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7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

1. The English revolution changed England from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. But England was an exception. The seventeenth century was an age of absolutism in Europe. Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs, and the absolute monarchy is often, but not always, hereditary. The political theory of the divine right of kings which initiated since the early seventeen century was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Now let’s look at three absolute monarchs: Louis XIV 1643-1715 of FranceFrederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia 1640-1688, Tsar Peter the Great 1682-1725 of Russia.

2. Louis XIV of France 1643-1715

Louis XIV was French king from 1643 to 1715, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King. During Louis XIV's reign, he successfully increased the royal authority over the church and aristocracy, thus consolidating absolute monarchy in France. France replaced Spain as the greatest nation in Europe. Louis XIV was from the House of Bourbon, he ruled for 72 years and 110 days, the longest record in European history. During his reign, France was the leading European power. It fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession.

3. Cardinal Mazarin. Louis XIV was son of Louis XIII. When he was crowned he was only 4 years old, the regent was his mother Anne of Austria, and the Chief Minister was an Italian-born cardinal Mazarin. Before Louis XIV’s reign, Mazarin succeeded his mentor Cardinal Richelieu as the first Minister of Louis XIII. Mazarin was the de facto ruler of France; he played a crucial role in the negotiations of the Peace of Westphalia.

The Fronde

The costs of the Thirty Years' War made Mazarin's government had to levy new taxes; this caused the opposition from the nobles, the Parliament of Paris and most of the French people. A series of civil wars fought in between 1648 and 1653 which was called Fronde. The word fronde in French means "sling", Parisian crowds used slings to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin. The term frondeur was later used to refer to anyone who suggested that the power of the king should be limited. Finally Cardinal Mazarin and the king won the war. Royal authority was strengthened. The Fronde facilitated the emergence of absolute monarchy. Mazarin died in 1662, and then the 13-year-old Louis XIV began to rule.

4. The Palace of Versailles was the greatest palace of the greatest king of the greatest country in seventeenth century Europe. It was built by Louis XIV, the royal residence of French kings from 1682 until the French Revolution in 1789 during the reign of Louis XVI. Now it is the second-most visited monument in Paris, just behind the Louvre and ahead of the Eiffel Tower. This Palace has 2,300 rooms, 1,400 fountains, 1,200 horses and hundreds of carriages, 5000 people lived there and among them 500 served the king alone. How much it cost? No one knows because Louis XIV ordered to burn the official receipts. Every morning leading noblemen of France had to get up at dawn and came to his bedroom to watch him be awakened and hear his first words, and followed him from room to room watching how he washed, dressed and ate.

5. How great of the palace

6. Hall of Mirrors is the central gallery of the Palace; its principal feature is the seventeen mirror-clad arches that reflect the seventeen arcaded windows overlooking the gardens. This hall was used daily by Louis XIV when he walked from his private apartment to the chapel. Courtiers assembled to watch the king and members of the royal family pass and to express their loyalty.

7. The German Empire was declared in 1871 from here.

8. The Treaty of Versailles was signed here by the victorious powers of World War I in 1919.

9. Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598 by King Henry which had granted the Protestant Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state. Now Louis XIV canceled the law and the Huguenots were outlawed. Over 200,000 highly skilled Huguenots fled France to Protestant states England, Holland and Brandenburg and enriched these countries.

Louis XIV died on September1, 1715 at the age of 76, his last words were: "I depart, but the State shall always remain."

10. Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia Known as "the Great Elector", Frederick William was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 and to his death in 1688.

We know that in 1356 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV from the House of Luxembourg issued the Golden Bull, formally defined the election proceedings of the Holy Roman Emperor. It was named the Golden Bull for the golden seal it carried. The kings were elected by seven Prince-electors including three bishops and four secular noblemen. Brandenburg was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire; its ruler was one of the 7 electors.

11. The Duchy of Prussia was established as a result of secularization of the State of the Teutonic Order during the Protestant Reformation in 1525. Secular is a word to describe things that have no connection with religion. The Teutonic Order was a Catholic religious order founded as a military order in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1190. The State of the Teutonic Order was a crusader state formed by the Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea.

