C1-07 Contingencies在线视频

Hello, Welcome back everyone,
欢迎大家回来

today we will learn a new topic, contingencies.
今天我们将学习一个新的知识 或有事项

As we all known,
众所周知

Not everything is destined to happen.
并不是每件事都注定要发生

so "what should companies do if the amount owed
因此如果公司所欠金额

depends upon the outcome of a future event? "
取决于未来事件的结果 公司该怎么办

The short answer is that
简单的回答是

they report a contingency.
他们可以报告为或有事项

For example,
例如

If a company is sued by a former employee
如果一家公司因性别歧视

for $100,000 for gender discrimination,
被一位前雇员起诉索赔10万美元

the company has a contingent liability.
该公司就要承担或有负债

If the company is found guilty,
如果公司被判有罪

it will have an actual liability.
它将承担实际责任

However,
但是

if the company is not found guilty,
如果公司无罪

the company will not have any liability.
公司将不承担任何责任

The word "contingent" simply means "depends upon",
“或有”一词简单地说是“取决于”

and a contingency is an existing condition
或有事项是现状的结果

that depends on the outcome of one or more future events.
将取决于一个或多个未来事件的结果

To better understand the definition,
为了更好地理解这个定义

you have to pay attention to three key points:
你必须注意两个关键点

The words "existing condition",
第一 “现状”一词

which means not the past or future,
不是指过去或将来

it should be the present situation.
而是指现在的情况

Like the previous example,
像前面的例子

if the employee plan to sue the company,
如果雇主计划起诉公司

then it is not existing condition.
那么这不属于现存的情况

Second,
第二

The outcome depends on a future event
结果取决于未来事件的

occurring or not occurring.
发生与否

Third,
第三

A contingent event can involve
或有事件可能涉及

either a potential future inflow or outflow of resources.
未来潜在的资源流入或流出

Now,
现在

Let's try an exercise to test do you really understand.
让我们来做个练习来测试你是否真的理解

Which statement about contingencies is correct?
关于或有事项的哪一种陈述是正确的

A
A

It involves only potential economic outflows of resources.
它只涉及潜在的经济资源外流

B
B

It is a possible condition
它是一个可能的条件

that depends upon the outcome of a future event.
取决于未来事件的结果

C
C

It involves
它涉及到

uncertainty about either the timing or amount of payment.
付款的时间和金额的不确定性

D
D

It is an existing condition
它是一个现有条件

that depends upon the outcome of a future event.
取决于未来事件结果

Let's look at the choice one by one,
让我们逐一来看看选择

Choice A is not right,
A是不对的

because it not only involves outflows,
因为它不仅涉及流出

also involves inflow.
也涉及流入

B is also not correct.
B也不正确

The words possible condition is not right,
“可能条件”一词不对

it should be existing condition.
应该是存在条件

The problem of C is that the uncertainty
C的问题是不确定性

should related to the outcomes of future event,
应该与未来事件的结果有关

not only about the timing or amount.
而不仅仅是时间或数量

So the correct answer is D.
所以正确答案是D

As we already known what is a contingency,
正如我们已经知道什么是或有事项

then we first address a loss contingency
那么我们首先学习或有损失

which means potential outflows.
这意味着潜在的资金流出

The nature of a contingency
或有事件的本质

is that it involves one or more uncertain future outcomes.
是它涉及一个或多个不确定的未来结果

Thus,
因此

Probability of future outcomes
未来结果的概率

is crucial to accounting treatment of contingencies.
对于或有事项的会计处理至关重要

IFRS refers to three ranges of probabilities
国际财务报告准则涉及三个

that are important for accounting purposes:
对会计处理很重要的概率范围

which are Remote: Possible and Probable.
即Remote：Possible和Probable

Remote refers a probability with an upper bound
Remote是指上界在

between 5% and 10%;
5%到10%之间的概率

Possible means
Possible是指

A probability of 50% or less,
概率为50%或更少

but more than remote.
但大于Remote

Probable means
Probable是指

the probability of occurrence is greater than 50%.
发生概率大于50%

A contingent liability is a potential liability
或有负债是一种

that may or may not become an actual liability.
可能成为或不可能成为实际负债的潜在负债

Whether the contingent liability becomes an actual liability
或有负债是否成为实际负债

depends on a future event occurring or not occurring.
取决于未来事项的发生与否

In accounting,
在会计中

contingent liabilities can be treated through 3 ways:
或有负债可以通三种方式处理

a provision, disclosure, or no action.
报告、披露或不采取行动

More specific,
更具体地说

the treatment of a loss contingency depends on two factors:
意外损失的处理取决于两个因素

The first one is probability
第一个是概率

is a likelihood that the event will occur.
确认事件发生的可能性

Second, Measurability
第二 可计量性

whether the loss amount can be reasonably estimated.
损失金额是否能够合理估计

Let's look at a treatment matrix.
我们来看一下会计处理矩阵

The table present
下表列出了

the guidelines for the accounting treatment of contingent liabilities.
或有负债的会计处理准则

We can observed that
我们可以看到

a loss contingency is accrued only if a loss is probable
或有损失只有在损失可能发生

and the amount can reasonably be estimated.
且金额合理的情况下才应计提估计

For example,
对于例如

a manufacturer that includes a warranty
制造商在其产品中包含保修

with its products would normally fall into this scenario.
通常属于这种情况场景

The reason
那个原因

is the probability that at least some of the products have a defect
是至少部分产品存在缺陷的概率

is likely to be greater than 50%;
可能大于50%

and the company would also likely
以及公司也可能

to have sufficient information to estimate the warranty cost.
有足够的信息来估计保修成本

Thus,
因此

companies generally need to record provisions for warranties,
公司通常需要记录担保准备金

as previously discussed.
如前所述

We can use two methods to estimate the provision.
我们可以用两种方法来估算准备金

Firstly,
第一

For large population like warranty,
对于像保修等样本量较多的情况

the expected value method is applied.
采用期望值法

Secondly,
第二

for single item like lawsuit,
对于像诉讼等单样本的事项

we will use the most likely outcome method.
采用最有可能结果法

For example,
例如

suppose a company is facing a lawsuit,
假设一家公司正面临一场诉讼

and its legal counsel believes that
而其法律顾问认为

a loss is probable.
很可能会发生损失

Counsel estimates
律师估计

that there is a 70% probability that the courts will award $500,000
法院判决50万美元的可能性为70%

and a 30% probability that they will award $300,000.
判决30万美元的可能性为30%

In this case,
在这种情况下

the company will record a $500,000 provision
公司将记录50万美元的准备金

as this is the most likely outcome.
因为这是最有可能的结果

While,
当然

there is another case.
还有另一种情况

When there is a range of possibilities
当存在一系列可能性

and all outcomes in the range are equally likely,
且该范围内的所有结果都具有同等可能性时

the most likely outcome is the midpoint of the range.
最有可能的结果就是范围的中点

For example,
例如

A company sued B company for $2 million
一家公司起诉B公司索赔200万美元

alleging breach of contract.
指控其违约

B company's legal counsel estimates
B公司的法律顾问估计

that A company likelihood of success is about 60%.
A公司成功的可能性约为60%

Based on its experience with cases of this nature,
根据其处理此类案件的经验

the law firm estimates,
该律师事务所估计

if successful,
如果胜诉

that the party will be awarded $1,000,000 to $1,400,000,
诉讼当事人将获得100万至140万美元的赔偿

with all payouts in this range being equally likely.
在这一范围内的所有支出都有同样的可能性

In this case,
在这种情况下

the likelihood is 60%,
可能性是60%

so the loss is probable
所以损失是可能的

and the company must make a provision.
公司必须计提准备金

Because all payouts in the range are equally likely
因为范围内的所有支出都有相同的可能性

so we can use the mid-point to estimate the outcome.
所以我们可以使用中间点来估计结果

We use 1 million dollar plus 1.4 million dollars
我们用100万美元+140万美元

and then divide by 2.
除以2

so we can get 1.2million.
所以我们可以得到120万

The journal entry is like:
会计分录如下

Dr. Lawsuit settlement expense 1,200,000
借：诉讼和解费120万

Cr. Provision for contract settlement costs 1,200,000
贷：合同理赔准备金120万

Next,
接下来

let's discuss the second treatment:
我们来讨论第二种处理方法

Disclosure.
披露

When the probability of the contingent outflow
当或有流出的概率

is only possible but not probable,
仅为可能但不可能发生时

then the enterprise would not be required to recognize a liability.
企业不需要确认负债

Instead,
相反

it would just disclose the fact that
它只会披露一个事实

it has a contingent liability.
即它有一个或有负债

This situation includes cells 2 and 5.
这种情况包括单元格2和单元格5

In addition,
此外

even in situations when the future outflows are probable
即使在未来可能流出

but cannot be measured reliably,
但无法可靠计量的情况下

then the standard criterion for recognition fails;
确认的标准标准也会失效

therefore,
因此

such situations also result in
这种情况也会导致

the disclosure of a contingent liability.
或有负债的披露

This is cell 4.
这是单元格4.

For example:
例如

X company sues Y company
X公司起诉Y公司

for $10 million patent infringement.
侵犯专利1000万美元

The legal team of Y company
Y公司的法律团队

are unsure about the outcome,
对结果不确定

but estimate the X company's
但估计X公司

likelihood of success is about 20%.
成功的可能性约为20%

In this case,
在这种情况下

the outcome is possible but not probable,
结果是可能的 但不是非常可能

so the details of the contingent liability
因此应在附注中披露

in should be disclosed the notes.
或有负债的详细情况

When the probability of the contingent outflow is remote,
当偶然流出的概率很小

then no action required.
则无需采取任何行动

This outcome is reflected in cells 3 and 6 in the table.
这个结果反映在表中的单元格3和6中

For example,
例如

Marry slips on a wet floor in Z shopping mall,
Marry在Z购物中心的湿地板上滑倒

falls, and breaks her arm.
摔倒 摔断了胳膊

Marry sues Z shopping mall for $10,000 in damages.
Marry起诉苏伊士购物中心 赔偿1万美元

The law firm advises the company
律师事务所告知公司

that this lawsuit is unlikely to succeed.
这场诉讼不太可能成功

They are confident that the courts will dismiss the case.
他们相信法院会驳回此案

Given these circumstances,
考虑到这些情况

the probability is remote,
概率很小

so no action is required.
因此不需要采取任何行动

In the end,
最后

let's review what we learned.
让我们回顾一下我们所学到的

Please fill in the relevant information in this table.
请在本表中填写有关资料

If the future outcome is probable,
如果未来的结果是可能的

then we have to look at the measurability,
那么我们就必须考虑其可计量性

if it can be reliably measured,
如果它能够可靠地计量

it should be report as a liability and record as provision.
则应将其列为负债并作为准备金入账

If not,
如果没有

we have to disclose it in the note.
我们必须在附录中披露

In the second row with possible condition,
在第二排有可能的情况下

we have to disclose anyway.
我们无论如何都要披露

The last remote condition,
最后在可能性很小的情况下

no action required.
不采取任何处理

Now, Let's try another exercise.
现在 我们来做另一个练习

Which statement about contingencies is correct?
关于或有事项的哪一种陈述是正确的

A
A

If the future outcome is possible
如果未来的结果是可能的

and reliably measurable,
和可靠的可测量的

a provision is recorded.
则记录规定

B
B

If the future outcome is probable
如果未来的结果是可能

and reliably measurable,
和可靠地可测量的

a provision is recorded.
则记录规定

C
C

If the future outcome is probable,
如果将来的结果是可能的

a provision is recorded even if it is not reliably measurable.
即使规定不能可靠地衡量 也要记录该规定

D
D

If the future outcome is possible,
如果未来的结果是可能的

a provision is recorded even if it is not reliably measurable.
即使规定不能可靠地衡量 也应予以记录

If you familiar with the table,
如果你熟悉这张表

You can find the answer immediately,
你可以马上找到答案

which is B.
那就是B

If the future outcome is probable
如果未来的结果是可能的

and reliably measurable,
和可靠的可测量的

a provision is recorded.
则记录准备金

After we learned contingent outflows,
在我们了解了或有流出之后

its time to discuss Contingencies involving potential inflows.
现在是讨论涉及潜在流入的情况的时候了

A contingent asset is a potential economic benefit
或有资产是一种潜在的经济利益

that is dependent on future events out of a company's control.
它取决于公司无法控制的未来事件

For example:
例如

possible donations or gifts.
可能的捐款或礼物

Usually,
通常情况下

Management has a tendency
管理层倾向于

to overstate assets and income,
高估资产和收入

so the principle of prudence requires
因此审慎原则要求

stronger evidence before contingent inflows are recognized.
在确认或有流入之前有更有力的证据

Contingent assets
或有资产

are not recognized on the statement of financial position.
不在财务状况表中确认

If a contingent asset is virtually certain,
如果一项或有资产实际上是几乎确定的

it is no longer a contingent asset
它就不再是或有资产

and is recognized as an asset.
而是被确认为一项资产

But how we define virtually certain?
但我们是如何定义几乎确定的呢

In practice
在实践中

it is generally interpreted
它通常被解释为

to be at least a probability of 95% or more.
至少95%或更高的概率

This is different from contingent liabilities,
这与或有负债不同

which are reported on the financial statements
或有负债是在财务报表中报告的

when they are probable and the amount can be estimated.
当它们很可能发生并且金额可以估计时

When a contingent inflow is probable (> 50%),
当或有流入是可能的（>50%）

which means the probability
即概率

is greater than 50% and less than 95%,
大于50%小于95%时

we need disclose a contingent asset.
我们需要披露或有资产

And no action required in other situation.
在其他情况下不需要采取行动

Ok,
好的

before finish,
在结束之前

let's do an exercise.
让我们做一个练习

Which one is the correct statement?
哪一种说法是正确的

A
A

The same probability threshold
相同的概率阈值

is used to record contingent liabilities and provisions.
用于记录或有负债和拨备

B
B

The same probability threshold
使用相同的概率阈值

is used to record contingent assets and contingent liabilities.
记录或有资产和或有负债。

C
C

Possible contingent liabilities are recorded.
可能的或有负债被记录

D
D

Virtually certain contingent assets are recorded.
几乎某些或有资产被记录

As we just learned
正如我们刚刚了解到的

the judgment criteria between contingent liability the judgment criteria
或有负债与资产的判断标准

is not the same.
是不一样的

So,
所以

A and B is not right,
A和B是不对的

For C,
对于C来说

the possible contingent liability
可能的或有负债

should be disclosed not recorded.
应该披露不入账

Then D is correct,
那么D是正确的

virtually certain contingent assets are recorded
几乎确定的或有资产被记录下来

and the probability for virtually certain is beyond 95%.
并且几乎确定的概率是超过95%

Ok,
好的

that's it for contingency section,
或有事项就学完啦

thank you for your attention,
谢谢您的关注

and see you next time.
下次见

Bye!
再见