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7.2 English Revolution

1. English Revolution

From the Marxist view of the history, the English Revolution is a revolution from 1640 to 1660 in Britain. It was a bourgeois revolution in which the English feudalism was destroyed by a bourgeois class, and the Revolution was a pivotal event in the transition from feudalism to capitalism and from a feudal state to a capitalist state in Britain.

2. The Elizabethan Era is the period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and she was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She never married and was childless, sometime called The Virgin Queen. Historians often depict The Elizabethan era as the golden age in English history. English Renaissance reached its peak marked by the dramas of William Shakespeare (1564-1616). Francis Bacon (1561-1626) , the famous philosopher also lived in this time. Elizabeth I suppressed the revolt of Ireland, defeated Spanish Armada. All of these inspired national pride in England.

3. Britannia

During the Elizabethan era "Britannia" came to be viewed as a personification of Britain until today it is still a British cultural icon. Britannia is a female warrior carrying a trident and wearing a helmet, personifying the Great Britain. The lion is also a symbol of the Great Britain

4. James I 1603-1625

In 1603 Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died, her cousin James I succeeded her. James was King of Scotland as James VI from 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James I was the first king of England from the House of Stuart. This house ruled the British Isles and its growing empire until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, Except for the period of the Commonwealth from 1649 to 1660. During James’s reign, British colonization of the Americas began. James wrote an essay of political theory The True Law of Free Monarchies which set out the doctrine of the divine right of kings. He argued the monarchies were created by God to rule, kings are higher beings than other men, and they were God’s representatives on earth.

5. Charles I 1625-1649. The next king was son of James I, Charles I, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. And he married a Roman Catholic Henrietta Maria, the daughter of Henry IV, King of France. All these generated mistrust of Protestant denominations such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought Charles was too Catholic. Puritans demanded the abolition of the Catholic hierarchy of archbishops and bishops in the Church of England. Charles appointed William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury and started making the Church of England more ceremonial, the wooden communion tables were replaced by stone altars. Many Puritans were arrested for their accusing this change as reintroducing Catholicism. When the new prayer books created by William Laud were brought into Scotland, it was refused. In St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh someone threw a stool at the head of the Dean of Edinburgh, people screamed "Popery". Soon Scottish revolted. By the end of 1640 a Scottish army invaded England. Charles needed to suppress the rebellion in Scotland. He needed to collect money from his subjects but that need the agreement of the Parliament. So, he summoned Parliament.

6. The long Parliament  

The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. When the parliament was summoned, the members had little urgency to levy taxes; they were actually hostile to Charles. They passed laws which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years without the King's summons, it is illegal for the king to impose taxes and dissolve parliament without Parliamentary consent.

7. Civil War started in 1642

Charles lost patience; he declared the leaders of parliament rebels and traitors. On 4 January 1642, accompanied by armed soldiers he entered the English House of Commons to arrest the Five Members but they were not there. Parliament army quickly seized London, and Charles fled. The civil war started. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Parliamentarians supported the parliament and they were called "Roundheads" from the Puritans' cropping their hair short. The wealthier Royalist supported the king and they were called "Cavaliers", they have long hair.

8. Execution of Charles I

After three years war, in 1645 the parliament army commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell defeated the Royalist army at The Battle of Naseby. The king was captured, bishops were abolished, and a Presbyterian church was established. In 1647 parliament soldiers kidnapped the king and demanded to be paid. Charles encouraged his supporters to resume the war. The parliament army easily defeated them. In 1648 Parliament army purged the parliament, 45 members were arrested and 146 were refused to enter, only 75 left. This parliament of 75 members was called the Rump Parliament. Rump is the rear end of animal, used here means remnant, the left members. The Rump parliament voted to bring the king to trial for treason. On 30 January 1649, Charles was beheaded. England was declared to be a commonwealth governed by the Rump Parliament

9. Charles’s beheading

10. Commonwealth 1649-1660

11. Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader. In 1653 He dissolved the Rump Parliament and served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death in 1658. He ruled with a free elected Parliament and an administrative body called council of state. He was a devout Puritan. He refused to be a new king and tried to build a government in which fundamental authority resided in Parliament. He died in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His son Richard Cromwell succeeded as a new Lord Protector, but Richard was not capable to rule. In 1659 the army again intervened. Parliament was dissolved, the monarchy was restored. Charles I’s son was crowned as Charles II in 1660. Oliver Cromwell’s corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.

11. The Glorious Revolution 1688

Charles II ruled from 1660 to 1685. Charles I’s another son King James II succeeded. He was a declared Catholic; Catholics were promoted to be the top leader of the army and government. James's religion and his pro-France policy caused increasing opposition from members of leading political circles. They negotiated with Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, who was James's nephew and husband of James’s daughter Mary Stuart. Stadtholder in Dutch means a state leader. In 1688 William landed in England with a small force, James fled to France. William and Mary were crowned King and Queen of England. This event was called the Glorious Revolution, sometime called the Bloodless Revolution. William III and Mary II reigned together for five years. William reigned after Mary's death in 1694 until 1702.

12. In 1689 parliament passed the Declaration of Right which detailed the wrongs committed by James II, and specify the security of property and other rights that all citizens of England should be entitled to and that all English monarchs should abide by. This document restated the fundamental principles of Constitutional monarchy. Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution. In the same year the toleration Act also passed, it granted religious freedom to all groups of Protestant. Now in England Absolut Monarchy became Constitutional Monarchy. Parliament became a permanent part of civil government and the fundamental authority resided in Parliament.

13. Key Words: The Elizabethan Era, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, the Glorious Revolution, Constitutional Monarchy.


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History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史课程列表:

Chapter 1 Early Greece

-1.0 Introduction

--1.0.1 Text

--1.0.2 Video

--1.0.3 Exercises

-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age

--1.1.1 Text

--1.1.2 Video

--1.1.3 Exercises

-1.2 Greek Gods

--1.2.1 Text

--1.2.2 Video

--1.2.3 Exercises

-1.3 Archaic Greece

--1.3.1 Text

--1.3.2 Video

--1.3.3 Exercises

-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars

--1.4.1 Text

--1.4.2 Video

--1.4.3 Exercises

-1.5 Discussion

--1.5.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece

-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC

--2.1.1 Text

--2.1.2 Video

--2.1.3 Exercises

-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC

--2.2.1 Text

--2.2.2 Video

--2.2.3 Exercises

-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy

--2.3.1 Text

--2.3.2 Video

--2.3.3 Exercises

-2.4 Athenian Drama

--2.4.1 Text

--2.4.2 Video

--2.4.3 Exercises

-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World

--2.5.1 Text

--2.5.2 Video

--2.5.3 Exercises

-2.6 Discussion

--2.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 3 Ancient Civilization 1

-3.1 Roman Kingdom

--3.1.1 Text

--3.1.2 Video

--3.1.3 Exercises

-3.2 Early Republic

--3.2.1 Text

--3.2.2 Video

--3.2.3 Exercises

-3.3 Mid-Republic

--3.3.1 Text

--3.3.2 Video

--3.3.3 Exercises

-3.4 Late-Republic

--3.4.1 Text

--3.4.2 Video

--3.4.3 Exercises

-3.5 End of the Republic

--3.5.1 Text

--3.5.2 Video

--3.5.3 Exercises

-3.6 Discussion

--3.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 4 Ancient Roman Civilization 2

-4.1 Pax Romana 1

--4.1.1 Text

--4.1.2 Video

--4.1.3 Excecises

-4.2 Pax Romana 2

--4.2.1 Text

--4.2.2 Video

--4.2.3 Excecises

-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine

--4.3.1 Text

--4.3.2 Video

--4.3.3 Excecises

-4.4 The Victory of Christianity

--4.4.1 Text

--4.4.2 Video

--4.4.3 Exercises

-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire

--4.5.1 Text

--4.5.2 Video

--4.5.3 Exercises

-4.6 Discussion

--4.6.1 Discussion topic

Chapter 5 Middle Ages

-5.1 Early Middle Ages

--5.1.1 Text

--5.1.2 Video

--5.1.3 Excecises

-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty

--5.2.1 Text

--5.2.2 Video

--5.2.3 Excecises

-5.3 High Middle Ages

--5.3.1 Text

--5.3.2 Video

--5.3.3 Excecises

-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1

--5.4.1 Text

--5.4.2 Video

--5.4.1 Excecises

-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2

--5.5.1 Text

--5.5.2 Video

--5.5.3 Excecises

-5.6 Discussion

--5.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 6 Renaissance and Reformation

-6.1 The Renaissance

--6.1.1 Text

--6.1.2 Video

--6.1.3 Exercises

-6.2 Protestant Reformation

--6.2.1 Text

--6.2.2 Video

--6.2.3 Exercises

-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia

--6.3.1 Text

--6.3.2 Video

--6.3.3 Exercises

-6.4 Age of Discovery

--6.4.1 Text

--6.4.2 Video

--6.4.3 Exercises

-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble

--6.5.1 Text

--6.5.2 Video

--6.5.3 Exercises

-6.6 Discussion

--6.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century

-7.1 The Thirty Years War

--7.1.1 Text

--7.1.2 Video

--7.1.3 Exercises

-7.2 English Revolution

--7.2.1 Text

--7.2.2 Video

--7.2.3 Exercises

-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

--7.3.1 Text

--7.3.2 Video

--7.3.3 Exercises

-7.4 Dutch Golden Age

--7.4.1 Text

--7.4.2 Video

--7.4.3 Exercises

-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century

--7.5 Text

--7.5.2 Video

--7.5.3 Exercises

-7.6 Discussion

--7.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 8 West in the Eighteenth Century

-8.1 The United Kingdom

--8.1.1 Text

--8.1.2 Video

--8.1.3 Exercises

-8.2 The American Revolution

--8.2.1 Text

--8.2.2 Video

--8.2.3 Exercises

-8.3 The French Revolution

--8.3.1 Text

--8.3.2 Video

--8.3.3 Exercises

-8.4 Age of Enlightenment

--8.4.1 Text

--8.4.2 Video

--8.4.3 Exercises

-8.5 West after the 18th century

--8.5.1 Text

--8.5.2 Video

--8.5.3 Exercises

-8.6 Discussion

--8.6.1 Discussion Topics

7.2.1 Text笔记与讨论

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