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7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
1. The English revolution changed England from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. But England was an exception. The seventeenth century was an age of absolutism in Europe. Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs, and the absolute monarchy is often, but not always, hereditary. The political theory of the divine right of kings which initiated since the early seventeen century was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Now let’s look at three absolute monarchs: Louis XIV 1643-1715 of France,Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia 1640-1688, Tsar Peter the Great 1682-1725 of Russia.
2. Louis XIV of France 1643-1715
Louis XIV was French king from 1643 to 1715, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King. During Louis XIV's reign, he successfully increased the royal authority over the church and aristocracy, thus consolidating absolute monarchy in France. France replaced Spain as the greatest nation in Europe. Louis XIV was from the House of Bourbon, he ruled for 72 years and 110 days, the longest record in European history. During his reign, France was the leading European power. It fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession.
3. Cardinal Mazarin. Louis XIV was son of Louis XIII. When he was crowned he was only 4 years old, the regent was his mother Anne of Austria, and the Chief Minister was an Italian-born cardinal Mazarin. Before Louis XIV’s reign, Mazarin succeeded his mentor Cardinal Richelieu as the first Minister of Louis XIII. Mazarin was the de facto ruler of France; he played a crucial role in the negotiations of the Peace of Westphalia.
The Fronde
The costs of the Thirty Years' War made Mazarin's government had to levy new taxes; this caused the opposition from the nobles, the Parliament of Paris and most of the French people. A series of civil wars fought in between 1648 and 1653 which was called Fronde. The word fronde in French means "sling", Parisian crowds used slings to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin. The term frondeur was later used to refer to anyone who suggested that the power of the king should be limited. Finally Cardinal Mazarin and the king won the war. Royal authority was strengthened. The Fronde facilitated the emergence of absolute monarchy. Mazarin died in 1662, and then the 13-year-old Louis XIV began to rule.
4. The Palace of Versailles was the greatest palace of the greatest king of the greatest country in seventeenth century Europe. It was built by Louis XIV, the royal residence of French kings from 1682 until the French Revolution in 1789 during the reign of Louis XVI. Now it is the second-most visited monument in Paris, just behind the Louvre and ahead of the Eiffel Tower. This Palace has 2,300 rooms, 1,400 fountains, 1,200 horses and hundreds of carriages, 5000 people lived there and among them 500 served the king alone. How much it cost? No one knows because Louis XIV ordered to burn the official receipts. Every morning leading noblemen of France had to get up at dawn and came to his bedroom to watch him be awakened and hear his first words, and followed him from room to room watching how he washed, dressed and ate.
5. How great of the palace
6. Hall of Mirrors is the central gallery of the Palace; its principal feature is the seventeen mirror-clad arches that reflect the seventeen arcaded windows overlooking the gardens. This hall was used daily by Louis XIV when he walked from his private apartment to the chapel. Courtiers assembled to watch the king and members of the royal family pass and to express their loyalty.
7. The German Empire was declared in 1871 from here.
8. The Treaty of Versailles was signed here by the victorious powers of World War I in 1919.
9. Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598 by King Henry which had granted the Protestant Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state. Now Louis XIV canceled the law and the Huguenots were outlawed. Over 200,000 highly skilled Huguenots fled France to Protestant states England, Holland and Brandenburg and enriched these countries.
Louis XIV died on September1, 1715 at the age of 76, his last words were: "I depart, but the State shall always remain."
10. Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia Known as "the Great Elector", Frederick William was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 and to his death in 1688.
We know that in 1356 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV from the House of Luxembourg issued the Golden Bull, formally defined the election proceedings of the Holy Roman Emperor. It was named the Golden Bull for the golden seal it carried. The kings were elected by seven Prince-electors including three bishops and four secular noblemen. Brandenburg was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire; its ruler was one of the 7 electors.
11. The Duchy of Prussia was established as a result of secularization of the State of the Teutonic Order during the Protestant Reformation in 1525. Secular is a word to describe things that have no connection with religion. The Teutonic Order was a Catholic religious order founded as a military order in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1190. The State of the Teutonic Order was a crusader state formed by the Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea.
12. Frederick William was from the House of Hohenzollern, Based in Brandenburg, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the Duchy of Prussia, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618. As the ruler of both Brandenburg and Prussia, Frederick William is known for his military and political achievements. As a great military commander, he built up a strong army to defend the country.
The Battle of Warsaw was a battle took place near Warsaw in 1656, between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the allied armies of Sweden and Brandenburg, commanded by King Charles X of Sweden and Elector Frederick William. In the battle, a smaller Swedish-Brandenburg force defeated the enemy force superior in numbers. The victory of the battle marked "the beginning of Prussian military history". By1678 Frederick William raised a powerful army of 40,000 soldiers.
Frederick William was a devoted Calvinist but adopted a policy of religious tolerance, Brandenburg-Prussia benefited from this policy. He also promoted trade vigorously. These reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalian political order of north-central Europe, under his son and successor the Duchy of Prussia was elevated to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In 1772 the Kingdom of Prussia was annexed by the Royal Prussia. If a country annexes another country or an area of land, it seizes it and takes control of it, like Russia annexed Crimea in 2014.
13. Peter the Great
In 1585 Ivan the "Terrible", the first Tsar of Russia died. Russia experienced the Time of Trouble from 1598 to 1613 and the Polish–Russian War started from 1605. In 1613 Michael Romanov was elected tsar and by the help of Sweden he led Russians drove the Poles away. He was the first tsar of the House of Romanov, Romanov dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on 15 March 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.
Peter the Great was another great Tsar from the Romanov dynasty, he ruled Russia for 44 years, first the Tsar of the Tsardom of Russia from 1682 then the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 1721 until his death in 1725.
14. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition army led by Peter of Russia successfully challenged the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. After the war Peter expanded the land of the Tsardom of Russia into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Russian navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea.
He led a cultural revolution which was modern, scientific, westernized. He wanted to drag his country into the modern would. In 1697 Peter traveled to Western Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation called "Grand Embassy". Although he used a fake name but was easy to be recognized because he was far taller than most others. He invited foreign scholars to be the head of the new school and foreigners to oversee the new departments of the state. He sent the sons of the nobility to the west to study and recruited foreign engineers and architects to build his new capital Saint Petersburg.
15. From this map we can see the expansion of Russia. Saint Petersburg situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703. Its name changed to Leningrad and changed back to its original name in 1991. It was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, Moscow became the new capital. Today Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow and the cultural capital of the country.
16. Key words: Absolute monarchy, Louis XIV, Palace of Versailles, Frederick William, Brandenburg-Prussia, Saint Petersburg
This is the end of 7 point 3
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Hi This is 7 point 3
Three Absolute Monarchs
The English revolution changed England
from an absolute monarchy
into a constitutional monarchy
But England was an exception
The seventeenth century was an age
of absolutism in Europe
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy
in which one ruler has supreme authority
and that authority is not restricted
by any written laws legislature
or customs
and absolute monarchy
is often but not always hereditary
The political theory
of the divine right of kings
which initiated
since the early seventeen century
was the theological justification
for absolute monarchy
Now let’s look
at three absolute monarchs
Louis XIV of France
Frederick William
the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia
Tsar Peter the Great of Russia
Louis XIV was French king
from 1643 to 1715
known as Louis the Great or the Sun King
During Louis XIV's reign
he successfully increased
the royal authority
over the church and aristocracy
thus consolidating absolute monarchy
in France
France replaced Spain
as the greatest nation in Europe
Louis XIV was from the House of Bourbon
He ruled for 72 years and 110 days
the longest record in European history
During his reign France
was the leading European power
It fought three major wars
the Franco-Dutch War
the War of the League of Augsburg
and the War of the Spanish Succession
Cardinal Mazarin
Louis XIV was the son of Louis XIII
When he was crowned
he was only 4 years old
The regent was his mother Anne
of Austria
and the Chief Minister
was an Italian-born cardinal Mazarin
Before Louis XIV’s reign
Mazarin succeeded
his mentor Cardinal Richelieu
as the first Minister of Louis XIII
Mazarin was the de facto ruler of France
He played a crucial role
in the negotiations
of the Peace of Westphalia
The Fronde
The costs of the Thirty Years' War
made Mazarin's government
had to levy new taxes
This caused the opposition
from the nobles
the Parliament of Paris
and most of the French people
A series of civil wars fought
in between 1648 and 1653
which was called Fronde
The word fronde in French means sling
Parisian crowds used slings
to smash the windows
of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin
The term frondeur
was later used to refer
to anyone who suggested that
the power of the king should be limited
Finally Cardinal Mazarin
and the king won the war
Royal authority was strengthened
The Fronde facilitated the emergence
of absolute monarchy
Mazarin died in 1662
Then the 13 years old Louis XIV
began to rule
The Palace of Versailles
was the greatest palace
of the greatest king
of the greatest country
in seventeenth century Europe
It was built by Louis XIV
the royal residence of French kings
from 1682 until the French Revolution
in 1789 during the reign of Louis XVI
Now it is
the second-most visited monument in Paris
just behind the Louvre
and ahead of the Eiffel Tower
This Palace has 2300 rooms1400 fountains
12000 horses and hundreds of carriages
5000 people lived there
and among them 500 served the king alone
How much it cost
No one knows because Louis XIV ordered
to burn the official receipts
Every morning leading noblemen of France
had to get up at dawn
and came to his bedroom
to watch him be awakened
and hear his first words
and followed him from room to room
watching how he washed dressed and ate
Look at how great of this palace
This is the Hall of Mirrors
the central gallery of the Palace
Its principal feature
is the seventeen mirror-clad arches
That reflect
the seventeen arcaded windows
overlooking the gardens
This hall was used daily by Louis XIV
When he walked
from his private apartment to the chapel
Courtiers assembled to watch the king
and members of the royal family pass
and to express their loyalty
You can see the arch
That’s the arches
and window on this side
The German Empire was declared
in 1871 from here
The Treaty of Versailles signed here
by the victorious powers
of World War I in 1919
Louis XIV revoked the Edict
of Nantes in 1685
The Edict of Nantes was signed
in 1598 by King Henry
which had granted
the Protestant Huguenots
the right to practice their religion
without persecution from the state
Now Louis XIV canceled the law
and the Huguenots were outlawed
Over 200000 highly skilled Huguenots
fled France
to Protestant states England Holland
and Brandenburg
and enriched these countries
Louis XIV died
on September1 1715 at the age of 76
His last words were I depart
but the State shall always remain
Frederick William
the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia
Known as the Great Elector
Frederick William was Elector
of Brandenburg
and Duke of Prussia
thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia
from 1640 and until his death in 1688
We know that in 1356
the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV
from the House of Luxembourg issued
the Golden Bull
Formally defined
the election proceedings
of the Holy Roman Emperor
It was named the Golden Bull
for the golden seal it carried
The kings were elected
by seven Prince-electors
including three bishops
and four secular noblemen
Brandenburg was a major principality
of the Holy Roman Empire
Its ruler was one of the 7 electors
The Duchy of Prussia was established
as a result of secularization
of the State of the Teutonic Order
during the Protestant Reformation
in 1525
Secular is a word to describe things
that have no connection with religion
The Teutonic Order
was a Catholic religious order
founded as a military order
in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1190
The State of the Teutonic Order
was a crusader state formed
by the Teutonic Knights
or Teutonic Order
during the 13th century
Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea
Frederick William
was from the House of Hohenzollern
Based in Brandenburg
the main branch of the Hohenzollern
intermarried with the branch
ruling the Duchy of Prussia
and secured succession
upon the latter's extinction
in the male line in 1618
As the ruler of both Brandenburg
and Prussia
Frederick William is known
for his military
and political achievements
As a great military commander
he built up a strong army
to defend the country
The Battle of Warsaw was a battle
took place near Warsaw
in 1656 between the armies
of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
and the allied armies of Sweden
and Brandenburg
commanded by King Charles X of Sweden
and Elector Frederick William
In the battle
a smaller Swedish-Brandenburg force
defeated the enemy force superior
in numbers
The victory of the battle marked
the beginning
of Prussian military history
By1678 Frederick William raised
a powerful army
of 40000 soldiers
Frederick William
was a devoted Calvinist
but adopted a policy
of religious tolerance
Brandenburg-Prussia benefited
from this policy
He also promoted trade vigorously
These reforms gave Prussia
a strong position
in the post-Westphalian political
order of north-central Europe
Under his son and successor
the Duchy of Prussia was elevated
to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701
In 1772 the Kingdom of Prussia
was annexed by the Royal Prussia
If a country annexes another country
or an area of land
it seizes it and takes control of it
like Russia annexed Crimea in 2014
Peter the Great
In 1585 Ivan the Terrible
the first Tsar of Russia died
Russia experienced the Time
of Trouble from 1598 to 1613
and the Polish-Russian War
started from 1605
In 1613 Michael Romanov was elected tsar
and by the help
of Sweden he led Russians
drove the Poles away
He was the first tsar
of the House of Romanov
Romanov dynasty ruled Russia
from 1613 until the abdication
of Tsar Nicholas II
on 15 March 1917
as a result of the February Revolution
Peter the Great was another great Tsar
from the Romanov dynasty
He ruled Russia for 44 years
First the Tsar of the Tsardom
of Russia from 1682
then the Emperor of the Russian Empire
from 1721 until his death in 1725
The Great Northern War was a conflict
in which a coalition army led
by Peter of Russia
successfully challenged the supremacy
of the Swedish Empire
in Northern Central and Eastern Europe
After the war Peter expanded
the land of the Tsardom of Russia
into a much larger empire
that became a major European power
and also laid the groundwork
for the Russian navy
After capturing ports at Azov
and the Baltic Sea
He led a cultural revolution
which was modern scientific westernized
He wanted to drag his country
into the modern would
In 1697 Peter traveled
to Western Europe
on an 18-month journey
with a large Russian delegation
called Grand Embassy
Although he used a fake name
but he was easy to be recognized
Because
he was far taller than most others
He invited foreign scholars
to be the head of the new school
and foreigners to oversee
the new departments of the state
He sent the sons
of the nobility to the west to study
and recruited foreign engineers
and architects
to build
his new capital Saint Petersburg
From this map
we can see the expansion of Russia
Saint Petersburg situated
on the Neva River
at the head of the Gulf
of Finland on the Baltic Sea
It was founded
by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703
Its name changed to Leningrad
and changed back to
its original name in 1991
It was the capital of Imperial Russia
In 1918 Moscow became the new capitol
Today Saint Petersburg
is Russia's second largest city
after Moscow
and the cultural capital of the country
Look at how beautiful the city
of Saint Petersburg
let’s look at the Key words
from this part
Absolute monarchy
Louis XIV
Palace of Versailles
Frederick William
Brandenburg-Prussia
Saint Petersburg
This is the end of 7 point 3
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion