C1-01 Introduction and Definition在线视频

Hello everyone,
大家好

welcome to my class.
欢迎来到我的课堂

Today we will learn the first topic
今天我们学习的第一个话题

which is the introduction of liability.
是责任的介绍

First,
首先

let's think about a question:
让我们思考一个问题

What is a liability?
什么是负债

Actually,
实际上

The answer is really not as easy as it looks.
答案并不像看起来那么简单

For example,
例如

are preference shares a liability or an equity?
优先股是负债还是权益

You might say,
你可能会说

it is an equity,
这是权益

because it is called shares.
因为它被称为股份

Well!
好

To answer this question
要回答这个问题

we should look at the definition of liability first.
我们首先要看责任的定义

According to the IFRS:
根据国际财务报告准则

a liability is a present obligation of the entity arising from past events,
负债是实体因过去事项而产生的当前义务

the settlement of which is expected to results in
该义务的清偿预期会导致

an outflow form the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.
体现经济利益的资源从实体流出

The definition is a little bit long,
这个定义有点长

so I marked the three key elements
所以我标记了三个关键元素

to help you to understand,
来帮助你们理解

which are present obligation,
现在的义务

past events and future outflow.
过去的事件和未来的流出

Present obligations
目前的义务

are normally legally enforceable
通常是法律强制执行的

but can also be constructive in nature
但在性质上也可以是建设性的

like obligations that arise from recurring practice:
类似于因反复实践而产生的义务

For example
例如

In order to maintain good customer relations
为了维持良好的客户关系

A company regularly repairs products
公司会在质保期过后

after the warranty period for key customers.
定期为其主要客户维修产品

The company would report a liability
公司将报告在保修期和之后的期间预计将花费的金额的负债

公司将报告在保修期和之后的期间预计将花费的金额的负债

for the amounts that are expected to be expended
公司将报告在保修期和之后的期间预计将花费的金额的负债

公司将报告在保修期和之后的期间预计将花费的金额的负债

both in the warranty period and in the period afterward.
公司将报告在保修期和之后的期间预计将花费的金额的负债

Another example:
另一个例子

Know as a environment friendly organization,
B石油勘探公司是一家环境友好型组织

B石油勘探公司是一家环境友好型组织

B oil exploration company has a past practice
B石油勘探公司是一家环境友好型组织

of restoring oil rig sites after they are dismantled
过去在石油钻井平台拆除后

in spite of no legal obligation to do so,
虽然没有法律义务这样做

then
但是

there was a constructive liability,
有一个建设性责任

which must be recognized in the company's financial statements.
必须在公司的财务报表中确认

This is because
这是因为

a reasonable expectation has been created
人们有合理的预期

that the company will restore oil drilling sites in the future.
认为该公司将来会恢复石油钻探场地

Secondly,
第二

the past event must have occurred.
过去的事情一定已经发生过

For example,
例如

if you borrowed money from your friend last week
如果你上周向你的朋友借了钱

Which is a past event.
这是过去的事情

you incurred a liability
你就承担了一项负债

and have a present obligation.
现在也有一项负债

However,
然而

if you simply decided
如果你只是决定

to borrow money from your friend next week
下周向你的朋友借钱

That is a decision to do something in the future.
那就是决定将来要做的事情

Then you have not incurred a liability yet.
那么你就没有负债了

Finally,
最后

The expectation of an outflow of economic benefits
对经济利益流出的预期

is fairly straightforward.
相当直接

For a liability to exist,
要使负债存在

you must have an expectation
你必须有一种预期

that you are going to give up something in the future
即你将在未来放弃某物

to satisfy the creditor's claim.
以满足债权人的要求

It doesn't have to be cash only,
它不只是现金

it also can be other assets,
也可以是其他资产

or services.
或服务

For recognition of an liability,
对于责任的确认

only meeting the definition is not enough.
仅仅满足定义是不够的

Apart from satisfying the definition of liability,
除了满足负债的定义外

the following two recognition criteria have to be met
还必须满足以下两个确认标准

before a liability could be shown on the face
才能在财务报表上显示负债

才能在财务报表上显示负债

of a financial statement:
才能在财务报表上显示负债

First,
首先

It is probable
很可能是

that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits
体现经济利益的资源

from the entity.
从实体流出

The term probable means
术语“可能”的意思是

''more likely to occur''.
“更有可能发生”

For example,
例如

small probability event
小概率事件

is not something more likely to occur.
不是更可能发生的事情

Second,
第二

The amount of the obligation
债务数额

can be measured reliably,
能够可靠地计量

that means
也就是说

precise amount of obligation is not required
不需要精确的债务数额

Here comes a question,
这里有一个问题

Can a liability be measured reliably
如果支付金额或时间存在不确定性负债能否可靠地计量

如果支付金额或时间存在不确定性负债能否可靠地计量

if there is uncertainty over the amount or timing of payments?
如果支付金额或时间存在不确定性负债能否可靠地计量

The answer is yes.
答案是肯定的

For example,
例如

payments for warranty costs
保修费用的

are uncertain in terms of both amount and timing,
支付在数量和时间上都是不确定的

yet
但是

we would still record
我们仍然会记录

a liability for the estimated cost.
估计成本的负债

We will learn more about this in the provision session.
我们将在提供部分中进一步了解这一点

If an obligation meets the definition of a liability
如果一项义务符合责任的定义

but fails to meet the recognition criteria,
但不符合确认标准

it is classified as a contingent liability.
则被归类为或有责任

Contingent liability is not presented as a liability
或有负债不是作为负债

in the statement of financial position
在财务状况表中列示

but
而是

is instead disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.
在财务报表附注中披露

Liability can be classified as
负债可分为

financial and non financial liability.
金融负债和非金融负债

A financial liability
金融负债

is a contractual obligationto deliver cash
是指向另一方交付现金

or other financial assets to another party.
或其他金融资产的合同义务

For example
例如

a loan from the bank
从银行贷款

is a financial liability of the company.
是公司的财务负债

Non-financial liabilities
非金融负债

are obligations that meet the criteria for a liability,
是符合负债标准的债务

but are not financial liabilities.
但不是金融负债

Non-financial obligations
非财务债务

are typically settled through the delivery of goods
通常通过提供货物

or provision of services.
或服务来结算

For instance,
例如

magazines routinely sell subscriptions for one or more years.
杂志通常销售一年或更长时间的订阅

The publisher's obligation to the subscribers
出版商对订阅者的义务

is to provide the magazine for the agreed-upon period.
是在约定的期限内提供杂志

This is a non-financial liability
这是一种非金融负债

as it will be settled by delivering the periodical,
因为它将通过递送杂志来结算

rather than paying cash or providing a financial asset.
而不是支付现金或提供金融资产

Warranties are another example of non-financial liabilities.
担保是非金融负债的另一个例子

Lastly,
最后

liabilities established by legislation
法律规定的责任

such as income taxes payable
如应缴所得税

are also non-financial liabilities
也是非财务责任

as they are not contractual in nature.
因为它们在性质上不是合同责任

From an accounting perspective,
从会计的角度来看

it is important for us to distinguish between financial
区分财务负债和非财务负债是很重要的

and non-financial liabilities
区分财务负债和非财务负债是很重要的

as IFRS requires that
因为IFRS要求

some financial liabilities be measured at their fair value
一些金融负债以公允价值

rather than amortized cost.
而不是摊销成本计量

Now,
现在

let's think back to the question:
让我们回到这个问题

"are preference shares a liability or an equity?"
优先股是负债还是权益

To deal with this question,
处理这个问题

we should always follow the substance of a transaction
我们应该始终遵循交易的实质

rather than it's legal form.
而不是法律形式

Let's look at a example:
让我们看一个例子

On the Jan 1 2020
在2020年1月1日

A company issues $10 million of
一家公司发行了1,000万美元的

5% preferences share,
5%优先股

to be redeemed at par after 3 years.
3年后以面值赎回

So the company got $10 million cash on Jan 1 2020.
公司在2020年1月1日获得了1000万美元现金

In return for issuing a redeemable preference share,
作为发行可赎回优先股的回报

they have to pay the shareholders
他们必须每年向股东支付

5% of their original investment each year.
其原始投资的5%

And three years later,
三年后

the company have to pay back the whole $10 million.
公司必须偿还全部1000万美元

This transaction meet the definition of financial liability,
这种交易符合金融负债的定义

a contractual obligation to deliver cash or other financial assets.
即交付现金或其他金融资产的合同义务

There is an obligation to pay back with $10 million.
有义务偿还1000万美元

But even though they call it preference shares,
但即使他们称之为优先股

we would treat them as a liability debt,
我们也会将其视为一种负债

not equity,
而不是权益

they will have to be classified as a liability
在我们的财务状况表中

in our statement of financial position,
它们必须被归类为负债

not equity.
而不是权益

But
但是

if the preference share is not redeemable,
如果优先股不能赎回

then
那么

there was no obligation to pay the original sum back.
就没有义务偿还原始金额

They would not meet
它们不符合

the definition of a financial liability
财务负债的定义

and instead be treated as equity
而应在财务状况表中

in a statement of financial position.
作为权益对待

The liability also can be classified as
负债也可以分为

current and non-current liability.
流动负债和非流动负债

Similar like the current assets,
与流动资产一样

current liability
流动负债

is expected to be paid within one year
预计在一年或公司正常经营周期内支付

or the company's normal operating cycle,
预计在一年或公司正常经营周期内支付

whichever is longer.
两者中较长者为准

The operating cycle is the period of the time
经营周期是指 从在生产过程中取得货物或服务到最终以现金销售的一段时间

经营周期是指 从在生产过程中取得货物或服务到最终以现金销售的一段时间

from the acquisition of goods or services
经营周期是指 从在生产过程中取得货物或服务到最终以现金销售的一段时间

经营周期是指 从在生产过程中取得货物或服务到最终以现金销售的一段时间

in the manufacturing process
经营周期是指 从在生产过程中取得货物或服务到最终以现金销售的一段时间

经营周期是指 从在生产过程中取得货物或服务到最终以现金销售的一段时间

to the final cash sales.
经营周期是指 从在生产过程中取得货物或服务到最终以现金销售的一段时间

And the length of operating cycles
不同行业的经营周期

is varying in different industries.
也不尽相同

And the long-term liabilities
长期负债

is expected not to be paid within one year
预计在一年内或公司一个营业周期内无法偿还

预计在一年内或公司一个营业周期内无法偿还

or the company's operating cycle.
预计在一年内或公司一个营业周期内无法偿还

Now let's do an exercise together.
现在让我们一起做一个练习

Please decide whether the following items
请确定下列项目

are a current or a non current liability.
是流动负债还是非流动负债

The accounts payable and sale tax payable
应付帐款和应付销售税

is current liability obviously.
显然是流动负债

The Bond payable matures in two years
两年内到期的应付债券

is non-current liability
是非流动负债

because the company
因为公司必须

have to pay back the principle more than one year.
在一年以上偿还本金

The last one is a little bit tricky.
最后一个有点棘手

Four year bank loan,
4年期的银行贷款

but matures in six month after reporting date,
但在报告日期后的6个月内到期

which means
这意味着

the the loan have to pay back
贷款目前需要偿还的时间

less than one year currently,
少于1年

so we have to report it as a current liability.
所以我们必须将其作为流动负债报告

ok, guys
好的 同学们

That's all for today class
今天的课就到这里

and don't forget to do your homework.
别忘了做作业