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6.2 Protestant Reformation

Hi, this is the second part of this chapter, Protestant Reformation.

1. The Protestant Reformation was a movement to reform and purify the Catholic Church, it was also a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers. It was called Protestant because their protest against Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation started by the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. The result of the movement was the creation of many Christian denominations collectively known as Protestants. Denomination is a particular religious group which has slightly different beliefs from other groups within the same faith. Protestant denominations include Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Evangelical and many others. Protestants is the second largest form of Christianity today which has more than 900 million followers, nearly 40% of all Christians.

2. The sale of Indulgence

Hundred years ago in Bohemia, the predecessor or the protestant reform Jan Hus had already condemned the abuse of indulgences. In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins in purgatory. Purgatory is the place where Roman Catholics believe the spirits of dead people are sent to suffer for their sins before they go to heaven. In 1516, Pope Leo X chose Prince Albert of Brandenburg to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Albert hired the Dominican friar Johann Tetzel to sell. A friar is a member of one of several Catholic religious orders, orders is a group. This painting shows the Pope as the Antichrist, signing and selling indulgences.

3. Martin Luther was a Christian priest and professor of theology at Wittenberg University. Wittenberg is a town in Saxony. Saxony and Brandenburg are neighboring states, all within the Holy Roman Empire. On 31 October 1517, Luther sent the Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences to Prince Albert of Brandenburg. He may have also posted these theses on the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg. This day was considered the start of the Reformation and commemorated annually as Reformation Day. In these theses he attacked indulgence and their sale. Luther argued that indulgences led Christians to believe that the punishment for sins could be reduced by buying an indulgence, but this led them to avoid truly inner spiritual repentance and sorrow for sin. Repentance is feeling sorry for something wrong that you have done. Luther argued indulgences also discouraged Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy.

4. The spread of Luther’s reformation ideas

Luther’s theses were quickly reprinted, translated, and distributed throughout Germany and Europe. He started a movement. We know printing was a Chinese innovation; it spread into Europe during the 14th century. In the late 15th century printing appeared in Germany. Luther’s German translation of the Bible, his theses and other books soon spread out. The Lutheranism first spread into Denmark, Sweden and Norway where it remained dominant religion today. And Huldrych Zwingli brought reformed religion to Zurich. In 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull, order of Pope. Luther publicly burnt the bull and finally he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521.

Luther’s marriage. In 1523 Luther married Katharina von Bora, she was one of 12 nuns Luther had helped escape a convent. The protestant priests could marry. In the Catholic Church there is a principle called celibacy, priest are not allowed to marry or have sex. But there are many sex scandals of the Catholic Church today and in the history. Alexander VI, the pope from 1492 to 1503 had many mistresses and at least 4 illegitimate children.

5. Martin Luther’s Faith

1, Let’s look at Martin Luther’s faith, the first one is Justification by faith alone.

He believed true salvation came from faith in God’s kindness, sin could not be washed away by penance and it could not be forgiven by indulgence.

2, Sola scripture, in Latin means by scripture alone. God’s words were in the Bible, reading and understanding the Bible was the only way to faith and salvation.

3, Priesthood of all believers. The Catholic Pope and their ministers played the role of parent to the people in spiritual matters. But Luther believed all believers are equal in God’s eyes, they must stand alone before God. They should seek forgiveness directly from God rather than from a church priest speaking in God’s name.

6. Geneva and Calvin 1509-1564

This is John Calvin, John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. A pastor is a member of the clergy in some churches, especially Protestant churches. He converted to Lutheranism at the age of 20. That time Protestants were persecuted by French king. Calvin fled France and came to Geneva. The Calvinist church was a self-governing institute, independent of the state. Some historians believed Calvinism was theocracy, a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God. Calvin emphasized the doctrine of predestination. He believed that people have no control over their fate because everything has already been decided by God. Those who were predestined to damnation were obliged to be governed. The 12 elders from the Geneva church had enormous political power; they enforced strict Calvinist moral code to all aspects of life. Adultery were severely suppressed, prostitutes were expelled from the city.  

7. This is Michael Servetus, was a Spanish theologian and scientist who first discovered the circulation of the blood. He was also a protestant and Renaissance humanist persecuted by the Catholic Church. He criticize Calvin’s concept of predestination. When he came to Geneva, he was burnt at the stake for heresy by order of the city's governing council which was controlled by Calvin. In the name of God the Protestants protested against the Catholic Church but now in the name of God again Calvin murdered a freethinking humanist and scientist. This was horrible.

8. English Reformation 

Let’s look at the English kings during the Hundred Years War and after.

So we can start at Edward III from the House of Plantagenet and after that his grandson, Richard II became a new king. Actually, Edward III got three sons. The first one is called the Edward, the Black Prince. The second one, John, Duke of Lancaster

the first generation of the house of Lancaster, and the family symbol was a red rose. another son Edmund, Duke of York, was the first generation of the house of York, and its symbol was a white rose.

So after Richard II, the king from this family, Family of the Lancaster, Henry IV, V and VI.

9. The War of Roses 1455-1485. Let’s look at The War of Roses from1455 to 1485, and this is after the Hundred years war. There was a war of Roses, a series of civil wars between these two family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York..

Henry VI belongs to the house of Lancaster. When he became king he was only eight month old. The Hundred Years War was still going on. He ruled for 39 years from 1422 to 1461. He was timid, shy and mentally unstable. During his reign England gradually lost nearly all of the territories in France. In 1461 He was defeated by Edward of York, who became the new King. In 1465 Henry VI was captured by Edward in 1465 held captive in the Tower of London. Edward IV died in 1483. His two sons disappeared after being sent to the Tower of London. Some people suspected Edward’s younger brother Richard murdered them. Richard became king and ruled from 1483-1485 and was killed by Henry Tudor.

So you can see, that’s the Henry VI and after that Edward IV and Richard III and Henry Tudor. Henry Tudor was the first one from The House of Tudor.

10. Henry Tudor, also called Henry VII 1485-1509, was the first king from The House of Tudor. To make his claim to the throne legitimate, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York. This house originally from Wales. It ruled England, Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603. It had 5 monarchs: Henry VII. 1485-1509,Henry . 15091547, Edward VI 1547-1553, Mary I 1553-1558, Elizabeth I 1558-1603.

Henry 1491 – 1547, this is the Henry VIII, was the second Tudor monarch, son of Henry VII. He was King of England from 1509 to 1547. Look at his protruding codpiece. This is called codpiece It is so funny, right? That called codpiece, a piece of material worn by men in the 15th and 16th centuries to cover their genitals. He was a large man likes hunting and wrestling bout (bout means contest), he once wrestled with king Francis I of France.

11. Henry start reformation

Henry continually faced financial problem due to his personal extravagance as well as his numerous costly and largely unsuccessful wars with Francis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, as he sought to enforce his claim to the throne of France. During his reign, Wales integrated into the English crown. He was also the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland.

Henry is best known for his six marriages. Before the last marriage, his 5 wives, 3 annulled, 1 died, 1 beheaded. Annulled means it is declared invalid. The Catholic Church does not permit divorce, but church can declared the marriage null, so that legally it is considered never to have existed.

Henry’s first wife Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, and aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. that time the papacy was controlled by Charles. Catherine had only one girl Mary survived and henry wanted a boy. And then his lover Anne, the possible next wife was pregnant. Henry believed it must be a boy. But his annulment was refused by the Pope. He couldn’t wait.

In 1533, Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury annulled the marriage. The Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. A Lutheran service was introduced. This is the start of the English Reformation. Henry became the supreme head of the Church of England and owner of its vast wealth. Henry and Anne married and had a girl, the future Queen Elisabeth.

13. This is Sir Thomas More 1478 – 1535, a councilor to Henry. He was also a social philosopher and Renaissance humanist famous for his book Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary, ideal island nation. More opposed the Protestant Reformation and the king's separation from the Catholic Church. He was convicted of treason and beheaded.

14. The second English reformation.

When Henry died, his nine-year-old son, Edward VI became the new king. He ruled from 1547-1553. The reformation continued and the Catholics were repressed. The next monarch was Mary I, the daughter of Henry’s first wife Catherine. She was the first queen to rule England. Like her mother she was a Catholic and she wanted to bring England back to Catholic. She reestablished papal sovereignty. Thomas Cranmer and other three bishops were burned alive for heresy, 8000 Protestant fled the country. This is the reason she was called "Bloody Mary" by Protestants. When she died her half-sister Elizabeth I became new Queen, she was the last monarch of the house of Tudor ruled from 1558 to1603. Under her reign the country returned to Protestants. This was the second English reformation.

15. Let’s look at the key words from this part: Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther, War of Roses, House of Tudor, Henry of England

This is the second part of Chapter six, Protestant Reformation.


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History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史课程列表:

Chapter 1 Early Greece

-1.0 Introduction

--1.0.1 Text

--1.0.2 Video

--1.0.3 Exercises

-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age

--1.1.1 Text

--1.1.2 Video

--1.1.3 Exercises

-1.2 Greek Gods

--1.2.1 Text

--1.2.2 Video

--1.2.3 Exercises

-1.3 Archaic Greece

--1.3.1 Text

--1.3.2 Video

--1.3.3 Exercises

-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars

--1.4.1 Text

--1.4.2 Video

--1.4.3 Exercises

-1.5 Discussion

--1.5.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece

-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC

--2.1.1 Text

--2.1.2 Video

--2.1.3 Exercises

-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC

--2.2.1 Text

--2.2.2 Video

--2.2.3 Exercises

-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy

--2.3.1 Text

--2.3.2 Video

--2.3.3 Exercises

-2.4 Athenian Drama

--2.4.1 Text

--2.4.2 Video

--2.4.3 Exercises

-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World

--2.5.1 Text

--2.5.2 Video

--2.5.3 Exercises

-2.6 Discussion

--2.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 3 Ancient Civilization 1

-3.1 Roman Kingdom

--3.1.1 Text

--3.1.2 Video

--3.1.3 Exercises

-3.2 Early Republic

--3.2.1 Text

--3.2.2 Video

--3.2.3 Exercises

-3.3 Mid-Republic

--3.3.1 Text

--3.3.2 Video

--3.3.3 Exercises

-3.4 Late-Republic

--3.4.1 Text

--3.4.2 Video

--3.4.3 Exercises

-3.5 End of the Republic

--3.5.1 Text

--3.5.2 Video

--3.5.3 Exercises

-3.6 Discussion

--3.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 4 Ancient Roman Civilization 2

-4.1 Pax Romana 1

--4.1.1 Text

--4.1.2 Video

--4.1.3 Excecises

-4.2 Pax Romana 2

--4.2.1 Text

--4.2.2 Video

--4.2.3 Excecises

-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine

--4.3.1 Text

--4.3.2 Video

--4.3.3 Excecises

-4.4 The Victory of Christianity

--4.4.1 Text

--4.4.2 Video

--4.4.3 Exercises

-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire

--4.5.1 Text

--4.5.2 Video

--4.5.3 Exercises

-4.6 Discussion

--4.6.1 Discussion topic

Chapter 5 Middle Ages

-5.1 Early Middle Ages

--5.1.1 Text

--5.1.2 Video

--5.1.3 Excecises

-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty

--5.2.1 Text

--5.2.2 Video

--5.2.3 Excecises

-5.3 High Middle Ages

--5.3.1 Text

--5.3.2 Video

--5.3.3 Excecises

-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1

--5.4.1 Text

--5.4.2 Video

--5.4.1 Excecises

-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2

--5.5.1 Text

--5.5.2 Video

--5.5.3 Excecises

-5.6 Discussion

--5.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 6 Renaissance and Reformation

-6.1 The Renaissance

--6.1.1 Text

--6.1.2 Video

--6.1.3 Exercises

-6.2 Protestant Reformation

--6.2.1 Text

--6.2.2 Video

--6.2.3 Exercises

-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia

--6.3.1 Text

--6.3.2 Video

--6.3.3 Exercises

-6.4 Age of Discovery

--6.4.1 Text

--6.4.2 Video

--6.4.3 Exercises

-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble

--6.5.1 Text

--6.5.2 Video

--6.5.3 Exercises

-6.6 Discussion

--6.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century

-7.1 The Thirty Years War

--7.1.1 Text

--7.1.2 Video

--7.1.3 Exercises

-7.2 English Revolution

--7.2.1 Text

--7.2.2 Video

--7.2.3 Exercises

-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

--7.3.1 Text

--7.3.2 Video

--7.3.3 Exercises

-7.4 Dutch Golden Age

--7.4.1 Text

--7.4.2 Video

--7.4.3 Exercises

-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century

--7.5 Text

--7.5.2 Video

--7.5.3 Exercises

-7.6 Discussion

--7.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 8 West in the Eighteenth Century

-8.1 The United Kingdom

--8.1.1 Text

--8.1.2 Video

--8.1.3 Exercises

-8.2 The American Revolution

--8.2.1 Text

--8.2.2 Video

--8.2.3 Exercises

-8.3 The French Revolution

--8.3.1 Text

--8.3.2 Video

--8.3.3 Exercises

-8.4 Age of Enlightenment

--8.4.1 Text

--8.4.2 Video

--8.4.3 Exercises

-8.5 West after the 18th century

--8.5.1 Text

--8.5.2 Video

--8.5.3 Exercises

-8.6 Discussion

--8.6.1 Discussion Topics

6.2.1 Text笔记与讨论

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