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哥伦比亚波哥大菲尼西亚土地整备项目的六点教训

Six Lessons of Conducting Land Readjustment in the Fenicia Project in Bogotá, Colombia

1.协商谈判、达成一致在制定规划阶段至关重要，在一开始的时候就应该注意这一点。

1.Negotiation and consensus building among actors are fundamental in the design phase of a project.  This should start from the very beginning of the process.

2. 社区参与不应该是抽象的概念，在鼓动当地群众时，应当阐释确切的原因和动机。社区内不同的利益体和个体之间需要进行多方讨论来达成统一意见。

2. Community participation should not be perceived as something abstract but involves precise reasons and incentives for mobilizing local residents.  Diverse interests and actors within the community necessitate different scenarios of discussion and agreement.

3. 协议签订和公示可以把利益相关者的项目合法化。虽然协议可能不代表土地所有者对土地整备方案的最终决议，但这是他们迈出巩固信任和互惠互利的第一步。

3.Signed agreements and their public presentation could legitimize the project for all stakeholders.  Although these agreements may not represent owners' final commitment to the land readjustment scheme, they constitute a first step for consolidating trust and mutual interests.

4. 寻求中立的专家帮助能够促进群众对于土地整备提议的理解，减少质疑的声音。

4.Having assistance from a technical expert who is not connected to any particular interested parties can facilities understanding of land readjustment proposal and reduce suspicion.

5. 组织者在项目中必须防止特殊利益集团垄断公共辩论。

5.Organizers must keep special interest groups from monopolizing public debates over the project.

6. 在协商过程中，必须有人起到制衡的作用，为弱势群体的利益和需求发声。任何特定群体的利益最大化都建立在其他群体的利益代价之上。不平等的利益分配会引起群众抗议，造成恶性宣传，妨碍方案的实施。组织透明性抗议减少质疑和恐惧，私人土地所有者才会创造更加有力的合作条件。

6.There should be actors in the negotiation process who can balance and advocate the interests and needs of the most vulnerable groups.  Benefit maximization of any specific groups could be at the expense of other less influential groups.  Unequal sharing of benefits and costs would lead to public protests that create bad publicity or even block project implementation.  The presence of organizations that can reduce fear and district of private landowners will create favorable conditions for cooperation between the public and private sectors.

关于此案例的详细信息见于土地整备章节。

See additional information about this case in the Land Readjustment Case Book page.


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创新土地再开发：土地整备课程列表：

Introduction to the MIT STLx Series 欢迎参加李德义麻省理工学院实验室系列课程学习

-Welcome 欢迎辞

--Welcome

Get Started 课程伊始

-Course Welcome 课程欢迎辞

--Course Welcome

-How to Use This Course 如何学习本课程

--How to Use This Course

-Who's Teaching This Course 教师信息

--Who's Teaching This Course

-Learning Objectives 学习目标

--Learning Objectives

-Course Schedule 课程安排

--Course Schedule

-Grading and Completion Criteria 评分与结业标准

--Grading and Completion Criteria

Module 1: Introduction to Land Readjustment 第一单元：土地整备介绍

-Introduction 介绍

--Introduction

--Introduction

-Defining Land Readjustment 土地整备定义

--A Working Definition of Land Readjustment

--Introduction to Land Readjustment

--Questions

--Text

--Challenges of Rapid Urbanization in Developing Countries

--Challenges of Rapid Urbanization

--Questions

--Text

-Conventional Approaches to Solving Problems of Rapid Urbanization 解决快速城市化问题的传统方法

