当前课程知识点：History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史 > Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century > 7.2 English Revolution > 7.2.2 Video
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频课程列表
7.2 English Revolution
1. English Revolution
From the Marxist view of the history, the English Revolution is a revolution from 1640 to 1660 in Britain. It was a bourgeois revolution in which the English feudalism was destroyed by a bourgeois class, and the Revolution was a pivotal event in the transition from feudalism to capitalism and from a feudal state to a capitalist state in Britain.
2. The Elizabethan Era is the period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and she was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She never married and was childless, sometime called The Virgin Queen. Historians often depict The Elizabethan era as the golden age in English history. English Renaissance reached its peak marked by the dramas of William Shakespeare (1564-1616). Francis Bacon (1561-1626) , the famous philosopher also lived in this time. Elizabeth I suppressed the revolt of Ireland, defeated Spanish Armada. All of these inspired national pride in England.
3. Britannia
During the Elizabethan era "Britannia" came to be viewed as a personification of Britain until today it is still a British cultural icon. Britannia is a female warrior carrying a trident and wearing a helmet, personifying the Great Britain. The lion is also a symbol of the Great Britain
4. James I 1603-1625
In 1603 Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died, her cousin James I succeeded her. James was King of Scotland as James VI from 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James I was the first king of England from the House of Stuart. This house ruled the British Isles and its growing empire until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, Except for the period of the Commonwealth from 1649 to 1660. During James’s reign, British colonization of the Americas began. James wrote an essay of political theory The True Law of Free Monarchies which set out the doctrine of the divine right of kings. He argued the monarchies were created by God to rule, kings are higher beings than other men, and they were God’s representatives on earth.
5. Charles I 1625-1649. The next king was son of James I, Charles I, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. And he married a Roman Catholic Henrietta Maria, the daughter of Henry IV, King of France. All these generated mistrust of Protestant denominations such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought Charles was too Catholic. Puritans demanded the abolition of the Catholic hierarchy of archbishops and bishops in the Church of England. Charles appointed William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury and started making the Church of England more ceremonial, the wooden communion tables were replaced by stone altars. Many Puritans were arrested for their accusing this change as reintroducing Catholicism. When the new prayer books created by William Laud were brought into Scotland, it was refused. In St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh someone threw a stool at the head of the Dean of Edinburgh, people screamed "Popery". Soon Scottish revolted. By the end of 1640 a Scottish army invaded England. Charles needed to suppress the rebellion in Scotland. He needed to collect money from his subjects but that need the agreement of the Parliament. So, he summoned Parliament.
6. The long Parliament
The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. When the parliament was summoned, the members had little urgency to levy taxes; they were actually hostile to Charles. They passed laws which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years without the King's summons, it is illegal for the king to impose taxes and dissolve parliament without Parliamentary consent.
7. Civil War started in 1642
Charles lost patience; he declared the leaders of parliament rebels and traitors. On 4 January 1642, accompanied by armed soldiers he entered the English House of Commons to arrest the Five Members but they were not there. Parliament army quickly seized London, and Charles fled. The civil war started. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Parliamentarians supported the parliament and they were called "Roundheads" from the Puritans' cropping their hair short. The wealthier Royalist supported the king and they were called "Cavaliers", they have long hair.
8. Execution of Charles I
After three years war, in 1645 the parliament army commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell defeated the Royalist army at The Battle of Naseby. The king was captured, bishops were abolished, and a Presbyterian church was established. In 1647 parliament soldiers kidnapped the king and demanded to be paid. Charles encouraged his supporters to resume the war. The parliament army easily defeated them. In 1648 Parliament army purged the parliament, 45 members were arrested and 146 were refused to enter, only 75 left. This parliament of 75 members was called the Rump Parliament. Rump is the rear end of animal, used here means remnant, the left members. The Rump parliament voted to bring the king to trial for treason. On 30 January 1649, Charles was beheaded. England was declared to be a commonwealth governed by the Rump Parliament
9. Charles’s beheading
10. Commonwealth 1649-1660
11. Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader. In 1653 He dissolved the Rump Parliament and served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death in 1658. He ruled with a free elected Parliament and an administrative body called council of state. He was a devout Puritan. He refused to be a new king and tried to build a government in which fundamental authority resided in Parliament. He died in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His son Richard Cromwell succeeded as a new Lord Protector, but Richard was not capable to rule. In 1659 the army again intervened. Parliament was dissolved, the monarchy was restored. Charles I’s son was crowned as Charles II in 1660. Oliver Cromwell’s corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.
