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5.5. Late Middle Ages 2. 1250-1500
Hi, this is the last part of the chapter 5: Late Middle Ages 2.
1. Hundred Year’s War 1346-1452
Now we talk about Hundred Year’s War. Let’s look at the family trees of the two kingdoms. Charles IV or Charles the Fair was the last direct Capetian King of France. He died in 1328 without an heir. A succession dispute followed.
You see the French King Philip III got two sons. The first one became the Count of Valois, and the second one Philp IV became the new king. When Philp IV died his sons Louis, Philip V and Charles IV became the king one by one. In the year 1328, Charles IV died without a son. So the problem is who will be the new French King. Philp IV had a daughter Isabella. She married English king Edward II. Their son Edward III was the new English king. Isabella deposed Edward II and made her fourteen years old son the king called Edward III.So Isabella and Edward III thought of course they should be the king of France. But the French didn't agree. They chose this one—Philip VI, the nephew of Charles IV to be the new king of France-Philip VI of France. So that’s the problem. And actually Edward from the family of the Plantagenet—originally they are from France. They once owned half of the France, but lost nearly all of them. But this time they still have a territory called Gascony. So at the beginning, Edward III thought, “OK, Philip VI already became the king. It’s OK. It’s fine for me.” But Philip ordered to confiscate Gascony and this made Edward III very angry, so the war decided. And this time Edward III not only want to take back Gascony, but also wanted to take back the king of France. So that’s the problem.
2. Philip VI of France 1293 – 1350
Now let’s look at the new French king Philip VI. When Philip VI was chosen to be king he was 35 years. He reigned for 23 years from 1328 to 1350 until his death. He was the first king of the House of Valois, a cadet line of the House of Capet. This family ruled France from 1328 to 1589. Philip’s father Charles Count of Valois was the brother of Philp IV, the father of king Charles IV who just dead. Valois was a region in northern France.
3. During the Hundred Year’s War France had 5 kings: Philip VI, John II, Charles V, Charles VI and CharlesⅫ.
4. Edward III of England 1312 – 1377
He became King in 1327 at the age of 14 and ruled for 50 years. His main interest was warfare, famous for his military success and for restoring the royal authority. He transformed England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe.
Edward III was from the House of Plantagenet. Started from Henry II this house had ruled England since 1154. This royal family originated from France. They once owned half of France but most of them lost during the reign of King John. When Edward III became King of England, he still owned Gascony, an area in southern France. You can see the Gascony. At first, Edward seemed to accept the fact that Philip was already the new king of France. But when Philip ordered to confiscate Gascony, Edward lost his patience and launched the war. His goal now was not only take back Gascony but also the crown of France. No one expected this war was so horrible and so long, it lasted for more than 100 years.
5. During the Hundred Year’s War England had 5 kings: Edward III, and also he got a son, Edward the black prince; the second son Duke of Lancaster John; and Edmund, Duke of York. And his grandson Richard II became the new king. After that was Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI.
6. Chivalry
Both kings belong to the age of Chivalry; they were brave warriors, obsessed with Knightly glory, inspired by the legend of King Arthur and the Song of Roland.
Chivalry also called knighthood, the term chivalry means "horsemanship" in Old French. During the High Middle Ages Knighthood gradually became a certain status and lifestyle. The center of the knighthood was northern France and from there spread out across Europe. At the beginning many knights were from the noble families in the past but knights belonged to a class of lower nobility. Knights were elite fighters, skilled in battle on horseback. They served a powerful lord as fighter or bodyguard. Knights have to follow the rules called the code of chivalry, a moral system including loyalty to God, fatherland and the lord they served, bravery, never lie, be generals, and courtly manners, courtly means very polite. We can see the code of chivalry from Don Quixote, a novel by Spanish writer Cervantes (1547-1616), although it satirizes chivalry.
7. Courtly love
Courtly love is a tradition represented in Western European literature between the 12th and the 14th centuries, idealizing love between a knight and a revered usually married lady. This paining shows a knight being armed by his lady.
