The historical development of Modern Nursing and Contemporary Nursing Practice in China在线视频

Hi, everyone, welcome back.

I am Jing Su.

In the previous session

we briefly discussed the historical

development of modern nursing

in western countries

and the definition of nursing.

In this session

I will further talk about the historical

and current development

of nursing in China.

By the end of this session

you will be able to

describe the historical events

influencing nursing

development in China

and verbalize understanding

of the contemporary nursing

development in China.

In the long history of China，

Traditional Chinese Medicine,

in the abbreviation of TCM

influenced peoples’ health deeply.

TCM has been practiced

for over 2,500 years

in various forms including

herbal remedies,

acupuncture, massage, exercise,

and diet.

It takes a holistic approach to view

and treat the mind-body-spirit

from a wellness perspective.

The focus is on cultivating

the healthy internal harmony.

Although medical treatment,

environment, patient' s spirits,

and care are equally important

for recovering in TCM.

there was no professional nursing

in ancient China.

Modern nursing started in China

due to the influence of Western

missionaries arriving

after Opium War in 1842.

But before 1835,

the first Western influenced

hospital was established in Guangzhou.

The first American nurse,

Elizabeth McKechnie,

came to China in 1884

and began to introduce the Florence

Nightingale nursing system.

In China,

In 1888,

the first school for Chinese nurses

was opened

in Fuchou by another American,

Ella Johnson.

She was later joined by Nina Gage,

who arrived in 1908

and then established a nurse

training program in 1910

as part of the Yale mission.

Nina Gage later served as president

of the Chinese Nursing Association

between 1912 and 1914.

In 1920 Asia' s first 5-year bachelor

nursing degree was established

at Peking Union Medical College.

Between 1924 and 1952,

about 300 nurses

with bachelor-degree graduated

from PUMC.

Among them,

many became

prominent nursing leaders and talents.

Wang Xiuying,

who graduated in 1931,

is known as the first recipient

of Florence Nightingale Medal

from China.

She was a nurse, educator

and pioneer in nursing education

and public health in China

and contributed to the nursing

and public health development

after the establishment

of People' s Republic of China.

She described nursing as:

The patient will be hopeless

without medicine;

The patient will be helpless

without nursing.

During 1952-1979 The only nursing

education programs were

diploma program which was also

called certification programs.

Most of the programs

were 3-year training curriculum

and recruited juni or high school

or high school graduates.

Until 2000,

diploma program trained nurses

made up the majority of workforce

at different levels of hospitals

in the country.

One of the hallmarks for current

nursing development in China is,

that After 1979,

post-secondary nursing programs

was reestablished gradually in China.

In 1983, Tianjin Medical College,

now Tianjin Medical University,

launched the first 5-year

baccalaureate nursing program.

After that,

baccalaureate nursing programs

have sprung up across the country.

The first master' s nursing program

was set up in 1992,

at Beijing Medical University.

A bachelor' s degree

was a requirement for admission

to the master' s programs in China.

The first doctoral nursing program

was created in 2004 by Central

South University and Second Military

Medical University.

A master' s degree

was required for a student to

enter the doctoral nursing programs.

The objectives of doctoral nursing

education focused on three main areas

(1) professional values,

professional development abilities,

and professional culture

of the human spirit;

(2) the international Perspectives

and international activities;

and (3) nursing research abilities.

Currently in China the number

of nurses has been increasing fast:

From the table we can see

there were only

405,200 nurses in 1980.

But, by 2018,

there were 4.03 million nurses

in the whole country.

In 2006,

WHO estimates that at least 2.5 medical

staffs (physicians, nurses, and midwives)

per 1,000 people would be needed

to provide adequate coverage

with primary care interventions.

In 2012 in China,

there were only 1.66 nurses

per 1000 people.

this number increased

to be 3.14 in 2020.

The increase number of nurses reflected

a big demand for nursing services in China

and it also brings great chances

of development for Chinese nurses.

On the other hand,

the educational structure

of Chinese nurses

has been changing dramatically.

In 2018 there were 25.5% nurses

of certification program,

50.4% who were graduates

of associate degree,

23.5% of baccalaureate graduates,

and 0.2% of master' s graduates.

Compared with 51.3% in 2010,

in 2020 there are 70% nurses

with associate degree and above.

From the data we can see that nowadays,

most of registered nurses working

in the hospitals

and other clinical settings

have college level education or above

in China.

Started from the 1990s,

specialist nursing has developed very fast

in China.

Every year the Chinese nursing

association holds specialist training

programs in different nursing fields,

such as complex intravenous therapy,

wound care, diabetes care,

anesthesia nursing etc.

These nursing specialists

have played an effective role

in hospitals,

communities and patients' family

by facilitating the standard

of specialty nursing,

dealing with complex problems，

teaching students in the academia

and patients in the hospital,

as well as conducting research activities.

Currently, In China,

the nursing role has become more

and more important in health promotion,

disease prevention, health restoration

and the care for the aging population.

The scope of nursing is expanding.

Nursing in China needs to develop

rapidly and scientifically.

The key points of development are

1. Educational reform

should be conducted

based on national health priorities

and people' s health needs.

Nursing education should prepare

nurses to work effectively

in multidisciplinary teams

with maximize graduate competencies

in health technology.

2 The role of nurses

in both primary care

and specialty care should be enhanced

and standardized with national

and local health policy.

3. Nursing theories grounded

in Chinese society should be studied

and developed to guide clinical practice.

Evidence based clinical practice

and management

need to be improved nationally.

In this unit we briefly introduced

the history of

the modern nursing development

in western country and China.

Nursing as a profession

has its own theoretical foundation.

We should use practice models

and the nursing process

to identify health problems

and implement care delivery to patients.

In the next unit

I will further explain

what nursing process is,

and how it can be applied

to patient care.

Thank you for your attention.

See you next time.