11. The Glorious Revolution 1688
Charles II ruled from 1660 to 1685. Charles I’s another son King James II succeeded. He was a declared Catholic; Catholics were promoted to be the top leader of the army and government. James's religion and his pro-France policy caused increasing opposition from members of leading political circles. They negotiated with Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, who was James's nephew and husband of James’s daughter Mary Stuart. Stadtholder in Dutch means a state leader. In 1688 William landed in England with a small force, James fled to France. William and Mary were crowned King and Queen of England. This event was called the Glorious Revolution, sometime called the Bloodless Revolution. William III and Mary II reigned together for five years. William reigned after Mary's death in 1694 until 1702.
12. In 1689 parliament passed the Declaration of Right which detailed the wrongs committed by James II, and specify the security of property and other rights that all citizens of England should be entitled to and that all English monarchs should abide by. This document restated the fundamental principles of Constitutional monarchy. Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution. In the same year the toleration Act also passed, it granted religious freedom to all groups of Protestant. Now in England Absolut Monarchy became Constitutional Monarchy. Parliament became a permanent part of civil government and the fundamental authority resided in Parliament.
13. Key Words: The Elizabethan Era, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, the Glorious Revolution, Constitutional Monarchy.
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi this is the second part
of the chapter 7
The English Revolution
From the Marxist view of the history
The English Revolution is a revolution
from 1640 to 1660 in Britain
It was a bourgeois revolution
in which the English feudalism
was destroyed by a bourgeois class
and the Revolution was a pivotal event
in the transition
from feudalism to capitalism
and from a feudal state
to a capitalist state in Britain
The Elizabethan Era
is the period of the history of England
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
Elizabeth I was the daughter
of Henry VIII
and she was the last monarch
of the Tudor Dynasty
She never married and was childless
Sometime called The Virgin Queen
Historians often depict
the Elizabethan era
as the golden age in English history
English Renaissance reached its peak
marked by the dramas
of William Shakespeare
Francis Bacon the famous philosopher
Also lived in this time
Elizabeth I suppressed
the revolt of Ireland
defeated Spanish Armada
All of these inspired national pride
in England
During the Elizabethan era
Britannia came to be viewed
as a personification of Britain
Until today it is still
a British cultural icon
Britannia is a female
warrior carrying a trident
and wearing a helmet
personifying the Great Britain
And the lion is also
a symbol of the Great Britain
In 1603 Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died
Her cousin James I succeeded her
James was King of Scotland
as James VI from 1567
And King of England
and Ireland as James I
from 1603 until his death in 1625
The kingdoms of Scotland and England
were individual sovereign states
with their own parliament judiciaries
and laws
though both were ruled
by James in personal union
James I was the first king
of England from the House of Stuart
This house ruled the British Isles
and its growing empire
until the death of Queen Anne in 1714
Except for the period
of the Commonwealth
from 1649 to 1660
During James’s reign
British colonization
of the Americas began
James wrote an essay
of political theory
The True Law of Free Monarchies
which set out the doctrine
of the divine right of kings
He argued the monarchies
were created by God to rule
Kings are higher beings than other men
And they were God’s
representatives on earth
The next king was son
of James I Charles I
king of England Scotland and Ireland
from 1625 until his execution in 1649
Charles failed
to aid Protestant forces successfully
during the Thirty Years' War
And he married
a Roman Catholic Henrietta Maria
the daughter of Henry IV King of France
All these generated mistrust
of the Protestant denominations
such as the English Puritans
and Scottish Covenanters
who thought Charles was too Catholic
Puritans demanded the abolition
of the Catholic hierarchy of archbishops
and bishops in the Church of England
Charles appointed William Laud
as Archbishop of Canterbury
and started making the Church
of England more ceremonial
The wooden communion tables
were replaced by stone altar
Many Puritans were arrested
for their accusing this change
as reintroducing Catholicism
When the new prayer books created by William Laud
were brought into Scotland
It was refused
In St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh
someone threw a stool
