当前课程知识点：Animal Anatomy > Chaper 2 The Locomotor System > Section 8 Muscle Overview > Muscle Overview-Video
大家好
我是来自中国农业大学的陈耀星
这节课要讲的内容是肌肉概述
运动系统所描述的肌肉是由横纹肌构成
它们附着于骨骼上过又称为骨骼肌
是运动的动力部分
我们首先来看一下肌肉的形态
一般肌肉可分为纺锤形肌
多裂肌
板状肌和环形肌四种
这主要以其位置和功能有关
纺锤形肌收缩的时候使得肌肉显着缩短
从而引起大幅度的运动
如分布于四肢的肌肉
多裂肌有许多短肌束组成
收缩的幅度不大
但收缩力强大持久
主要分布于各椎骨之间
有明显的分节性
如背腰最长肌 髂肋肌等
板状肌多呈薄板状
主要分布于腹壁和肩带部
环形肌的肌纤维层环形
位于自然孔裂的周围
形成括约肌
如口轮匝肌 肛门括约肌等
收缩时可关闭裂孔
肌肉的构造
每一块肌肉就是一个肌器官
主要由骨骼肌纤维或者肌细胞构成
此外还有结缔组织 血管和神经
肌器官可分为能收缩的肌腹和
不能够收缩的肌腱两部分
肌腹是肌器官的主要部分
由无数骨骼肌纤维借助结缔组织结合而成
具有收缩能力
所以肌腹是由肌纤维
和结缔组织的肌膜组成
每一条肌纤维外面包有肌膜
称肌内膜
若干肌纤维组成肌束
肌束外面包有肌束膜
而整块肌肉外面由肌外膜包裹
肌膜是肌肉的支持组织
使肌肉具有一定的形状
血管 淋巴管和神经随着肌膜进入肌肉内
对肌肉的代谢和机能调节具有重要意义
当动物营养良好的时候
在肌膜内蓄积有脂肪组织
使得肌肉横断面上呈大理石状花纹
肌腱位于肌腹的两端或一端
由规则的致密结缔组织构成
在四肢多呈索状
在躯干多呈薄板状
又称腱膜
肌腱不能收缩
但有很强的韧性和抗张力
不易疲劳
它传递肌腹的收缩力
以提高肌腹的工作效力
肌肉还有其辅助结构
包括筋膜 黏液囊 腱鞘
滑车和籽骨
其作用是保护和辅助肌肉的工作
我们先来看一下筋膜
筋膜是覆盖在肌肉表面的结缔组织膜
分浅筋膜和深筋膜
营养良好的家畜在浅筋膜内蓄积有脂肪
形成脂肪层
参与脂肪的贮存和体温的维持。
在病理情况下
深筋膜一方面可局限炎症扩散
同时肌肉与深筋膜间形成的间隙
又可成为病变蔓延的途径
黏液囊是密闭的结缔组织囊
囊壁内衬有滑膜
腔内有滑液
多位于骨的突起与肌肉
肌腱和皮肤之间
起减少摩擦的作用
位于关节附近的黏液囊多与关节腔相通
常称为滑膜囊
当发生黏液囊炎
可因液体渗出而引起黏液囊肿
腱鞘由黏液囊包裹于腱外而成
多位于腱通过活动范围较大的关节处
呈筒状 表面为纤维层
内为滑膜
滑膜分为两层
外层为壁层
附着于纤维层内面
内层为腱层
紧贴于腱的表面
滑车与籽骨
其作用是改变肌肉力的方向
减少腱与骨或关节之间摩擦
以上是关于肌肉概述的内容介绍
谢谢大家
再见
-Introduction
-Introduction-Homework
-Section 1 General Introduction to Bone
--General Introduction to Bone-1-Video
--General Introduction to Bone-2-Video
-General Introduction to Bone-Homework
-Section 2 Skull
-Skull-Homework
-Section 3 Torso Bone
-Torso Bone-Homework
-Section 4 Forelimb Bone
-Forelimb Bone-Homework
-Section 5 Hindlimb Bone
-Hindlimb Bone-Homework
-Section 6 Overview of Bone Connection
--Overview of Bone Connection-Video
-Overview of Bone Connection-Homework
-Section 7 Whole Body Bone Connection
--Whole Body Bone Connection-Video
-Whole Body Bone Connection-Homework
-Section 8 Muscle Overview
-Muscle Overview-Homework
-Section 9 Whole Body Muscles
-Whole Body Muscles-Homework
-Introduction of Viscera
--Introduction of Viscera-Video
-Introduction of Viscera-Homework
-Sction 1 Oral Cavity
-Oral Cavity-Homework
-Section 2 Salivary Glands
-Salivary Glands-Homework
-Section 3 Ruminant Stomach
-Ruminant Stomach-Homework
-Section 4 Single Chamber Stomach
--Single Chamber Stomach-Video
-Single Chamber Stomach-Homework
-Section 5 Intestine
--Intestine of Bovine and Sheep
-Intestine-Homework
-Section 6 Liver and Pancreas
-Liver and Pancreas-Homework
-Section 1 Nose, Pharynx and Larynx
--Nose, Pharynx and Larynx-Video
-Nose, Pharynx and Larynx-Homework
-Section 2 Trachea, Bronchus and Lung
--Trachea, Bronchus and Lung-Video
-Trachea, Bronchus and Lung-Homework
- The Urinary System
-The Urinary System-Homework
-Section 1 Female Reproductive System
--Female Reproductive System-Video
-The Female Reproductive System--Homework
-Section 2 Male Reproductive System
--Male Reproductive System-Video
-The Male Reproductive System-Homework
-Section 1 Introduction of the Cardiovascular System
--Introduction of the Cardiovascular System-Video
-Introduction of the Cardiovascular System--Homework
-Section 2 Heart
-The Heart--Homework
-Section 3 Arteries
-The Vessels--Homework
-Section 4 Veins
-The Veins--Homework
-The Cardiocascular System-PPT
-Section 1 Composition of Lymphatic System
--Compositiion of Lymphatic System-Video
-Composition of the Lymphatic System--Homework
-Section 2 Central Lymphoid Organs
--Central Lymphoid Organs-Video
-The Central Lymphoid Organs--Homework
-Section 3 Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
--Peripheral Lymphoid Organs-Video
-The Peripheral Lymphoid Organs--Homework
-Section 1 Overview of Nervous System
--Overview of Nervous System-Video
-Overview of Nervous System--Homework
-Section 2 Spinal Cord
-Spinal Cord--Homework
-Section 3 Brain
-The Brain--Homework
-Section 4 Spinal Nerve
-Spinal Nerve--Homework
-Section 5 Brain Nerve
-Brain Nerves--Homework
-Section 6 Vegetative Nerve
-Vegetative Nerve--Homework
-Section 1 Overview of Endocrine System
--Overview of Endocrine System-Video
-Overview of Endocrine System--Homework
-Section 2 Endocrine Organs
-Endocrine Organs--Homework
-Section 3 Pineal Gland
-Pineal Gland--Homework
-Section 4 Thyroid Gland
-Thyroid Gland--Homework
-Section 5 Parathyroid Gland
-Parathyroid Gland--Homework
-Section 6 Adrenal Gland
-Adrenal Gland--Homework
-Section 7 Endocrine Tissues
-Endocrine Tissues--Homework
-Section 1 Visual Organs
-The Visual Organs--Homework
-Section 2 Auditory Organs
-Auditory Organs--Homework
-Section 1 Skin and Hair
-Skin and Hair--Homework
-Section 2 Hoof and Horn
-Hoof and Horn--Homework
-Section 3 Mammary Gland
-Mammary Gland--Homework
-Section 1 Locomotor System
--Locomotor System of Avian-Video
-Locomotor System--Homework
-Section 2 Digestive System
--Digestive System of Avian-Video
-Digestive System--Homework
-Section 3 Respiratory and Urinary System
--Respiratory and Urinary System of Avian-Video
-Respiratory and Urinary System--Homework
-Section 4 Reproductive System
--Reproductive System of Avian-Video
-Reproductive System--Homework
-Section 5 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System
--Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System of Avian-Video
-Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System--Homework
-Section 6 Endocrine and Nervous System
--Endocrine and Nervous Sysem of Avian-Video
-Endocrine and Nervous System--Homework
-Section 7 Sensory and Integumentary System
--Sensory and Integumentary System of Avian-Video
-The Sensory and Integumentary System--Homework
-The Anatomical Characteristics of Avian-ppt
-The Final Examination·