12. Frederick William was from the House of Hohenzollern, Based in Brandenburg, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the Duchy of Prussia, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618. As the ruler of both Brandenburg and Prussia, Frederick William is known for his military and political achievements. As a great military commander, he built up a strong army to defend the country.

The Battle of Warsaw was a battle took place near Warsaw in 1656, between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the allied armies of Sweden and Brandenburg, commanded by King Charles X of Sweden and Elector Frederick William. In the battle, a smaller Swedish-Brandenburg force defeated the enemy force superior in numbers. The victory of the battle marked "the beginning of Prussian military history". By1678 Frederick William raised a powerful army of 40,000 soldiers.

Frederick William was a devoted Calvinist but adopted a policy of religious tolerance, Brandenburg-Prussia benefited from this policy. He also promoted trade vigorously. These reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalian political order of north-central Europe, under his son and successor the Duchy of Prussia was elevated to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In 1772 the Kingdom of Prussia was annexed by the Royal Prussia. If a country annexes another country or an area of land, it seizes it and takes control of it, like Russia annexed Crimea in 2014.

13. Peter the Great

In 1585 Ivan the "Terrible", the first Tsar of Russia died. Russia experienced the Time of Trouble from 1598 to 1613 and the Polish–Russian War started from 1605.  In 1613 Michael Romanov was elected tsar and by the help of Sweden he led Russians drove the Poles away. He was the first tsar of the House of Romanov, Romanov dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on 15 March 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.

Peter the Great was another great Tsar from the Romanov dynasty, he ruled Russia for 44 years, first the Tsar of the Tsardom of Russia from 1682 then the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 1721 until his death in 1725.

14. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition army led by Peter of Russia successfully challenged the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. After the war Peter expanded the land of the Tsardom of Russia into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Russian navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea.

He led a cultural revolution which was modern, scientific, westernized. He wanted to drag his country into the modern would. In 1697 Peter traveled to Western Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation called "Grand Embassy". Although he used a fake name but was easy to be recognized because he was far taller than most others. He invited foreign scholars to be the head of the new school and foreigners to oversee the new departments of the state. He sent the sons of the nobility to the west to study and recruited foreign engineers and architects to build his new capital Saint Petersburg.

15. From this map we can see the expansion of Russia. Saint Petersburg situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703. Its name changed to Leningrad and changed back to its original name in 1991. It was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, Moscow became the new capital. Today Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow and the cultural capital of the country.

16. Key words: Absolute monarchy, Louis XIV, Palace of Versailles, Frederick William, Brandenburg-Prussia, Saint Petersburg

