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Chapter Five Middle Ages
Every time I start this chapter. I feel a little bit sad, because we have to say goodbye to the ancient Greece and ancient Roma. They are glorified times
5.1. Early Middle Ages: 5th to the 10th century
1. Three periods of the Western world
The history of the western world has been traditionally divided into three periods. The first one is classical antiquity, also called the classical era, classical period or classical age. It is the period of between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, including ancient Greece and ancient Rome, known as the Greco-Roman world.
The second one is the Middle Ages also called Medieval Period or Dark Ages, lasted from the 5th century Fall of Rome to the 15th century. The third one is the Modern history from the early 16th century to today. The Modern history can be further divided into three periods: The early modern period began in the early 16th century including the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, and the Protestant Reformation. The late modern period began in the mid-18th century, including the French Revolution, the American Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Great Divergence, the Russian Revolution and the two World Wars. Contemporary history is the period after the end of the second Word War in 1945 to present time.
2.The Early Middle Ages lasted from the 5th century followed the decline of the Western Roman Empire to the 10th century, marked the start of the Middle Ages. The Early Middle Ages overlap with Late Antiquity. "Late Antiquity" is the term to describe the time of transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. This period saw the migrations of Germanic tribes and the Huns into the Roman world, the making of the barbarian kingdoms in the west Europe, the survival of the Byzantine Empire and the Rise of Islam.
3. Italy
Odoacer, first King of Italy.
In 476, Odoacer deposed the western emperor Romulus, and Odoacer became the first King of Italy. Odoacer was of barbarian descent from an East Germanic tribe. This was the end of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Odoacer represented himself as the client of the Eastern Roman Empire, his kingdom of Italy was a vassal state of the Eastern Roman Empire which lasted from 476 to 493
The Ostrogothic Kingdom
In 493 Odoacer was killed by Theoderic the Great, a leader of Ostrogoths, an eastern branch of Goths. He established the Ostrogothic Kingdom, also called the Kingdom of Italy which lasted from 493 to 553. Theodoric wanted to be leader of both Goths and Romans, thus he called himself "King of the Goths and Romans". This Ostrogothic Kingdom was conquered by the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian. But in 568 the Romans was unable to resist the invasion of another Germanic people the Lombards.
The Lombard Kingdom ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774. In 774, this Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne and became part of his Empire.
4. The Papal States. Pope Saint Gregory I was Pope of the Catholic Church from 590 to 604. He is famous for sending the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome to convert the then-pagan Anglo-Saxons in England to Christianity. He is also famous for defending the city of Rome from the invasion of Lombards. Gregory laid the foundations of the medieval papacy. After Charlemagne conquered the Lombard Kingdom, Rome and its surrounding area still remained as a sovereign State called the Papal States officially the State of the Church until 1870.
5. Spain.
Today’s Iberian Peninsula also known as Iberia is divided between Spain and Portugal. Around 200 BC, it was conquered by Romans and became the Roman province of Hispania. In 410 Visigoths, the western branch of the Goths captured Rome and sacked it for three days. Finally they left and moved to southern Gaul and Spain and established a Visigothic kingdom there which lasted from 5th to 7th century. In 711 a force of invading North African Moors conquered the Visigoths. Moors are Muslim people of mixed Berbers and Arab ancestry. Later it became part of the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate. Berbers are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa.
6. Britain
Britain was conquered by Romans in AD 43 and it became the Roman province of Britannia until the early 5th century. Then Anglo-Saxons, including Angles, Saxon, and other Germanic tribes conquered Britain. They called it England meaning land of Angles. Anglo-Saxons established some small kingdoms but didn’t form a united kingdom until the eleventh century. The central values of Anglo-Saxons were honor and glory. Fighting was an important part of their life. In 565 Pope Gregory sent Augustine as missionary to England to convert Anglo-Saxons. Pope named Augustine archbishop of Canterbury. He laid the foundations for a hierarchical, bishop-centered church based on the Roman model. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric of The Church of England. In 865 Vikings from Denmark invaded England, they conquered all the small kingdoms but one, Wessex. The king of Wessex Alfred was a great leader, he defeated and stopped the Danes. The Danes were forced to accept Christian baptism and withdraw from Mercia. By the time of the death of Alfred in 899, southern England was united by Wessex. From this map we can see Wessex and the region controlled by Danes known as the Danelaw.