Song of Roland and the legend of King Arthur
The Song of Roland is an epic poem told the heroic story of Roland, a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne. Roland became a model for knights and also greatly influenced the Code of Chivalry in the Middle Ages.
King Arthur is a legendary British leader led the defense against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. Arthur's story is mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, his historical existence is debated by historians.
8. English victories
At the Battle of Crécy in 1356 English army led by Edward III defeated a much larger army of French led by Philip VI of France. 3,000 French were killed while England lost only 100. At the Battle of Poitiers in 1360 Edward again defeated the French army led by King John II, the successor of Philp, the French king, his son, and much of the French nobility were captured. Two sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, John was released, and Edward agreed to renounce his claim to the French throne, in exchange for the territories over an expanded Aquitaine and Calais, thus restoring the former Angevin Empire. 1415 at The Battle of Agincourt the English army led by Henry V won another victory. Henry V ordered the killing of 4,500 captives including 1,500 French nobles and 3,000 soldiers. This battle is the centerpiece of Shakespeare’s play Henry V.
9. Charles VI was King of France from 1380 to 1422. He suffered from insanity, refused to be touched by people because he believed he was made of glass, likely to shatter into pieces. 2 years before his death he signed the Treaty of Troyes claimed King Henry V of England his successor as king of France. We can imagine how angry his son, the future CharlesⅦ.
Joan of Arc c. 1412- 1431
Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" is a national heroine who saved France during the Hundred Years’ War. Arc was his father’s surname.
When Charles VI died in 1422, the allied army of English king and Duke of Burgundy of France held all of northern France including Paris. They were besieging Orleans, a city held strategic significance. Charles Ⅶ was not crowned yet, he was a dauphin, the eldest son of the King and direct heir to the throne. At this moment an illiterate girl from a peasant family came to Charles claiming she heard the voices of saint ordering her to save Orleans and crown the dauphin. Inspired and led by Joan the French army defeated the enemy and saved Orleans. This was a turning point. After that Charles was crowned in 1429. The French army finally became the winner.
In 1431 Joan was captured by Burgundians and sold to the English. She was burned at the stake. She saved the France and the king but the French king didn’t try to save her. Charles VII was a terrible king.
10. This is Joan of Arc and her death.
11. End of war
The French victory marked the end of the war. From these maps we can see the war from the English victory to the French victory. So we can see the English territory started from here and getting bigger and bigger including northern France and at the finish, nothing. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its decline, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops. The war also strengthened national identities in both countries. France suffered tremendously because the fighting was in its land. But the war also transformed France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state. To England, the dream of uniting the two kingdoms broken. It lost all territories except Calais on the continent. Since the Norman Conquest in 1066 the French language had served as the language of the ruling classes but from 1362 English became the official language. After losing the War, the disappointed English nobles soon started a civil war called the War of the Roses
12. Feudalism
In the 18th century, Adam Smith first coined the term "feudal system" in his book Wealth of Nations (1776). Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs developed in Europe from 9th to 15th centuries. It was a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher ranks, and worked and fought for them in return. In the feudal system a lord is a man who has a high rank in the nobility whose land was given by king. A vassal was a man who gave military service to a lord, in return he was protected by the lord and received land. A fief was a piece of land given to vassals by their lord.
13. Black Death 1347-1352
The Black Death or the Great Plague was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. A pandemic is an occurrence of a disease that affects many people over a wide area. A pandemic is an occurrence of a disease that affects many people over a very wide area. The Black Death took at least one third of lives in Europe. It originated in Central Asia, travelled along the Silk Road, reached Crimea. From there, it was carried by fleas of the infected rats, traveled on ships along the trade routes, spreading the disease everywhere of Mediterranean and Europe. Some people saw the Black Death as the divine punishment of sins, some people blamed Jews poisoned the drinking water. The Black Death also inspired a popular image in art called Dance of Death.