This is the end of 7 point 3



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7.3.2 Video课程教案、知识点、字幕

Hi This is 7 point 3

Three Absolute Monarchs

The English revolution changed England

from an absolute monarchy

into a constitutional monarchy

But England was an exception

The seventeenth century was an age

of absolutism in Europe

Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy

in which one ruler has supreme authority

and that authority is not restricted

by any written laws legislature

or customs

and absolute monarchy

is often but not always hereditary

The political theory

of the divine right of kings

which initiated

since the early seventeen century

was the theological justification

for absolute monarchy

Now let’s look

at three absolute monarchs

Louis XIV of France

Frederick William

the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia

Tsar Peter the Great of Russia

Louis XIV was French king

from 1643 to 1715

known as Louis the Great or the Sun King

During Louis XIV's reign

he successfully increased

the royal authority

over the church and aristocracy

thus consolidating absolute monarchy

in France

France replaced Spain

as the greatest nation in Europe

Louis XIV was from the House of Bourbon

He ruled for 72 years and 110 days

the longest record in European history

During his reign France

was the leading European power

It fought three major wars

the Franco-Dutch War

the War of the League of Augsburg

and the War of the Spanish Succession

Cardinal Mazarin

Louis XIV was the son of Louis XIII

When he was crowned

he was only 4 years old

The regent was his mother Anne

of Austria

and the Chief Minister

was an Italian-born cardinal Mazarin

Before Louis XIV’s reign

Mazarin succeeded

his mentor Cardinal Richelieu

as the first Minister of Louis XIII

Mazarin was the de facto ruler of France

He played a crucial role

in the negotiations

of the Peace of Westphalia

The Fronde

The costs of the Thirty Years' War

made Mazarin's government

had to levy new taxes

This caused the opposition

from the nobles

the Parliament of Paris

and most of the French people

A series of civil wars fought

in between 1648 and 1653

which was called Fronde

The word fronde in French means sling

Parisian crowds used slings

to smash the windows

of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin

The term frondeur

was later used to refer

to anyone who suggested that

the power of the king should be limited

Finally Cardinal Mazarin

and the king won the war

Royal authority was strengthened

The Fronde facilitated the emergence

of absolute monarchy

Mazarin died in 1662

Then the 13 years old Louis XIV

began to rule

The Palace of Versailles

was the greatest palace

of the greatest king

of the greatest country

in seventeenth century Europe

It was built by Louis XIV

the royal residence of French kings

from 1682 until the French Revolution

in 1789 during the reign of Louis XVI

Now it is

the second-most visited monument in Paris

just behind the Louvre

and ahead of the Eiffel Tower

This Palace has 2300 rooms1400 fountains

12000 horses and hundreds of carriages

5000 people lived there

and among them 500 served the king alone

How much it cost

No one knows because Louis XIV ordered

to burn the official receipts

Every morning leading noblemen of France

had to get up at dawn

and came to his bedroom

to watch him be awakened

and hear his first words

and followed him from room to room

watching how he washed dressed and ate

Look at how great of this palace

This is the Hall of Mirrors

the central gallery of the Palace

Its principal feature

is the seventeen mirror-clad arches

That reflect

the seventeen arcaded windows

overlooking the gardens

This hall was used daily by Louis XIV

When he walked

from his private apartment to the chapel

Courtiers assembled to watch the king

and members of the royal family pass

and to express their loyalty

You can see the arch

That’s the arches

and window on this side

The German Empire was declared

in 1871 from here

The Treaty of Versailles signed here

by the victorious powers

of World War I in 1919

Louis XIV revoked the Edict

of Nantes in 1685

The Edict of Nantes was signed

in 1598 by King Henry

which had granted

the Protestant Huguenots

the right to practice their religion

without persecution from the state

Now Louis XIV canceled the law

and the Huguenots were outlawed

Over 200000 highly skilled Huguenots

fled France

to Protestant states England Holland

and Brandenburg

and enriched these countries

Louis XIV died

on September1 1715 at the age of 76

His last words were I depart

but the State shall always remain

Frederick William

the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia

Known as the Great Elector

Frederick William was Elector

of Brandenburg

and Duke of Prussia

thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia

from 1640 and until his death in 1688

We know that in 1356

the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV

from the House of Luxembourg issued

the Golden Bull

Formally defined

the election proceedings

of the Holy Roman Emperor

It was named the Golden Bull

for the golden seal it carried

The kings were elected

by seven Prince-electors

including three bishops

and four secular noblemen

Brandenburg was a major principality

of the Holy Roman Empire

Its ruler was one of the 7 electors

The Duchy of Prussia was established

as a result of secularization

of the State of the Teutonic Order

during the Protestant Reformation

in 1525