7. Scandinavian Vikings
Norseman means "man from the North", they are group of Germanic people inhabited Scandinavia. They spoke the Old Norse language. Norseman could be any person from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Vikings were Northmen who sailed from Scandinavia and raided other part of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries. Besides raiding they also traded. From this map we can see the travels of the Vikings. Swedes to the east, trading with Slavic world and Byzantine. Norwegians to Ireland and Scotland and Greenland. And Danes focused on England and Frankish empire. Swedish merchant Vikings, known as Rus traveled down along the Volga and Dnepr rivers to the Black sea in search of furs and slaves. They built settlements in Novgorod and Kiev. Today the peoples of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine all claim Rus as their ancestors, Belarus and Russia all derived from it.
8. Frankish kingdom Merovingian dynasty
Frankish Empire or the Kingdom of the Franks was the largest Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages which lasted from 481 to 843. It is the director ancestor of both modern France and Germany. This is the territory of the kingdom.
9. The Frankish Kingdom was ruled by the Salian Franks, a subgroup of the Franks, Franks is a collection of western Germanic peoples. Frankish Kingdom has two dynasties. The first one is the Merovingian dynasty that ruled for nearly 300 years from 450 to 751. The Frankish kings of this dynasty called themselves Merovingians "descendants of Merovech", they believed Merovech was founder of the dynasty. But historians believed Merovech was a semi-legendary figure for the lack of written evidence. The real founder was the grandson of Merovech, Clovis, He was the leader of the Salian franks and a commander of the Roman barbarian army. In 486 he killed the last Roman commander in the West and became the first Frankish king, the first king of what would become the future France. Clovis eventually converted to Catholicism on Christmas Day 508. This conversion paved the way for the assimilation of Franks and Romans into a new society. This cultural fusion or blending of the Germanic people, Romans, and Christianity became the model for the future social and political development of Europe. With Clovis's conversion to Catholicism, the Frankish monarchy, elective and secular until then, became hereditary and of divine right.
10. When Clovis died in 551, his kingdom was divided by his four sons for the next 200 years until the end of the Merovingian dynasty in 751.
Now let’s look at the Key words
Middle Ages, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, Frankish kingdom, Clovis.
This is the end of the first part of 5th Chapter, Early Middle Ages
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi everybody
Today we start new chapter
Chapter Five Middle Ages
Every time I start this chapter
I feel a little bit sad because
we have to say goodbye
to the ancient Greece and ancient Rome
They are glorified times
The history of the western world
has been traditionally divided
into three periods
The first one is classical antiquity
also called the classical era
classical period or classical age
It is the period of
between the 8th century BC
and the 5th century AD
centered on the Mediterranean Sea
including ancient Greece
and ancient Rome
known as the Greco Roman world
The second one is the Middle Ages
also called Medieval Period
or Dark Ages
lasted from the 5th century
Fall of Rome
to the 15th century
The third period is the Modern history
From the early 16th century to today
The Modern history
can be further divided
into three periods
The early modern period
began in the early 16th century
including the Renaissance
the Age of Discovery
and the Protestant Reformation
The late modern period began
in the mid18th century
including the French Revolution
the American Revolution
the Industrial Revolution
and the Great Divergence
the Russian Revolution
and two World Wars
Contemporary history is the period
after the end of the second World
War in 1945 to present time
The Early Middle Ages
lasted from the 5th century
following the decline
of the Western Roman Empire
to the 10th century
marked the start
of the Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages overlap
with Late Antiquity
Late Antiquity is the term
to describe the time of transition
from classical antiquity
to the Middle Ages
This period saw the migrations
of Germanic peoples
And the Huns into the Roman world
The making of the barbarian
kingdoms in the west Europe
The survival of the Byzantine Empire
and the Rise of Islam
Let’s look at Italy
In 476 Odoacer deposed
the last western emperor Romulus
and Odoacer became
the first King of Italy
Odoacer was of barbarian descent
from an East Germanic tribe
This was the end of the Western
Roman Empire
and the beginning
of the Middle Ages
Odoacer represented himself
as the client of the
Eastern Roman Empire
His kingdom of Italy
was a vassal state
of the Eastern Roman Empire
which lasted from 476 to 493
In 493 Odoacer was killed
by Theoderic the Great
a leader of Ostrogoths
an eastern branch of Goths
He established the
Ostrogothic Kingdom
also called the Kingdom of Italy
which lasted from 493 to 553
Theodoric wanted to be the leader
of both Goths and Romans
thus he called himself King
of the Goths and Romans
This Ostrogothic Kingdom
was conquered
by the Eastern Roman
emperor Justinian
But in 568 the Romans
was unable to resist
the invasion
of another Germanic people
the Lombards
The Lombard Kingdom ruled
most of the Italian Peninsula
from 568 to 774
In 774 this Kingdom was conquered
by the Frankish King Charlemagne
and became part of his Empire
The Papal States
Pope Saint Gregory
I was Pope of the Catholic Church
from 590 to 604
He is famous for sending the first
recorded large scale mission from Rome
to convert the then pagan Anglo Saxons
in England to Christianity
He is also famous
for defending the city of Rome from
the invasion of Lombards
Gregory laid the foundations
of the medieval papacy
After Charlemagne conquered
the Lombard Kingdom
Rome and its surrounding
area still remained
as a sovereign State called
the Papal States
officially the State of the
Church until 1870
Let’s go to Spain
Today’s Iberian Peninsula
also known as Iberia
is divided between
Spain and Portugal
Around 200 BC it was conquered
by Romans
and became the Roman
province of Hispania
In 410 Visigoths the western
branch of the Goths
captured Rome and sacked
it for three days
Finally they left and moved
to southern Gaul and Spain
and established
a Visigothic kingdom there
which lasted from 5th to 7th century
In 711 a force of invading
North African Moors
conquered the Visigoths
Moors are Muslim people
of mixed Berbers and Arab ancestry
Later it became part of the
Muslim Umayyad Caliphate
Berbers are an ethnic group
indigenous to North Africa
Britain was conquered by Romans in AD 43
and it became the Roman
province of Britannia
until the early 5th century
When Anglo Saxons
including Angles Saxon
and other Germanic
tribes conquered Britain
They called it England
meaning the land of Angles
Anglo Saxons established
some small kingdoms
but did not form a unified kingdom
until the eleventh century
The central values of Anglo Saxons
were honor and glory
Fighting was an important
part of their life
In 565 Pope Gregory sent Augustine
as missionary to England
to convert Anglo Saxons
Pope named Augustine
archbishop of Canterbury
He laid the foundations
for a hierarchical
bishop centered church
based on the Roman model
The Archbishop of Canterbury
is the most senior cleric
of The Church of England
In 865 Vikings from Denmark
invaded England
They conquered all the small
kingdoms but one Wessex
The king of Wessex
Alfred was a great leader
He defeated and stopped the Danes
The Danes were forced to accept
Christian baptism
and withdraw from Mercia
By the time of the death
of Alfred in 899
southern England was united by Wessex
Ok let’s look at this map
You can see Danelaw conquered
by Danes and Wessex
Now let’s look at Scandinavian Vikings
Norseman means man from the North
They are group of Germanic people
inhabited Scandinavia
They spoke the Old Norse language
Norseman could be any person from
Denmark Norway and Sweden
The Vikings were Northmen
who sailed from Scandinavia
and raided other part of Europe
from the 8 to the 11th century
Besides raiding they also traded
From this map we can see
the travels of the Vikings
Swedes go to the east
trading with Slavic world and Bazantine
Norwegians to Ireland
Scotland and Greenland
And Danes focused on England
and Frankish empire
Swedish merchant Vikings known as Rus
traveled down along the Volga
and Dnepr river to the Black sea
in search of furs and slaves
They built settlements
in Novgorod and Kiev
Today the peoples of Belarus
Russia and Ukraine
all claim Rus as their ancestors
Belarus and Russia all derived from it
Let’s look at Frankish kingdom
You can see the territory is changing
Frankish Kingdom or Kingdom
of the Franks
was the largest Barbarian kingdom
in Western Europe during
the Early Middle Ages
which lasted from 481 to 843
It is the director ancestor of both
modern France and Germany
This is the territory of the kingdom
The Frankish Kingdom
was ruled by the Salian Franks
a subgroup of the Franks
Franks is a collection
of western Germanic peoples
Frankish Kingdom has two dynasties
The first one is the
Merovingian dynasty
that ruled for nearly 300 years
from 450 to 751
The Frankish kings of this dynasty
called themselves Merovingians
descendants of Merovech
They believed Merovech
was founder of the dynasty
but historians believed
Merovech was a semi legendary figure
for the lack of written evidence
The real founder of the dynasty
was the grandson of Merovech Clovis
He was the leader of the Salian franks
and a commander of the Roman
barbarian army
In 486 he killed the last
Roman commander in the West
and became the first Frankish king
Clovis eventually converted
to Catholicism on Christmas Day 508
This conversion paved the way
for the assimilation of Franks
and Romans into a new society
This cultural fusion or blending
of the Germanic people
Romans and Christianity
became the model for the future social
and political development of Europe
With Clovis’s conversion to Catholicism
the Frankish monarchy
elective and secular until then
became hereditary
and of divine right
When Clovis died in 551
his kingdom was divided
by his four sons
for the next 200 years
until the end of the
Merovingian dynasty in 751
Now let’s look at the Key words
Middle Ages
Anglo Saxons
Vikings
Frankish kingdom
Clovis
This is the end of the first
part of the 5th chapter Middle Ages
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion