philp IV died

His sons Louis Philip V and Charles IV

became the king one by one

In the year 1328 Charles IV died

there was no son

So the problem is

who will be the new French King

Philp IV had a daughter Isabella

She married English king Edward II

Their son Edward III

was the new the English king

So Isabella and Edward III thought

of course Edward III

should be the king of France

But the French didn't agree

They chose this one Philip VI

the cousin of Charles IV

to be the new king of France

So that’s the problem

And actually the Edward

from the family of

the Plantagenet originally

they are from France

They once owned half of the France

but lost nearly all of them

But this time they still

have a territory called Gascony

So at the beginning

Edward III thought OK Philip VI

already became the king

It’s OK It’s fine for me

But Philip ordered to confiscate Gascony

and this made Edward III very angry

So the war decided

And this time Edward III

not only want to take back Gascony

but also wanted to

take back the king of France

So that’s the problem

Now let’s look at

the new French king Philip VI

When Philip VI was chosen to be king

he was 35 years old

He reigned for 23 years

from 1328 to 1350 until his death

He was the first king

of the House of Valois

a cadet line of the House of Capet

This family ruled France

from 1328 to 1589

Philip’s father Charles Count of Valois

was the brother of Philp IV

the father of king Charles IV

who just dead

Valois was a region in northern France

During the Hundred Year’s War

France had 5 kings

Philip VI John II Charles V VI and Ⅻ

Edward III of England

He became King in 1327

at the age of 14 and ruled for 50 years

His main interest was warfare

famous for his military success

and for restoring the royal authority

He transformed England into

one of the most formidable

military powers in Europe

Edward III was

from the House of Plantagenet

Started from Henry II

This house had ruled England since 1154

This royal family originated from France

They once owned half of France

but most of them lost

during the reign of King John

When Edward III became King of England

he still owned Gascony

an area in southern France

You can see the Gascony

At first Edward seemed to accept the fact

that Philip was already

the new king of France

But when Philip ordered

to confiscate Gascony

Edward lost his patience

and launched the war

His goal now was not only

take back Gascony

but also the crown of France

No one expected this war

was so horrible and so long

It lasted for more than 100 years

During the Hundred Year’s War

England had 5 kings

Edward III and also he got a son Edward

the black prince

the second son Duke of Lancaster John

and Edmund Duke of York

And his grandson Richard II

became the new king

After that Henry IV V and VI

Chivalry

Both kings belong to the age of Chivalry

They were brave warriors

obsessed with knightly glory

inspired by the legend of King Arthur

and the Song of Roland

Chivalry also called knighthood

The term chivalry means

horsemanship in Old French

During the High Middle Ages

Knighthood gradually

became a certain status and lifestyle

The center of the knighthood

was northern France

and from there spread out across Europe

At the beginning

many knights were from

the noble families in the past

but knights belonged

to a class of lower nobility

Knights were elite fighters

skilled in battle on horseback

They served a powerful lord

as fighter or bodyguard

Knights have to follow the rules

the code of chivalry

a moral system including loyalty to God

fatherland and the lord they served

bravery never lie be generous

and courtly manners

Courtly means very polite

We can see the code of chivalry

from Don Quixote

a novel by Spanish writer Cervantes

although it satirizes chivalry

Courtly love is

a tradition represented in

Western European literature

between the 12th and the 14th centuries

idealizing love between a knight

and a revered usually married lady

This paining shows

a knight being armed by his lady

The Song of Roland is an epic poem

told the heroic story of Roland

a Frankish military leader

under Charlemagne

Roland became a model for knights

and also greatly influenced

the Code of Chivalry

in the Middle Ages

King Arthur is a legendary British leader

led the defense against Saxon invaders

in the late 5th and early 6th centuries

Arthur's story is mainly

composed of folklore

and literary invention

His historical existence

is debated by historians

English victories

At the Battle of Crecy in 1356

English army led by Edward III

defeated a much larger army of French

led by Philip VI of France

3000 French were killed

while England lost only 100

At the Battle of Poitiers in 1360

Edward again defeated the French army

led by King John II

the successor of Philp

The French king his son

and much of the French nobility

were captured

Two sides signed

the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360

John was released

and Edward agreed to renounce

his claim to the French throne

in exchange for the territories

over an expanded Aquitaine and Calais

1415 at the Battle of Agincourt

the English army led by Henry V

won another victory

Henry V ordered

the killing of 4500 captives

including 1500 French nobles

and 3000 soldiers

This battle is the centerpiece of

Shakespeare’s play Henry V

Charles VI was King of France

from 1380 to 1422

He suffered from insanity

refused to be touched by people

because he believed he was made of glass

likely to shatter into pieces

2 years before his death

he signed the Treaty of Troyes

claimed King Henry V of England

his successor as king of France

We can imagine how angry his son

the future Charles VII

Joan of Arc

nicknamed The Maid of Orleans

is a national heroine