Secular is a word to describe things

that have no connection with religion

The Teutonic Order

was a Catholic religious order

founded as a military order

in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1190

The State of the Teutonic Order

was a crusader state formed

by the Teutonic Knights

or Teutonic Order

during the 13th century

Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea

Frederick William

was from the House of Hohenzollern

Based in Brandenburg

the main branch of the Hohenzollern

intermarried with the branch

ruling the Duchy of Prussia

and secured succession

upon the latter's extinction

in the male line in 1618

As the ruler of both Brandenburg

and Prussia

Frederick William is known

for his military

and political achievements

As a great military commander

he built up a strong army

to defend the country

The Battle of Warsaw was a battle

took place near Warsaw

in 1656 between the armies

of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

and the allied armies of Sweden

and Brandenburg

commanded by King Charles X of Sweden

and Elector Frederick William

In the battle

a smaller Swedish-Brandenburg force

defeated the enemy force superior

in numbers

The victory of the battle marked

the beginning

of Prussian military history

By1678 Frederick William raised

a powerful army

of 40000 soldiers

Frederick William

was a devoted Calvinist

but adopted a policy

of religious tolerance

Brandenburg-Prussia benefited

from this policy

He also promoted trade vigorously

These reforms gave Prussia

a strong position

in the post-Westphalian political

order of north-central Europe

Under his son and successor

the Duchy of Prussia was elevated

to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701

In 1772 the Kingdom of Prussia

was annexed by the Royal Prussia

If a country annexes another country

or an area of land

it seizes it and takes control of it

like Russia annexed Crimea in 2014

Peter the Great

In 1585 Ivan the Terrible

the first Tsar of Russia died

Russia experienced the Time

of Trouble from 1598 to 1613

and the Polish-Russian War

started from 1605

In 1613 Michael Romanov was elected tsar

and by the help

of Sweden he led Russians

drove the Poles away

He was the first tsar

of the House of Romanov

Romanov dynasty ruled Russia

from 1613 until the abdication

of Tsar Nicholas II

on 15 March 1917

as a result of the February Revolution

Peter the Great was another great Tsar

from the Romanov dynasty

He ruled Russia for 44 years

First the Tsar of the Tsardom

of Russia from 1682

then the Emperor of the Russian Empire

from 1721 until his death in 1725

The Great Northern War was a conflict

in which a coalition army led

by Peter of Russia

successfully challenged the supremacy

of the Swedish Empire

in Northern Central and Eastern Europe

After the war Peter expanded

the land of the Tsardom of Russia

into a much larger empire

that became a major European power

and also laid the groundwork

for the Russian navy

After capturing ports at Azov

and the Baltic Sea

He led a cultural revolution

which was modern scientific westernized

He wanted to drag his country

into the modern would

In 1697 Peter traveled

to Western Europe

on an 18-month journey

with a large Russian delegation

called Grand Embassy

Although he used a fake name

but he was easy to be recognized

Because

he was far taller than most others

He invited foreign scholars

to be the head of the new school

and foreigners to oversee

the new departments of the state

He sent the sons

of the nobility to the west to study

and recruited foreign engineers

and architects

to build

his new capital Saint Petersburg

From this map

we can see the expansion of Russia

Saint Petersburg situated

on the Neva River

at the head of the Gulf

of Finland on the Baltic Sea

It was founded

by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703

Its name changed to Leningrad

and changed back to

its original name in 1991

It was the capital of Imperial Russia

In 1918 Moscow became the new capitol

Today Saint Petersburg

is Russia's second largest city

after Moscow

and the cultural capital of the country

Look at how beautiful the city

of Saint Petersburg

let’s look at the Key words

from this part

Absolute monarchy

Louis XIV

Palace of Versailles

Frederick William

Brandenburg-Prussia

Saint Petersburg

This is the end of 7 point 3

History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史课程列表:

Chapter 1 Early Greece

-1.0 Introduction

--1.0.1 Text

--1.0.2 Video

--1.0.3 Exercises

-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age

--1.1.1 Text

--1.1.2 Video

--1.1.3 Exercises

-1.2 Greek Gods

--1.2.1 Text

--1.2.2 Video

--1.2.3 Exercises

-1.3 Archaic Greece

--1.3.1 Text

--1.3.2 Video

--1.3.3 Exercises

-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars

--1.4.1 Text

--1.4.2 Video

--1.4.3 Exercises

-1.5 Discussion

--1.5.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece

-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC

--2.1.1 Text

--2.1.2 Video

--2.1.3 Exercises

-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC

--2.2.1 Text

--2.2.2 Video

--2.2.3 Exercises

-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy

--2.3.1 Text

--2.3.2 Video

--2.3.3 Exercises

-2.4 Athenian Drama

--2.4.1 Text

--2.4.2 Video

--2.4.3 Exercises

-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World

--2.5.1 Text

--2.5.2 Video

--2.5.3 Exercises

-2.6 Discussion

--2.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 3 Ancient Civilization 1

-3.1 Roman Kingdom

--3.1.1 Text

--3.1.2 Video

--3.1.3 Exercises

-3.2 Early Republic

--3.2.1 Text

--3.2.2 Video

--3.2.3 Exercises

-3.3 Mid-Republic

--3.3.1 Text

--3.3.2 Video

--3.3.3 Exercises

-3.4 Late-Republic

--3.4.1 Text

--3.4.2 Video

--3.4.3 Exercises

-3.5 End of the Republic

--3.5.1 Text

--3.5.2 Video

--3.5.3 Exercises

-3.6 Discussion

--3.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 4 Ancient Roman Civilization 2

-4.1 Pax Romana 1

--4.1.1 Text

--4.1.2 Video

--4.1.3 Excecises

-4.2 Pax Romana 2

--4.2.1 Text

--4.2.2 Video

--4.2.3 Excecises

-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine

--4.3.1 Text

--4.3.2 Video

--4.3.3 Excecises

-4.4 The Victory of Christianity

--4.4.1 Text

--4.4.2 Video

--4.4.3 Exercises

-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire

--4.5.1 Text

--4.5.2 Video

--4.5.3 Exercises

-4.6 Discussion

--4.6.1 Discussion topic

Chapter 5 Middle Ages

-5.1 Early Middle Ages

--5.1.1 Text

--5.1.2 Video

--5.1.3 Excecises

-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty

--5.2.1 Text

--5.2.2 Video

--5.2.3 Excecises

-5.3 High Middle Ages

--5.3.1 Text

--5.3.2 Video

--5.3.3 Excecises

-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1

--5.4.1 Text

--5.4.2 Video

--5.4.1 Excecises

-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2

--5.5.1 Text

--5.5.2 Video

--5.5.3 Excecises

-5.6 Discussion

--5.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 6 Renaissance and Reformation

-6.1 The Renaissance

--6.1.1 Text

--6.1.2 Video

--6.1.3 Exercises

-6.2 Protestant Reformation

--6.2.1 Text

--6.2.2 Video

--6.2.3 Exercises

-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia

--6.3.1 Text

--6.3.2 Video

--6.3.3 Exercises

-6.4 Age of Discovery

--6.4.1 Text

--6.4.2 Video

--6.4.3 Exercises

-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble

--6.5.1 Text

--6.5.2 Video

--6.5.3 Exercises

-6.6 Discussion

--6.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century

-7.1 The Thirty Years War

--7.1.1 Text

--7.1.2 Video

--7.1.3 Exercises

-7.2 English Revolution

--7.2.1 Text

--7.2.2 Video

--7.2.3 Exercises

-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

--7.3.1 Text

--7.3.2 Video

--7.3.3 Exercises

-7.4 Dutch Golden Age

--7.4.1 Text

--7.4.2 Video

--7.4.3 Exercises

-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century

--7.5 Text

--7.5.2 Video

--7.5.3 Exercises

-7.6 Discussion

--7.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 8 West in the Eighteenth Century

-8.1 The United Kingdom

--8.1.1 Text

--8.1.2 Video

--8.1.3 Exercises

-8.2 The American Revolution

--8.2.1 Text

--8.2.2 Video

--8.2.3 Exercises

-8.3 The French Revolution

--8.3.1 Text

--8.3.2 Video

--8.3.3 Exercises

-8.4 Age of Enlightenment

--8.4.1 Text

--8.4.2 Video

--8.4.3 Exercises

-8.5 West after the 18th century

--8.5.1 Text

--8.5.2 Video

--8.5.3 Exercises

-8.6 Discussion

--8.6.1 Discussion Topics

7.3.2 Video笔记与讨论

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