at the head of the Dean of Edinburgh
People screamed Popery
Soon Scottish revolted
By the end of 1640
a Scottish army invaded England
Charles needed to suppress the rebellion
in Scotland
He need collect money from his subjects
but that need the agreement
of the Parliament
So he summoned Parliament
The Long Parliament
was an English Parliament
which lasted from 1640 until 1660
When the parliament was summoned
the members had little urgency
to levy taxes
They were actually hostile to Charles
They passed laws which stated that
a new Parliament should convene
at least once every three years
without the King's summons
It is illegal
for the king to impose taxes
and dissolve parliament
without Parliamentary consent
Civil War started in 1642
Charles lost patience
He declared the leaders
of parliament rebel and traitors
On 4 January 1642
accompanied by armed soldiers
he entered the English House of Commons
to arrest the Five Members
but they were not there
Parliament army quickly seized London
and Charles fled
The civil war started
The English Civil War
was a series of armed conflicts
between Parliamentarians and Royalists
Parliamentarians supported
the parliament
and they were called Roundheads
from the Puritans' cropping
their hair short
like this one
The wealthier Royalist supported the king
and they were called Cavaliers
They have long hair like this one
After three years war
in 1645 the parliament army commanded
by Sir Thomas Fairfax
and Oliver Cromwell
defeated the Royalist army
at The Battle of Naseby
The king was captured bishops
were abolished
and a Presbyterian church
was established
In 1647 parliament soldiers kidnapped
the king
and demanded to be paid
Charles encouraged his supporters to resume the war
The parliament army easily defeated them
In 1648 Parliament army purged the parliament
45 members were arrested
and 146 were refused to enter
only 75 left
This parliament of 75 members
was called the Rump Parliament
Rump is the rear end of animal
used here means remnant
the left members
The Rump parliament voted
to bring the king to trial for treason
On 30 January 1649 Charles was beheaded
England was declared
to be a commonwealth
governed by the Rump Parliament
From this painting we can see
Charles’s beheading that is terrible
You can see the blood
You can see somebody holding the head
of the king
Oliver Cromwell was an English military
and political leader
In 1653 He dissolved the Rump Parliament
and served as Lord Protector
of the Commonwealth
of England Scotland and Ireland
from 1653 until his death in 1658
He ruled with a free elected Parliament
and an administrative body
called council of state
He was a devout Puritan
He refused to be a new king
and tried to build a government
in which fundamental authority resided
in Parliament
He died in 1658
and was buried in Westminster Abbey
His son Richard Cromwell succeeded
as a new Lord Protector
but Richard was not capable to rule
In 1659 the army again intervened
Parliament was dissolved
and monarchy was restored
Charles I’s son was crowned
as Charles IIin 1660
Oliver Cromwell’s corpse was dug up
hung in chains and beheaded
The Glorious Revolution
Charles II ruled from 1660 to 1685
Charles I’s
another son King James II succeeded
He was a declared Catholic
Catholics were promoted
to be the top leader
of the army and government
of the army and government
James's religion
and his pro-France policy
caused increasing opposition
from members
of leading political circles
They negotiated
with Dutch stadtholder William III
Prince of Orange who was James's nephew
and husband
of James’s daughter Mary Stuart
Stadtholder in Dutch means
a state leader
In 1688 William landed
in England with a small force
James fled to France
William and Mary were crowned
King and Queen of England
This event
was called the Glorious Revolution
sometime called the Bloodless Revolution
William III and Mary II reigned together
for five years
William reigned after Mary's death
in 1694 until 1702
In 1689 parliament passed
the Declaration of Right
which detailed the wrongs committed
by James II
and specify the security
of property and other rights
that all citizens of England
should be entitled to
and that all English monarchs
should abide by
This document restated
the fundamental principles
of Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy
is a form of government
in which a monarch acts as head of state
within the guidelines of a constitution
In the same year
the toleration Act also passed
It granted religious freedom
to all groups of Protestant
Now in England Absolut Monarchy
became Constitutional Monarchy
Parliament became a permanent part
of civil government
and the fundamental authority
resided in Parliament
Let’s look at the Key Words
The Elizabethan Era
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
the Glorious Revolution
Constitutional Monarchy
This is the end of the second part
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion
