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8.1. The United Kingdom

1. The United Kingdom is a sovereign country, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the UK or Britain. The UK is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II. The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries: England (the capital London), Scotland (the capital Edinburgh), Wales (the capital Cardiff), and Northern Ireland (the capital Belfast). The territory of the UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of Ireland and many smaller islands. The Great Britain is an island within the British Isles; the British Isles are a group of islands that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. The parliament of the United Kingdom meets in the Palace of Westminster and has two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords. The UK's head of government is the prime minister.

2. before the eighteenth century

Julius Caesar made two expeditions into Britain, since then the southern Great Britain was controlled by Romans as province of Britannia. In the early 5th century, Germanic Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic tribes conquered Britain. They called it England, meaning land of Angles. England was unified as a Kingdom in the 10th century. In 1066 William the Conqueror conquered England and became the first Norman King of England. House of Normandy ruled England from 1066 until 1135. Then the House of Plantagenet and its two cadet branches, the Houses of Lancaster and York ruled from 1154 until 1485. Within this time the Hundred Year’s War happened from 1346 to 1452. After the War of Roses from 1455 to 1485, Henry Tudor became the first king from The House of Tudor. This house ruled England, Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603 when Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died. Elizabeth’ cousin James I, King of Scotland became King of England and Ireland. The kingdoms of Scotland and England remained two individual sovereign states, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James I was the first king from the House of Stuart. After the Glorious Revolution in 1685, Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange and Mary were crowned King and Queen. In 1689 parliament passed the Declaration of Right which finally changed the country into a Constitutional monarchy.

3. Anne and the Treaty of Union

During the reign of Anne, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, the parliaments of England and Scotland passed the Acts of Union in 1706. The kingdoms of England and Scotland united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. Anne continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death in 1714. Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart which ruled the British Isles from James I in 1603 until the death of Queen Anne in 1714. Except for the period of the Commonwealth from 1649 to 1660 during the English Revolution. During her reign in 1704, England captured Gibraltar from Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession. It remained today as a British Overseas Territory. Gibraltar is located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula; it controls the entrance and exit to the Mediterranean Sea.

4. House of Hanover

When Ann died in 1714, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover. George’s mother was granddaughter of James I, George’s father was the ruler of Duchy and Electorate of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire. Thus George I was both King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover until his death in 1727. House of Hanover originally from Germany, they ruled Great Britain from 1714 until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. After that the House of Windsor ruled the country until now, the current Queen Elizabeth II belong to the House of Windsor.

George I was not popular among Britons because he paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans. His son George II (1727–1760), by the help of Sir Robert Walpole, built up the First British Empire, strengthening the colonies in the Caribbean and North America.

5. Political parties

Political parties initially developed in the late seventeenth century. James  became king from 1685 and he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Those who opposed James  because he was a Catholic were called Whigs meaning Scottish horse thieves. Those supported James and the Anglican Church were called Tories meaning Irish cattle rustlers, rustler means stealer. Whigs supported George I to be the king and Tories opposed it, thus Whigs were supported by the king. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715 and remained totally dominant until King George III coming to the throne in 1760. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole.

Sir Robert Walpole was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain. He holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history, served George I then George II from 1721 to 1742. He was a great orator; his speech was passionate, reasonable and persuasive. He was confident and tried to be moderate. His policies for peace, lower taxes and growing exports and allowing a little more tolerance for Protestants attracted moderates from both parties. George II offered 10 Downing Street to Walpole as a personal gift in 1732; it still remained as the official residence of the Prime Minister. This is 10 Downing Street and the current Prime Minister Theresa May.

6. George III (1760–1820) was the grandson of George II. He never visited Hanover, and spoke English as his first language. He was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 1760 until the union of the two countries in 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820. During his reign, Britain won the Seven Years' War but lost its Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolutionary War in 1783.

The Seven Years' War was a global war fought between 1756 and 1763. Some historians called it the "World War Zero" because it was similar to other two world wars in scale. It involved every European great power and spanned five continents. It was fought by two coalitions. One led by Great Britain including Prussia, Portugal and other small German states. The other side led by the Kingdom of France including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Spain and the Swedish Empire. Conflict between Great Britain and France broke when the British attacked disputed French positions in North America. In Europe Prussia pre-emptively struck Saxony and this angered Austria. Austria wanted to retake Silesia which had been lost to Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession. Austria allied with France and declared war on Prussia. The war ended with the victory of the Great Britain.

7. In North America, Britain won full control of Canada. France lost the large territory New France to Britain. Britain also got Florida from Spain. The British victory over France in the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's dominant colonial power.so you can see this part formally belongs to France now belongs to UK and also Florida

8. Pax Britannica 1815-1914 is a Latin term for "British Peace", modelled after Pax Romana. It was a period about hundred years from the early 19th to the early 20th century, a period of relative peace between the Great Powers during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force. It may be a "British Peace", but it was a bloody disastrous time to India and China and many countries they conquered and colonized. The First and the Second Opium War all happened during this time.

The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 1837 until her death in 1901.Victoria was called "the grandmother of Europe" because her nine children married into royal and noble families across Europe. This era saw the Britain imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa. The British Empire became the largest empire in history. National self-confidence peaked.

9. Charles Dickens1812 – 1870, was the greatest novelist of the Victorian era, known for Oliver Twist, Hard Times, Great Expectations and many other novels. His  best-known historical fiction A Tale of Two Cities set in London and Paris. Let’s read the opening sentence: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way……

Charles Darwin, 1809 –1882) was the greatest scientist in the Victorian era. He was a naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution explained in His book On the Origin of Species that was published in 1859.

10. British Empire

After the independence of the United States, Great Britain turned to conquer and colonize Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. It became the largest empire in history. By the early of the 20th century it ruled 23% of the world population, 24% of the Earth's total land area. It was called "the empire on which the sun never sets" because as an empire around the globe the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories. But remember one thing: the great power, the great glory and great prosperity of this empire was based on the great suffering, death and blood of the people they conquered and colonized.

11. British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921. From this map, we can see the British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921.

12. Key words: Now let’s look at the key words from this part: Whigs and Tories, House of Hanover, Sir Robert Walpole, the Seven Years' War, The Victorian era , Pax Britannica.

This is the end of the first part of the Eighteenth century. Now we finish the first part of Chapter 8.



