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接下来讨论高分子材料方向学术期刊文章摘要的结构

主要有两种结构

1.Context-Methods-Results-Conclusion

2. Context-Results-Discussion

第一篇摘要选自期刊Polymer, IF:3.771(2018)，

作为老牌期刊 影响力比较大

采用的是第一种结构 Context-Methods-Results-Conclusion

The title is The role of mandrel rotation speed on morphology and mechanical properties

of polyethylene pipes produced by rotational shear

芯棒转速对旋转剪切聚乙烯管材形态和机械性能的作用

Context：

Properties of plastic products depend on their microstructure and morphology.

塑料制品的性能取决于其微观结构和形态。

Methods：

To improve the pressure rating (maximum pressure) of plastic pipes,

a novel rotational shear system (RSS) was developed in this study

to fabricate plastic pipes with enhanced hoop tensile strength through applying hoop shear

on the pipes using a rotational mandrel.

为了提高塑料管材的压力额定值（最大压力）

这项研究开发了一种新型旋转剪切系统（RSS）

利用旋转芯棒在管子上应用环向剪切来制备具有增强环向拉伸强度的塑料管

Results：

Morphology study results showed that different morphologies of the HDPE pipes

were produced when the mandrel rotated at 5 rpm, 7.5 rpm, 10 rpm, 12.5 rpm and 15 rpm.

The hoop tensile strength and heat resistance of the pipes

were found to increase rapidly with the rotation speed and the properties peaked at 7.5 rpm.

形态研究结果表明

芯轴转速分别为5rpm、7.5rpm、10rpm、12.5rpm和15rpm时

HDPE管材的形态不同

随着转速的增加 管材的环向拉伸强度和耐热性迅速提高 性能在7.5rpm达到峰值

At this speed, the hoop tensile strength and Vicat softening temperature (VST) increased by about 338%

and 26.8 °C, respectively.

The axial tensile strength of the pipe was also slightly improved under this condition.

在此速度下 环向拉伸强度和维卡软化温度（VST）分别提高约338%和26.8℃

在这种条件下 管的轴向拉伸强度也略有提高

Conclusion：

The high mechanical and thermal performance of the pipe produced

at 7.5 rpm was attributed to homogeneously distributed shish-kebab structures throughout the pipe wall.

在7.5rpm下生产的塑料管的高机械性能和热性能归因于管壁均匀分布的串状结构

第二篇摘要选自Nature materials(自然科学类顶级期刊）

采用第二种结构 Context-Results-Discussion

The title is Polyvalent choline phosphate as a universal biomembrane adhesive

多价磷脂胆碱作为一种通用的生物膜粘合剂

Context：

Phospholipids in the cell membranes of all eukaryotic cells

contain phosphatidyl choline (PC) as the headgroup.

所有真核细胞细胞膜中的磷脂都以磷脂酰胆碱(PC)为头基

Results：

Here we show that hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs)

decorated with the ‘PC-inverse’ choline phosphate (CP)

in a polyvalent fashion can electrostatically bind to

a variety of cell membranes and to PC-containing liposomes,

the binding strength depending on the number density of CP groups per macromolecule.

在这里我们证明了以“pc -inverse”胆碱磷酸(CP)修饰的多价超支化聚甘油(HPGs)可以通过静电

结合多种细胞膜和含pc的脂质体 其结合强度取决于每个大分子CP基团的数量密度

We also show that HPG–CPs can cause cells to adhere with varying affinity to other cells,

and that binding can be reversed by subsequent exposure

to low molecular weight HPGs carrying small numbers of PCs.

我们还发现，HPG-CPs可以使细胞以不同的亲和力粘附在其他细胞上

而随后暴露于携带少量PCs的低分子量HPGs可以逆转这种结合

Moreover, PC-rich membranes adsorb and rapidly internalize fluorescent HPG–CP

but not HPG–PC molecules, which suggests that HPG–CPs could be used as drug-delivery agents.

此外富含PC的膜可以吸附并快速内部化荧光HPG-CP分子

但不能吸附和内部化HPG-PC分子

这说明HPG-CPs可以作为药物传递剂

Discussion：

CP-decorated polymers should find broad use,

for instance as tissue sealants and in the self-assembly of lipid nanostructures.

由CP修饰的聚合物应该得到广泛的应用

例如作为组织密封剂和用于脂质纳米结构的自组装

接下来再探讨新闻传播领域期刊文章摘要的结构

以Communication Research 为例

影响因子3.087；

2015年学科（communication）排名第5名 SSCI一区 属于学科顶刊

期刊有"Themed issues"的模块

针对不同专题分类发表文章

因为此期刊还包括计算机传媒 健康传媒的模块

所以文章发表的形式相对自由 abstract的格式没有特定的要求

探讨社会问题 偏重理论研究的文章

多遵守social science的格式

Reason——Topic——Methodology（——findings）——Conclusion；

采用量化研究手段 偏重与数据分析处理相结合的文章

多遵守context/problem/aim——method——main results——discuss的格式

纯理论研究类的文章 有的文学性较强 格式多样化 没有固定的形式

现在来使用具体案例分析

如果文章是社会问题+理论分析 那么Abstract格式较为规范

（Reason——Topic——Methodology（——findings）——Conclusion）

这多见于综合方向的文章

The title is “ They Did It”:

The Effects of Emotionalized Blame Attribution in Populist Communication

“他们做到了”：民粹主义传播中情感化责备归因的影响

第一个句子

How can we explain the persuasiveness of populist messages,

and who are most susceptible to their effects?