--Conventional Land Assembly Apporach

--Conventional Approaches

--Questions

--Text

-Land Readjustment as an Alternative 土地整备作为一种替代方法

--Land Readjustment as an Alternative

--Land Readjustment as an Alternative

--Questions

--Text

-Course Structure 课程结构

--Text

--Course Structure

-Discussion and Application 讨论和应用

--Module 1: Discussion Forum

--Text

--Application Activity

--Text

Module 2: International Experiences with Land Readjustment 第二单元：土地整备的国际实践案例

-Introduction 简介

--Introduction

--Introduction to Land Readjustment

--Text

-The Evolution of Land Readjustment 土地整备的发展历程

--The Early Development Stages of Land Readjustment

--The Early Development Stages of Land Readjustment

--Questions

--Text

--The Diversity of Land Readjustment

--Diversity of Land Readjustment

--Questions

--Text

-Land Readjustment Examples 土地整备的案例

--Peri-urbanization

--Thimphu, Bhutan

--Text

--Shahu, China

--Text

--Turkey

--Questions

--Text

--Infill Redevelopment

--Sengki, Thailand

--文本

--Dachong, China

--Text

--Bogotá, Colombia

--Text

--Questions

--Text

--Post-conflict and Post-disaster Reconstruction

--Angola

--Text

--Bhuj, India

--Text

--Chile

--Questions

--Text

-Wrap Up 结语

--Key Concept Review 1

--Lessons from Global Examples

--Questions

--Text

--Key Concept Review 2

--Key Concept Review 2--General observations

--Questions

--Text

-Discussion and Application 讨论和应用

--Module 2: International Experiences with Land Readjustment

--Text

--Application Activity

--Text

Module 3: Policy Goals of Land Readjustment 第三单元：土地整备的政策目标

-Introduction 简介

--Text

--Introduction

--Text

-Conceptualizing Land Readjustment Goals 概念化土地整备目标

--Conceptualizing Land Readjustment Goals

--Policy Goals of Land Readjustment

--Questions

--Text

-Myths About Adopting Land Readjustment 关于土地整备的谬见

--Myth #1: The Need for Land Readjustment Legislation

--Myth #1

--Text

--Example: Informal Settlement Upgrading in Ethiopia

--Questions

--Text

--Myth #2: Clearly Delineated Property Rights

--Myth #2

--Text

--Example: Urban Village Redevelopment in China

--Questions

--Text

--Myth #3: The Existence of a Buoyant Real Estate Market

--Myth #3

--Text

--Questions

--Text

--Myth #4: An Organized Community

--Myth #4

--Text

--Example: India

--Questions

--Text

--Myth #5: Trust Relations Among Stakeholders

--Myth #5

--Text

--Questions

--Text

-Preconditions for Adopting Land Readjustment 采纳土地整备的前提

--Preconditions

--Preconditions

--Questions

--Text

-Wrap Up 结语

--Key Concept Review

--Key Concepts Review

--Questions

--Text

Module 4: Designing and Implementing Land Readjustment Projects 第四单元：土地整备项目设计和实施

-Introduction 简介

--Introduction

--Introduction

--Text

-Important Considerations 重要考量因素

--Important Considerations

--Cross-cutting Matters

--Questions

--Text

-Context Assessment 环境评估

--Context Assessment

--Context Assessment

--Assessing Each Component of the Larger Environment

--Questions

--Text

-Initiation and Preparation 发起和准备

--Initiation and Preparation

--Initiation

--Text

--Preparation and Organization

--Questions

--Text

-Design and Approval 设计与审批

--Design and Approval

--Design

--Three Types of Risks

--Text

--Calculation of Land Contribution Ratios

--Land Valuation

--Text

--Approval

--Questions

--Text

-Implementation and Completion 实施与完工

--Implementation and Completion

--Implementation

--Text

--Completion

--Questions

--Text

-Evaluation and Scaling Up 评估与扩展

--Evaluation and Scaling Up

--Evaluation and Scaling Up

--Questions

--Text

-Wrap Up 总结

--Key Concept Review

--Key Concepts Review

--Questions

--Text

Module 5: Conclusions 总结

-Main Takeaways 知识要点

--Takeaways of the Entire Course

--Takeaways of The Entire Course

--Questions

--Text

--No All-inlcusive Model

--No All-inclusive Model

--Questions

--Text

--Building Preconditions

--Building Preconditions

--Questions

--Text

-Application Activity 应用练习

--Application Activity

--Text

Course Evaluation 课程评估

-Evaluation 评估

--Course Evaluation

Acknowledgments 致谢

-Acknowledgements 致谢

--Acknowledgements

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