下一节:8.2.1 Text

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8.1.2 Video课程教案、知识点、字幕

Hi everybody

Now we start Chapter 8

West in the eighteenth century

8.1 The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom

is a sovereign country

officially the United Kingdom

of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

commonly known as the UK or Britain

The UK is a unitary

parliamentary democracy

and constitutional monarchy

The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II

The United Kingdom consists

of four constituent countries

England the capital London

Scotland the capital Edinburgh

Wales the capital Cardiff

and Northern Ireland the capital Belfast

The territory of the UK includes

the island of Great Britain

the north-eastern part of Ireland

and many smaller islands

The Great Britain is an island

within the British Isles

the British Isles are a group of islands

that consist of the islands of

Great Britain

Ireland the Isle of Man

and over six thousand smaller isles

The parliament of the United Kingdom

meets in the Palace of Westminster

and has two houses

an elected House of Commons

and an appointed House of Lords

The UK's head of government

is the prime minister

Before the eighteenth century

Julius Caesar made two

expeditions into Britain

Since then the southern Great Britain

was controlled by Romans as

province of Britannia

In the early 5th century

Germanic Anglo-Saxons

and other Germanic tribes

conquered Britain

They called it England meaning

land of Angles

England was unified as a

Kingdom in the 10th century

In 1066 William the

Conqueror conquered England

and became the first

Norman King of England

House of Normandy ruled

England from 1066 until 1135

Then the House of Plantagenet

and its two cadet branches

the Houses of Lancaster and

York ruled from 1154 until 1485

Within this time the

Hundred Year’s War happened

from 1346 to 1452

After the War of Roses

from 1455 to1485

Henry Tudor became the first king

from The House of Tudor

This house ruled

England Wales and Ireland

from 1485 until 1603 when

Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died

Elizabeth’ cousin

James I King of Scotland

became King of England and Ireland

The kingdoms of Scotland and England

remained two individual sovereign states

though both were ruled by

James in personal union

James I was the first king

from the House of Stuart

After the Glorious Revolution in 1685

Dutch stadtholder William III

Prince of Orange and Mary

were crowned King and Queen

In 1689 parliament passed

Declaration of Right

which finally changed the country

into a Constitutional monarchy

During the reign of Anne

Queen of England Scotland

and Ireland

The parliaments of England

and Scotland

passed the Acts of Union in 1706

The kingdoms of England and Scotland

united as a single sovereign state

known as Great Britain

Anne continued to reign as Queen

of Great Britain and Ireland

until her death in 1714

Anne was the last monarch

of the House of Stuart

which ruled the British Isles

from James I in 1603

until the death of Queen Anne in 1714

Except for the period

of the Commonwealth

from 1649 to 1660 during the

English Revolution

During her reign in 1704

England captured Gibraltar from Spain

during the War of the Spanish Succession

It remained today as a

British Overseas Territory

Gibraltar is located at the southern tip

of the Iberian Peninsula

It controls the entrance

and exit to the Mediterranean Sea

When Ann died in 1714

she was succeeded by her second cousin

George I of the House of Hanover

George’s mother was

granddaughter of James I

George’s father was the ruler of Duchy

and Electorate of Hanover

in the Holy Roman Empire

Thus George I was both King

of Great Britain and Ireland

and Elector of Hanover

until his death in 1727

House of Hanover

originally from Germany

They ruled Great Britain from 1714

until the death of

Queen Victoria in 1901

After that the House of Windsor

ruled the country until now

The current Queen Elizabeth II

belong to the House of Windsor

George I was not popular among Britons

because he paid more attention to Hanover

and surrounded himself with Germans

His son George II

by the help of Sir Robert Walpole

built up the First British Empire

strengthening the colonies

in the Caribbean and North America

Political parties initially developed

In the late seventeenth century

James II became king from 1685

And he was deposed in the

Glorious Revolution in 1688

Those who opposed James II

because he was a Catholic

were called Whigs meaning

Scottish horse thieves

Those supported James and

the Anglican Church

were called Tories meaning

Irish cattle rustlers

Rustler means stealer

Whigs supported George I

to be the king

and Tories opposed it

Thus Whigs were supported

by the king

The Whigs took full control

of the government in 1715

and remained totally dominant

until King George III

coming to the throne in 1760

The first great leader of the Whigs

was Robert Walpole

Sir Robert Walpole

was a British statesman

who is generally regarded

as the de facto first

Prime Minister of Great Britain

He holds the record

as the longest-serving

British prime minister in history

served George I then George II

from 1721 to 1742

He was a great orator

His speech was passionate

reasonable and persuasive

He was confident and tried to be moderate

His policies for peace lower taxes

and growing exports

and allowing a little more

tolerance for Protestants

attracted moderates from both parties

George II offered 10

Downing Street to Walpole

as a personal gift in 1732

It still remained as the official residence

of the Prime Minister

This is 10 Downing Street

and the current Prime Minister

Theresa May

George III was the grandson of George II

He never visited Hanover