These questions remain largely unanswered in extant research.

This sentence states why they embarked on the project-often some reference

to a gap or debate in the literature or a persistent social problem.

This is the reason.

我们如何解释民粹主义信息的说服力 以及谁最容易受其影响

这些问题在现有的研究中基本上没有得到回答

第二句和第三句

This study argues that populist messages are characterized

by assigning blame to elites in an emotionalized way.

As previous research pointed at the guiding influence of blame attributions

and emotions on political attitudes,

these message characteristics may explain populism’s persuasiveness.

这两句是Topic+Argument

这项研究认为，民粹主义信息的特点是以情绪化的方式将责任归咎于精英

正如以往的研究所指出的责备归因和情感对政治态度的引导作用一样

这些信息特征可以解释民粹主义的说服力

第四句

An experiment using a national sample (N = 721)

was conducted to provide insights into the effects of

and mechanisms underlying populist blame attribution with

regard to the European and national levels of governance.

这一句是Methodology

采用国家样本（N=721）进行了一项实验

旨在深入了解民粹主义指责归因对欧洲和国家治理水平的影响和机制

最后三句是results+conclusion.

The results show that emotionalized blame attributions influence

both blame perceptions and populist attitudes.

Identity attachment moderates these effects:

Emotionalized blame attributions have the strongest effects for citizens

with weaker identity attachments.

These insights allow us to understand how populist messages affect which citizens

结果表明 情绪化的责怪归因影响着责怪观念和民粹主义态度

认同依恋调节这些效应 情绪化的责怪归因对认同依恋较弱的公民影响最大

这些见解使我们能够理解民粹主义信息如何影响哪些公民

第二类摘要侧重于研究与数学/物理研究/实验+社会相关的问题

属于abstract格式较为规范的文章

多遵守（context/problem/aim——method——main results——discuss）的格式

来看案例分析

The title is Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships

Between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use,

and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood

对孤独感 不同类型Facebook使用和青少年抑郁情绪之间关系的综合和差异性研究

第一句是个长句

Although a variety of studies

have examined the predictors or outcomes of adolescents’ social networking site use,

these studies did not incorporate

an integrated, longitudinal approach to examine these relationships longitudinally

in a single comprehensive model or

a differential approach to distinguish between different types of social networking site use.

这一长句是摘要的context + problem

尽管有很多研究已经检验了青少年社交网站使用的预测因素或结果

但这些研究没有包括在单一综合模型中纵向检验这些关系的综合纵向方法

或区分不同类型社交网站使用的差异方法

第二句是methodology

Therefore this two-wave panel study (N = 1,612) developed an integrated and differential model

to provide a deeper understanding of the relationships among loneliness,

specific types of Facebook use, and adolescents’ depressed mood.

因此，这项双波小组研究（N=1612）开发了一个综合和差异模型

以更深入地了解孤独感 特定类型的Facebook使用和青少年抑郁情绪之间的关系

最后两句就是results

Using structural equation modeling,

the results point to the presence of a poor-get-richer effect regarding active public Facebook use

but reveal a poor-get-poorer effect regarding passive Facebook use.

The discussion focuses on the explanation and understanding of these findings

利用结构方程模型 研究结果表明

在主动公开使用Facebook的情况下

存在着一种“穷人越富”的效应

而在被动使用Facebook的情况下

存在着一种“穷人越穷”的效应

讨论的重点是对这些发现的解释和理解

第三类摘要没有固定的形式

纯理论研究类的文章 有的文学性较强 格式多样化

The title is Exploring the Effects of Violating the 180-Degree Rule on Film Viewing Preferences

违反180度规则对电影观看偏好影响的探讨

前四句是context:

The 180-degree rule is thought to help smooth the change between film shots.

When two individuals are speaking to each other,

there is an imaginary axis of action running between them.

If the camera crosses this axis, it breaks the 180-degree rule.

A violation of the 180-degree rule is thought to have negative effects on viewers’enjoyment of films.

180度规则被认为有助于平滑电影拍摄之间的切换

当两个人互相交谈时 他们之间有一个想象的行动轴

如果摄影机穿过这个轴 则打破了180度规则

违反180度规则被认为对观众欣赏电影有负面影响

接下来五句就是methods + results

The present study investigated this idea.

Experiment 1 established that naive participants can detect violations in videos.

Experiment 2 tested the putative negative effects of 180-degree rule violations.

The results indicated that violations can confuse and disorient viewers.

Critically, as revealed by Experiment 3, violations did not alter the viewers’ liking of a video:

Viewers were as likely to prefer a video with a 180-degree violation as one without.

本研究对此进行了探讨

实验1证明 天真的参与者可以检测视频中的违规行为

实验2检验了180度违规行为的假设负效应

结果表明 违规行为会使观众感到困惑和迷失方向

关键的是 正如实验3所揭示的那样

违规并没有改变观众对视频的喜好

观众更喜欢180度违规的视频

最后一句是conclusion

Collectively,these data shed light on fundamental beliefs regarding the 180-degree rule,

which may help inform filming decisions around film enjoyment.

总的来说

这些数据揭示了180度法则的基本信念

这可能有助于为围绕电影享受的拍摄决策提供信息