who saved France

during the Hundred Years’ War

Arc was his father’s surname

When Charles VI died in 1422

the allied army of English king

and Duke of Burgundy of France

held all of northern France

including Paris

They were besieging Orleans

a city held strategic significance

Charles VII was not crowned yet

He was a dauphin

the eldest son of the King

and direct heir to the throne

At this moment an illiterate girl

from a peasant family

came to Charles

claiming she heard the voices of saint

ordering her to save Orleans

and crown the dauphin

Inspired and led by Joan

the French army defeated the enemy

and saved Orleans

This was a turning point

After that Charles was crowned in 1429

The French army finally became the winner

In 1431 Joan was captured by Burgundians

and sold to the English

She was burned at the stake

She saved the France and the king

but the French king

didn’t try to save her

Charles VII was a terrible king

This is Joan of Arc and her death

The end of war

The French victory marked

the end of the war

From these maps we can see the war

from the English victory

to the French victory

So we can see the English territory

started from here

and getting bigger and bigger

including northern France

and at the finish nothing

The war marked both the height of chivalry

and its decline

Feudal armies had been largely replaced

by professional troops

The war also strengthened

national identities in both countries

France suffered tremendously

because the fighting was in its land

But the war also transformed France

from a feudal monarchy

to a centralized state

To England

the dream of uniting

the two kingdoms broken

It lost all territories except

Calais on the continent

Since the Norman Conquest in 1066

the French language had served

as the language of the ruling classes

but from 1362 English

became the official language

After losing the War

the disappointed English nobles

soon started a civil war

called the War of the Roses

In the 18th century

Adam Smith first coined

the term feudal system

in his book Wealth of Nations

Feudalism was a combination

of legal and military customs

developed in Europe

from 9th to 15th centuries

It was a system in which

people were given land

and protection by people of higher ranks

and worked and fought for them in return

In the feudal system

a lord is a man

who has a high rank in the nobility

whose land was given by king

A vassal was a man

who gave military service to a lord

in return he was protected by the lord

and received land

A fief was a piece of land given to vassals

by their lord

The Black Death or the Great Plague

was one of the most devastating pandemics

in human history

A pandemic is an occurrence of a disease

that affects many people

over a very wide area

The Black Death took

at least one third of lives in Europe

It originated in Central Asia

travelled along the Silk Road

reached Crimea

From there it was carried

by fleas of the infected rats

traveled on ships along the trade routes

spreading the disease everywhere

of Mediterranean and Europe

Some people saw the Black Death

as the divine punishment of sins

Some people blamed Jews

poisoned the drinking water

The Black Death also inspired

a popular image in art

called Dance of Death

From this map

we can see the disease

originated from the Central Asia

and go to Crimea

From there going

through the Mediterranean

and also the whole Europe

This is the image of called

Dance of Death

Papal schism

From 1378 to 1417

the papacy saw another schism

called the Papal Schism or Western Schism

In 1305 Clement V was elected Pope

He was a Frenchman

He moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon

a town within the Holy Roman Empire

bordering France just cross the river

Since then for 70 years

the Popes were under French control

In 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome

and died the next year

The cardinals elected

an Italian Pope Urban VI

He tried to end the French control

Most of the cardinals regretted

They left Rome and elected

a new pope Clement VII

who took up residence in Avignon

Now there were two Popes

They excommunicated each other

In 1408 the cardinals from

both sides met in Pisa Italy

They deposed the

two Popes and elected a new one

But this only made matters worse

Now there were three Popes

In 1417 the Council of Constance

deposed the first two

and accepted the resignation of the third

The crises ended

but it seriously damaged the reputation

of the Catholic Church

Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet

His epic poem Divine Comedy

is the most important poem

of the Middle Ages

and the greatest literary work

in Italian language

It describes Dante's travels

through Hell Purgatory

and Paradise or Heaven

represents the soul's journey

towards God

The Roman poet Virgil guided him

through Hell and Purgatory

Dante's ideal woman Beatrice

guided him through Heaven

Beatrice was an Italian woman

Dante met her only twice

but carried his love

for her throughout his life

This painting is Dante and Virgil in Hell

Now let’s look at the key words

Hundred Year’s War

Philip VI of France

Edward III of England

Joan of Arc

Divine Comedy

Let’s look at the questions

from this chapter

The first one

Give a brief introduction of the history

of the Holy Roman Empire

from Charlemagne to Otto

and to Charles VI

And the second one

When did the House of Plantagenet

and House of Capet

started and end to rule England and France

Who are the most important kings

from these two houses

The third

What caused the Hundred Year’s War

What is the role Joan of Arc

played during the war

This is the end of the last part of chapter 5

The Late Middle Ages 2

History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史课程列表:

Chapter 1 Early Greece

-1.0 Introduction

--1.0.1 Text

--1.0.2 Video

--1.0.3 Exercises

-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age

--1.1.1 Text

--1.1.2 Video

--1.1.3 Exercises

-1.2 Greek Gods

--1.2.1 Text

--1.2.2 Video

--1.2.3 Exercises

-1.3 Archaic Greece

--1.3.1 Text

--1.3.2 Video

--1.3.3 Exercises

-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars

--1.4.1 Text

--1.4.2 Video

--1.4.3 Exercises

-1.5 Discussion

--1.5.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece

-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC

--2.1.1 Text

--2.1.2 Video

--2.1.3 Exercises

-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC

--2.2.1 Text

--2.2.2 Video

--2.2.3 Exercises

-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy

--2.3.1 Text

--2.3.2 Video

--2.3.3 Exercises

-2.4 Athenian Drama

--2.4.1 Text

--2.4.2 Video

--2.4.3 Exercises

-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World

--2.5.1 Text

--2.5.2 Video

--2.5.3 Exercises

-2.6 Discussion

--2.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 3 Ancient Civilization 1

-3.1 Roman Kingdom

--3.1.1 Text

--3.1.2 Video

--3.1.3 Exercises

-3.2 Early Republic

--3.2.1 Text

--3.2.2 Video

--3.2.3 Exercises

-3.3 Mid-Republic

--3.3.1 Text

--3.3.2 Video

--3.3.3 Exercises

-3.4 Late-Republic

--3.4.1 Text

--3.4.2 Video

--3.4.3 Exercises

-3.5 End of the Republic

--3.5.1 Text

--3.5.2 Video

--3.5.3 Exercises

-3.6 Discussion

--3.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 4 Ancient Roman Civilization 2

-4.1 Pax Romana 1

--4.1.1 Text

--4.1.2 Video

--4.1.3 Excecises

-4.2 Pax Romana 2

--4.2.1 Text

--4.2.2 Video

--4.2.3 Excecises

-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine

--4.3.1 Text

--4.3.2 Video

--4.3.3 Excecises

-4.4 The Victory of Christianity

--4.4.1 Text

--4.4.2 Video

--4.4.3 Exercises

-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire

--4.5.1 Text

--4.5.2 Video

--4.5.3 Exercises

-4.6 Discussion

--4.6.1 Discussion topic

Chapter 5 Middle Ages

-5.1 Early Middle Ages

--5.1.1 Text

--5.1.2 Video

--5.1.3 Excecises

-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty

--5.2.1 Text

--5.2.2 Video

--5.2.3 Excecises

-5.3 High Middle Ages

--5.3.1 Text

--5.3.2 Video

--5.3.3 Excecises

-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1

--5.4.1 Text

--5.4.2 Video

--5.4.1 Excecises

-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2

--5.5.1 Text

--5.5.2 Video

--5.5.3 Excecises

-5.6 Discussion

--5.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 6 Renaissance and Reformation

-6.1 The Renaissance

--6.1.1 Text

--6.1.2 Video

--6.1.3 Exercises

-6.2 Protestant Reformation

--6.2.1 Text

--6.2.2 Video

--6.2.3 Exercises

-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia

--6.3.1 Text

--6.3.2 Video

--6.3.3 Exercises

-6.4 Age of Discovery

--6.4.1 Text

--6.4.2 Video

--6.4.3 Exercises

-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble

--6.5.1 Text

--6.5.2 Video

--6.5.3 Exercises

-6.6 Discussion

--6.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century

-7.1 The Thirty Years War

--7.1.1 Text

--7.1.2 Video

--7.1.3 Exercises

-7.2 English Revolution

--7.2.1 Text

--7.2.2 Video

--7.2.3 Exercises

-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

--7.3.1 Text

--7.3.2 Video

--7.3.3 Exercises

-7.4 Dutch Golden Age

--7.4.1 Text

--7.4.2 Video

--7.4.3 Exercises

-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century

--7.5 Text

--7.5.2 Video

--7.5.3 Exercises

-7.6 Discussion

--7.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 8 West in the Eighteenth Century

-8.1 The United Kingdom

--8.1.1 Text

--8.1.2 Video

--8.1.3 Exercises

-8.2 The American Revolution

--8.2.1 Text

--8.2.2 Video

--8.2.3 Exercises

-8.3 The French Revolution

--8.3.1 Text

--8.3.2 Video

--8.3.3 Exercises

-8.4 Age of Enlightenment

--8.4.1 Text

--8.4.2 Video

--8.4.3 Exercises

-8.5 West after the 18th century

--8.5.1 Text

--8.5.2 Video

--8.5.3 Exercises

-8.6 Discussion

--8.6.1 Discussion Topics

5.5.2 Video笔记与讨论

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