From this map we can see the disease originated from the Central Asia and go to Crimea. From there going through the Mediterranean and also the whole Europe. This is the image of Dance of Death.
14. Papal schism
From 1378 to 1417 the papacy saw another schism called the Papal Schism or Western Schism. In 1305 Clement V was elected Pope. He was a Frenchman, he moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon, a town within the Holy Roman Empire, bordering France just cross the river. Since then for 70 years the Popes were under French control. In 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome and died the next year. The cardinals elected an Italian Pope Urban VI. He tried to end the French control. Most of the cardinals regretted, they left Rome and elected a new pope Clement VII who took up residence in Avignon. Now there were two Popes, they excommunicated each other. In 1408 the cardinals from both sides met in Pisa, Italy. They deposed the two Popes and elected a new Pope. But this only made matters worse. Now there were three Popes. In 1417 the Council of Constance deposed the first two and accepted the resignation of the third. The crises ended but it seriously damaged the reputation of the Catholic Church.
15. Dante, Divine Comedy
Dante Alighieri (c. 1265 – 1321) was an Italian poet, his epic poem Divine Comedy is the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language. It describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise or Heaven, represents the soul's journey towards God. The Roman poet Virgil guided him through Hell and Purgatory; Dante's ideal woman Beatrice guided him through Heaven. Beatrice was an Italian woman; Dante met her only twice but carried his love for her throughout his life. This painting is Dante and Virgil in Hell.
16. Key words:
Now let’s look at the key words: Hundred Year’s War, Philip VI of France, Edward III of England, Joan of Arc, Divine Comedy.
17. Questions:
Let’s look at the questions from this chapter.
1. Give a brief introduction of the history of the Holy Roman Empire from Charlemagne, to Otto and to Charles VI.
2. When did the House of Plantagenet and House of Capet start and end to rule England and France? Who are the most important kings from these two houses?
3. What caused the Hundred Year’s War? What is the role Joan of Arc played during the war?
This is the end of the last part of chapter 5: The Late Middle Ages 2.
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi this is
the last part of the chapter 5
Late Middle Ages 2
Now we talk about Hundred Year’s War
Let’s look at
the family trees of the two kingdoms
You see the French King Philip III
got two sons
The first one became the Count of Valois
and the second one
Philp IV became a new king
When Philp IV died
His sons Louis Philip V and Charles IV
became the king one by one
In the year 1328 Charles IV died
there was no son
So the problem is
who will be the new French King
Philp IV had a daughter Isabella
She married English king Edward II
Their son Edward III
was the new the English king
So Isabella and Edward III thought
of course Edward III
should be the king of France
But the French didn't agree
They chose this one Philip VI
the cousin of Charles IV
to be the new king of France
So that’s the problem
And actually the Edward
from the family of
the Plantagenet originally
they are from France
They once owned half of the France
but lost nearly all of them
But this time they still
have a territory called Gascony
So at the beginning
Edward III thought OK Philip VI
already became the king
It’s OK It’s fine for me
But Philip ordered to confiscate Gascony
and this made Edward III very angry
So the war decided
And this time Edward III
not only want to take back Gascony
but also wanted to
take back the king of France
So that’s the problem
Now let’s look at
the new French king Philip VI
When Philip VI was chosen to be king
he was 35 years old
He reigned for 23 years
from 1328 to 1350 until his death
He was the first king
of the House of Valois
a cadet line of the House of Capet
This family ruled France
from 1328 to 1589
Philip’s father Charles Count of Valois
was the brother of Philp IV
the father of king Charles IV
who just dead
Valois was a region in northern France
During the Hundred Year’s War
France had 5 kings
Philip VI John II Charles V VI and Ⅻ
Edward III of England
He became King in 1327
at the age of 14 and ruled for 50 years
His main interest was warfare
famous for his military success
and for restoring the royal authority
He transformed England into
one of the most formidable
military powers in Europe
Edward III was
from the House of Plantagenet
Started from Henry II
This house had ruled England since 1154