and spoke English as his first language

He was King of Great Britain

and King of Ireland

from 1760 until the union

of the two countries in 1801

after which he was King

of the United Kingdom

of Great Britain and Ireland

until his death in 1820

During his reign

Britain won the Seven Years' War

but lost its Thirteen Colonies

in the American Revolutionary War in 1783

The Seven Years' War was a global war

fought between 1756 and 1763

Some historians called it the World War Zero

because it was similar to

other two world wars in scale

It involved every European great power

and spanned five continents

It was fought by two coalitions

One led by Great Britain including Prussia

Portugal and other smaller

German states

The other side led by the

Kingdom of France

Including the Austrian-led

Holy Roman Empire

the Russian Empire

Spain and the Swedish Empire

Conflict between Great Britain and France

Broke when the British attacked

disputed French positions in North America

In Europe Prussia pre-emptively

struck Saxony

and this angered Austria

Austria wanted to retake Silesia

which had been lost to Prussia

in the War of the Austrian Succession

Austria allied with France

and declared war on Prussia

The war ended with the victory

of the Great Britain

In North America Britain won

full control of Canada

France lost the large territory

New France to Britain

Britain also got Florida from Spain

The British victory over France

in the Seven Years' War

therefore left Britain as the world's

dominant colonial power

So you can see this part

formally belongs to

France now belongs to UK

and also Florida

Pax Britannica is a

Latin term for British Peace

modelled after Pax Romana

It was a period about hundred years

from the early 19th

to the early 20th century

a period of relative peace

between the Great Powers

during which the British Empire

became the global hegemonic power

and adopted the role as a global police force

It may be a British Peace

but it was a bloody

disastrous time to India

and China and many countries

they conquered and colonized

The First and the Second Opium War

all happened during this time

The Victorian era was the period

of Queen Victoria's reign

from 1837 until her death in 1901

Victoria was called the

Grandmother of Europe

because her nine children married into

royal and noble families across Europe

This era saw the Britain imperial expansion

particularly in Asia and Africa

The British Empire

became the largest empire in history

National self-confidence peaked

Charles Dickens was the greatest novelist

of the Victorian era

known for Oliver Twist

Hard Times

Great Expectations and many other novels

His best-known historical fiction

A Tale of Two

Cities set in London and Paris

Let’s read the opening sentence

It was the best of times

It was the worst of times

It was the age of wisdom

It was the age of foolishness

It was the epoch of belief

It was the epoch of incredulity

It was the season of Light

It was the season of Darkness

It was the spring of hope

It was the winter of despair

We had everything before us

We had nothing before us

We were all going direct to Heaven

We were all going direct the other way

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin was

the greatest scientist in the Victorian era

He was a naturalist

geologist and biologist

best known for his contributions

to the science of evolution

explained in his book

On the Origin of Species

that was published in 1859

After the independence

of the United States

Great Britain turned to conquer

and colonize Asia Africa and the Pacific

After the defeat of France

In the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

Britain emerged as the principal naval

and imperial power of the 19th century

It became the largest empire in history

By the early of the 20th century

it ruled 23% of the world population

24% of the Earth's total land area

It was called the empire

on which the sun never sets

Because as an empire

around the globe

the sun was always shining on

at least one of its territories

But remember one thing

the great power the great glory

and great prosperity of this empire

was based on the great

suffering death and blood

of the people they

conquered and colonized

From this map

we can see the British Empire

at its territorial peak in 1921

Now let’s look at the

key words from this part

Whigs and Tories

House of Hanover

Sir Robert Walpole

The Seven Years' War

The Victorian era

Pax Britannica

This is the end of the first part

of the Eighteenth century

Now we finish the first part of Chapter 8

History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史课程列表:

Chapter 1 Early Greece

-1.0 Introduction

--1.0.1 Text

--1.0.2 Video

--1.0.3 Exercises

-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age

--1.1.1 Text

--1.1.2 Video

--1.1.3 Exercises

-1.2 Greek Gods

--1.2.1 Text

--1.2.2 Video

--1.2.3 Exercises

-1.3 Archaic Greece

--1.3.1 Text

--1.3.2 Video

--1.3.3 Exercises

-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars

--1.4.1 Text

--1.4.2 Video

--1.4.3 Exercises

-1.5 Discussion

--1.5.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 2 Classical and Hellenistic Greece

-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC

--2.1.1 Text

--2.1.2 Video

--2.1.3 Exercises

-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC

--2.2.1 Text

--2.2.2 Video

--2.2.3 Exercises

-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy

--2.3.1 Text

--2.3.2 Video

--2.3.3 Exercises

-2.4 Athenian Drama

--2.4.1 Text

--2.4.2 Video

--2.4.3 Exercises

-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World

--2.5.1 Text

--2.5.2 Video

--2.5.3 Exercises

-2.6 Discussion

--2.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 3 Ancient Civilization 1

-3.1 Roman Kingdom

--3.1.1 Text

--3.1.2 Video

--3.1.3 Exercises

-3.2 Early Republic

--3.2.1 Text

--3.2.2 Video

--3.2.3 Exercises

-3.3 Mid-Republic

--3.3.1 Text

--3.3.2 Video

--3.3.3 Exercises

-3.4 Late-Republic

--3.4.1 Text

--3.4.2 Video

--3.4.3 Exercises

-3.5 End of the Republic

--3.5.1 Text

--3.5.2 Video

--3.5.3 Exercises

-3.6 Discussion

--3.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 4 Ancient Roman Civilization 2

-4.1 Pax Romana 1

--4.1.1 Text

--4.1.2 Video

--4.1.3 Excecises

-4.2 Pax Romana 2

--4.2.1 Text

--4.2.2 Video

--4.2.3 Excecises

-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine

--4.3.1 Text

--4.3.2 Video

--4.3.3 Excecises

-4.4 The Victory of Christianity

--4.4.1 Text

--4.4.2 Video

--4.4.3 Exercises

-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire

--4.5.1 Text

--4.5.2 Video

--4.5.3 Exercises

-4.6 Discussion

--4.6.1 Discussion topic

Chapter 5 Middle Ages

-5.1 Early Middle Ages

--5.1.1 Text

--5.1.2 Video

--5.1.3 Excecises

-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty

--5.2.1 Text

--5.2.2 Video

--5.2.3 Excecises

-5.3 High Middle Ages

--5.3.1 Text

--5.3.2 Video

--5.3.3 Excecises

-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1

--5.4.1 Text

--5.4.2 Video

--5.4.1 Excecises

-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2

--5.5.1 Text

--5.5.2 Video

--5.5.3 Excecises

-5.6 Discussion

--5.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 6 Renaissance and Reformation

-6.1 The Renaissance

--6.1.1 Text

--6.1.2 Video

--6.1.3 Exercises

-6.2 Protestant Reformation

--6.2.1 Text

--6.2.2 Video

--6.2.3 Exercises

-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia

--6.3.1 Text

--6.3.2 Video

--6.3.3 Exercises

-6.4 Age of Discovery

--6.4.1 Text

--6.4.2 Video

--6.4.3 Exercises

-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble

--6.5.1 Text

--6.5.2 Video

--6.5.3 Exercises

-6.6 Discussion

--6.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 7 West in the Seventeenth Century

-7.1 The Thirty Years War

--7.1.1 Text

--7.1.2 Video

--7.1.3 Exercises

-7.2 English Revolution

--7.2.1 Text

--7.2.2 Video

--7.2.3 Exercises

-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs

--7.3.1 Text

--7.3.2 Video

--7.3.3 Exercises

-7.4 Dutch Golden Age

--7.4.1 Text

--7.4.2 Video

--7.4.3 Exercises

-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century

--7.5 Text

--7.5.2 Video

--7.5.3 Exercises

-7.6 Discussion

--7.6.1 Discussion Topics

Chapter 8 West in the Eighteenth Century

-8.1 The United Kingdom

--8.1.1 Text

--8.1.2 Video

--8.1.3 Exercises

-8.2 The American Revolution

--8.2.1 Text

--8.2.2 Video

--8.2.3 Exercises

-8.3 The French Revolution

--8.3.1 Text

--8.3.2 Video

--8.3.3 Exercises

-8.4 Age of Enlightenment

--8.4.1 Text

--8.4.2 Video

--8.4.3 Exercises

-8.5 West after the 18th century

--8.5.1 Text

--8.5.2 Video

--8.5.3 Exercises

-8.6 Discussion

--8.6.1 Discussion Topics

8.1.2 Video笔记与讨论

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