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Welcome back.
欢迎回来

This is the Section 4 of Unit 2.
这是第单元第四讲

In this section we continue to study
在这一讲中，我们继续学习

formal aspects of cinematography
电影摄影的形式

with the emphasis on
主要关注

camera movement（摄影机运动）.
摄影机技巧

All the features of framing we’ve examined so far
到目前为止，我们所学习所有景框的特征

are present in paintings.
都是以图画的形式展示的

It would not be wrong to say that
甚至说它们

they were even originated from paintings.
起源于绘画都是没有错的

However, there is one source of framing
然而，有一个源于

that is specific to cinema.
电影的特殊景框

That is to move
即

with respect to the framed material.
相对于框架材料移动

Mobile framing（动态画面）
镜头运动取景

means that within the image
指在镜头中

the framing of the object changes.
对取景物的改变

The mobile frame, therefore
因此，动态景框

produces changes of camera angles
在拍摄过程中会产生

heights, distances during the shot.
摄影角度、高度、距离的变化

Further, since the framing
此外，由于取景

orients us to the subjects in the image
将我们导向影像中的内容

we often see ourselves as
我们常常认为自己

moving along with the frame.
随着景框一起移动

Through such framing patterns
通过这样的取景模式

we may get closer to
我们可能会离取景物更近

or further from, the subject
更远

or circle around it
绕着它转

or simply move past it.
或简单地越过它

In film studies
在电影研究中

this ability of the frame being able to move
这种能够让景框移动的能力

is known as camera movement.
被称为摄影机运动

There are several types of camera movement
有几种类型的摄影机运动

each of which creates a specific effect onscreen.
每一种都会在屏幕上产生特定的效果

The first type of movement
第一种类型的运动

is called panning（横摇）.
称为横摇

The term panning 
“横摇”一词

is derived from panorama
是从“全景图”一词中衍生出来的

suggesting an expansive view
暗示着一种

that exceeds the gaze
超越视线的广阔视界

forcing the viewer to turn their head
迫使观众进行移动头部

in order to take everything in.
来将一切收入眼中

It is as if the camera turns its head from right
它就像摄影机从右向左

to left or from left to right.
或从左向右转动头部

Panning, in other words
换句话说

is a device for gradually revealing
横摇是一种逐渐

and incorporating off-screen space
将屏幕外空间展示

into the image.
和融入图像的手段

The second type of movement
第二钟运动

is called tilting（直摇）.
称为直摇

Tilting or tilt means the camera stays
直摇是以一个水平轴线

in a fixed position but rotates up or down
为中心

in a vertical plane.
上下旋转摄影机

Tilting the camera results in a motion similar
摄影机直摇就像

to someone raising
一个人抬头

or lowering their heads to look up or down.
或点头一样上下摇动

On screen
在屏幕上

the tilt movement generates the impression
直摇可以生成出

of unrolling a space from up to bottom
上下展开空间

or from bottom to up.
的印象

It is distinguished from panning in which
它与摄像机

the camera is horizontally pivoted
从左到右水平旋转的横摇

left to right.
不同

Pan and tilt can be used simultaneously. 
横摇和直摇可以同时使用

Now we come to the third type
现在我们来看第三种类型的

of camera movement
摄影机运动

called tracking shot（推轨镜头）.
称为推轨镜头

A tracking shot is any shot where
推轨镜头是指

the camera moves alongside the object
摄像机沿着被拍摄物移动

that is recorded.
的镜头

In cinematography
在电影摄影中

the term refers to a shot in which the camera
这个术语指的是摄影机

is mounted on a camera dolly 
安装在摄影机小车上的镜头

that is then placed on rails –
然后放置在轨道上-

like a railroad track.
就像铁路轨道一样

The camera is then pushed along the track
然后，摄像机沿着轨道同时移动

while the image is being filmed.
在进行图像拍摄时

Let’s see an example.
让我们看一个例子

This is the scene when Jane took a walk
这是简

after congratulating Mr. Rochester
在祝贺和罗切斯特先生

for getting married.
结婚后散步的情景

From the context and the story
从故事背景中

we know that Jane is in serious pain
我们得知简处于极度的的痛苦之中

as she has affection for Mr. Rochester.
因为她对罗切斯特先生已生情愫

Mr. Rochester followed her into the village
罗切斯特先生跟着她进了村子

and soon caught up with her.
很快就追上了她

The first shot is a long shot
第一个镜头是一个全景镜头

from which we see the countryside
从这个镜头中，我们看到了村里的

with a bridge and running river.
一座桥和一条小河

It is sunny with yellow daffodils
天气晴朗，河岸有

along the river side
黄色的水仙花

suggesting spring and warmth.
暗示着春天和暖意

The long shot enables us
这个全景镜头可以让我们

to see the characters’ movements.
看到人物的动作

Jane hurried ahead.
简忙着往前赶

Mr. Rochester followed with big steps
罗切斯特先生大步跟在后面

and even started to run.
甚至开始小跑

These behaviors are clear indications
这些动作清楚地表明了

of their inner emotions:
他们内心的情感：

whilst Jane is jealous and in pain
简是嫉妒和痛苦的

Mr. Rochester is eager to hear
罗切斯特先生则渴望听到

about her true feeling for him.
她对他的真实感觉

We are then cut to the second shot.
然后第二个镜头切入

Tilt is used here as the camera moves down
这里为了拍摄罗切斯特的向下动作

to frame Rochester.
使用了直摇

He eventually caught up with Jane
他最后从桥上跑下来时

while running down from the bridge.
追上了简

This is then followed by a pan.
然后是一个横摇镜头

Notice that
注意

the tilt appears together with panning
直摇和横摇一起

within the same shot.
出现在同一镜头内

This means that
这表示

there is no cutting to interfere.
没有剪辑的干扰

The characters actions are in a natural flow.
角色动作在自然流动中

The panning allows our eyes to move
横摇让我们的眼睛和相机

to the left together with the camera
一起向左移动

as the characters move onward together
当人物一起向前移动时

and eventually see them
最终看到他们

walking side by side into the woods.
并肩走进树林

There is also tracking used
这里还有用来跟进

to follow up the pace of the characters.
人物的角度的推轨镜头

But this tracking movement
但这种推轨运动

is slight in comparison
与人物的运动相比

with the characters’ movement
是细微的

creating the impression as if
创造了一种

we are left behind
我们被抛在后面

and out of their intimate companionship.
在他们亲密的陪伴之外的印象

In film making
在电影拍摄中

a tracking shot generally runs lateral
推轨镜头通常是横向

to or alongside its subject
或在拍摄主体一侧的

since the tracks would be visible
因为轨道可以在

in a shot of any distance
靠近或远离拍摄物的任意距离

that moved toward or away from its subject.
的镜头中看到

We have just analyzed a short sequence
我们刚刚分析了一个简短镜头

from the film Jane Eyre
来自电影《简爱》

by using the three types of camera movement.
通过使用三种类型的相机运动

Panning, tilting and tracking shots
横摇、直摇和推轨镜头

are the most common framing movements
是最常见的运动取景

but virtually any kind of camera movement
但实际上任何摄影机运动

can be imagined.
都可以被想象出来

Sometimes the filmmaker
有时，电影制作人

does not want smooth camera movements
不想要平稳的相机动作

preferring a bumpy, jiggling image instead.
而是更喜欢颠簸、摇摆的影像

Normally, this kind of image is made
这种影像通常是

by using a hand-held camera（手持摄影机）.
用手持摄像机完成的

That is, the operator does not anchor the machine
也就是说，操作员不把机器

on a tripod or dolly
固定在三脚架或推轨车上

but instead uses his or her body
而是用他或她的身体

to act as the support.
作为支撑

Now take a look at the following example
来看下面的例子

and try to think about how it differs
试着思考它

from a so-called “neat movement”
和由横摇、直摇和推轨镜头组成

consisting of panning, tilting and tracking:
所谓的“整齐运动”有什么不同

At this point in the film
在电影进展的这一时刻

Jane has established love towards Mr. Rochester
简跟罗切斯特先生表达了自己的心意

after rescuing him from a fire accident
在他把从房子里的火灾事故

in the house.
中救出来后

However, he left the house the day after
然而，他第二天便离开了家

and now Jane heard from the housekeeper
而简从管家那里听说

that Mister is coming home with his girlfriend
主人要和他的女朋友

a woman to whom he will marry soon.
一个他很快就会娶回家的女人一起回来

She experienced strong feelings
她感受到了

of pain and jealous
强烈的痛苦和嫉妒

but had to keep them inside.
但不得不把它们留在心里

She continued her daily life as usual
她像往常一样继续她的日常生活

but finding difficulty to concentrate.
但发现难以集中精力

The moment captured in the scene
在这个场景中捕捉到的是

is when she walked into the garden
她走进花园

for some fresh air.
呼吸新鲜空气的那一刻

Because hand-held shots
因为手持镜头

became common in the late 1950s
在20世纪50年代末

with the growth of documentary
随着纪录片数量的增加而变得普遍

the technique can lend an air of authenticity
这种技巧可以提供一种

to “mockumentaries”（伪纪录片）.
类似“伪纪录片”真实性的氛围

As we have seen in this short scene
如我们在这个简短的场景中所见

the hand-held shot is used
手持镜头

to follow Jane’s movement.
用来跟随简的运动

Sometimes far, sometimes close
有时远，有时近

and sometimes jerky.
有时晃动不止

It functions to create a sense of observing
它的作用是创造一种

as an outsider
作为一个局外人去观察的感觉

as someone who cares for her feelings
一个关心她的情感

but dare not to approach.
但又不敢靠近的人

The camera pattern corresponds nicely
摄影模式

with Jane’s personality
与简那种

as someone who keeps emotional distance
即使与深爱的人也保持情感距离的个性

even to the one she loves deeply.
很好地对应

In this section
在本讲中

we have learnt camera movements
我们学习了摄影机运动

namely panning, tilting and tracking
即横摇、直摇和推轨

and also hand-held shot.
以及手持摄影

In the next section
在下一讲中

we will bring everything we've learnt
我们将把我们

in this unit about camera work
在本单元中学到的关于摄影技巧的一切

into analyzing one extended example
综合应用到

from Jane Eyre.
《简·爱》的案例分析中

That’s all for now.
就这样吧

See you next time.
下次见