This royal family originated from France
They once owned half of France
but most of them lost
during the reign of King John
When Edward III became King of England
he still owned Gascony
an area in southern France
You can see the Gascony
At first Edward seemed to accept the fact
that Philip was already
the new king of France
But when Philip ordered
to confiscate Gascony
Edward lost his patience
and launched the war
His goal now was not only
take back Gascony
but also the crown of France
No one expected this war
was so horrible and so long
It lasted for more than 100 years
During the Hundred Year’s War
England had 5 kings
Edward III and also he got a son Edward
the black prince
the second son Duke of Lancaster John
and Edmund Duke of York
And his grandson Richard II
became the new king
After that Henry IV V and VI
Chivalry
Both kings belong to the age of Chivalry
They were brave warriors
obsessed with knightly glory
inspired by the legend of King Arthur
and the Song of Roland
Chivalry also called knighthood
The term chivalry means
horsemanship in Old French
During the High Middle Ages
Knighthood gradually
became a certain status and lifestyle
The center of the knighthood
was northern France
and from there spread out across Europe
At the beginning
many knights were from
the noble families in the past
but knights belonged
to a class of lower nobility
Knights were elite fighters
skilled in battle on horseback
They served a powerful lord
as fighter or bodyguard
Knights have to follow the rules
the code of chivalry
a moral system including loyalty to God
fatherland and the lord they served
bravery never lie be generous
and courtly manners
Courtly means very polite
We can see the code of chivalry
from Don Quixote
a novel by Spanish writer Cervantes
although it satirizes chivalry
Courtly love is
a tradition represented in
Western European literature
between the 12th and the 14th centuries
idealizing love between a knight
and a revered usually married lady
This paining shows
a knight being armed by his lady
The Song of Roland is an epic poem
told the heroic story of Roland
a Frankish military leader
under Charlemagne
Roland became a model for knights
and also greatly influenced
the Code of Chivalry
in the Middle Ages
King Arthur is a legendary British leader
led the defense against Saxon invaders
in the late 5th and early 6th centuries
Arthur's story is mainly
composed of folklore
and literary invention
His historical existence
is debated by historians
English victories
At the Battle of Crecy in 1356
English army led by Edward III
defeated a much larger army of French
led by Philip VI of France
3000 French were killed
while England lost only 100
At the Battle of Poitiers in 1360
Edward again defeated the French army
led by King John II
the successor of Philp
The French king his son
and much of the French nobility
were captured
Two sides signed
the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360
John was released
and Edward agreed to renounce
his claim to the French throne
in exchange for the territories
over an expanded Aquitaine and Calais
1415 at the Battle of Agincourt
the English army led by Henry V
won another victory
Henry V ordered
the killing of 4500 captives
including 1500 French nobles
and 3000 soldiers
This battle is the centerpiece of
Shakespeare’s play Henry V
Charles VI was King of France
from 1380 to 1422
He suffered from insanity
refused to be touched by people
because he believed he was made of glass
likely to shatter into pieces
2 years before his death
he signed the Treaty of Troyes
claimed King Henry V of England
his successor as king of France
We can imagine how angry his son
the future Charles VII
Joan of Arc
nicknamed The Maid of Orleans
is a national heroine
who saved France
during the Hundred Years’ War
Arc was his father’s surname
When Charles VI died in 1422
the allied army of English king
and Duke of Burgundy of France
held all of northern France
including Paris
They were besieging Orleans
a city held strategic significance
Charles VII was not crowned yet
He was a dauphin
the eldest son of the King
and direct heir to the throne
At this moment an illiterate girl
from a peasant family
came to Charles
claiming she heard the voices of saint
ordering her to save Orleans
and crown the dauphin
Inspired and led by Joan
the French army defeated the enemy
and saved Orleans
This was a turning point
After that Charles was crowned in 1429
The French army finally became the winner
In 1431 Joan was captured by Burgundians
and sold to the English
She was burned at the stake
She saved the France and the king
but the French king
didn’t try to save her
Charles VII was a terrible king
This is Joan of Arc and her death
The end of war
The French victory marked
the end of the war
From these maps we can see the war
from the English victory
to the French victory
So we can see the English territory
started from here
and getting bigger and bigger
including northern France
and at the finish nothing
The war marked both the height of chivalry
and its decline
Feudal armies had been largely replaced
by professional troops
The war also strengthened
national identities in both countries
France suffered tremendously
because the fighting was in its land
But the war also transformed France
from a feudal monarchy
to a centralized state
To England
the dream of uniting
the two kingdoms broken
It lost all territories except
Calais on the continent
Since the Norman Conquest in 1066
the French language had served
as the language of the ruling classes
but from 1362 English
became the official language
After losing the War
the disappointed English nobles
soon started a civil war
called the War of the Roses
In the 18th century
Adam Smith first coined
the term feudal system
in his book Wealth of Nations
Feudalism was a combination
of legal and military customs
developed in Europe
from 9th to 15th centuries
It was a system in which
people were given land
and protection by people of higher ranks
and worked and fought for them in return
In the feudal system
a lord is a man
who has a high rank in the nobility
whose land was given by king
A vassal was a man
who gave military service to a lord
in return he was protected by the lord
and received land
A fief was a piece of land given to vassals
by their lord
The Black Death or the Great Plague
was one of the most devastating pandemics
in human history
A pandemic is an occurrence of a disease
that affects many people
over a very wide area
The Black Death took
at least one third of lives in Europe
It originated in Central Asia
travelled along the Silk Road
reached Crimea
From there it was carried
by fleas of the infected rats
traveled on ships along the trade routes
spreading the disease everywhere
of Mediterranean and Europe
Some people saw the Black Death
as the divine punishment of sins
Some people blamed Jews
poisoned the drinking water
The Black Death also inspired
a popular image in art
called Dance of Death
From this map
we can see the disease
originated from the Central Asia
and go to Crimea
From there going
through the Mediterranean
and also the whole Europe
This is the image of called
Dance of Death
Papal schism
From 1378 to 1417
the papacy saw another schism
called the Papal Schism or Western Schism
In 1305 Clement V was elected Pope
He was a Frenchman
He moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon
a town within the Holy Roman Empire
bordering France just cross the river
Since then for 70 years
the Popes were under French control
In 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome
and died the next year
The cardinals elected
an Italian Pope Urban VI
He tried to end the French control
Most of the cardinals regretted
They left Rome and elected
a new pope Clement VII
who took up residence in Avignon
Now there were two Popes
They excommunicated each other
In 1408 the cardinals from
both sides met in Pisa Italy
They deposed the
two Popes and elected a new one
But this only made matters worse
Now there were three Popes
In 1417 the Council of Constance
deposed the first two
and accepted the resignation of the third
The crises ended
but it seriously damaged the reputation
of the Catholic Church
Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet
His epic poem Divine Comedy
is the most important poem
of the Middle Ages
and the greatest literary work
in Italian language
It describes Dante's travels
through Hell Purgatory
and Paradise or Heaven
represents the soul's journey
towards God
The Roman poet Virgil guided him
through Hell and Purgatory
Dante's ideal woman Beatrice
guided him through Heaven
Beatrice was an Italian woman
Dante met her only twice
but carried his love
for her throughout his life
This painting is Dante and Virgil in Hell
Now let’s look at the key words
Hundred Year’s War
Philip VI of France
Edward III of England
Joan of Arc
Divine Comedy
Let’s look at the questions
from this chapter
The first one
Give a brief introduction of the history
of the Holy Roman Empire
from Charlemagne to Otto
and to Charles VI
And the second one
When did the House of Plantagenet
and House of Capet
started and end to rule England and France
Who are the most important kings
from these two houses
The third
What caused the Hundred Year’s War
What is the role Joan of Arc
played during the war
This is the end of the last part of chapter 5
The Late Middle Ages 2
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion