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Hello
welcome back
I am Hua
This is lesson 2
week 4
In our previous session
we learned how to write a paragraph
using process analysis
Today
we will focus on another method
of paragraph development: classification
classification
Please look at this photograph
What does the photo show
It shows fruits and vegetables on display
at a farmers’ market
How are the fruits and vegetables arranged
They are arranged according to type of produce
Can you imagine how difficult it would be
to find what you need
if all the produce were randomly
piled onto a table or shelf
with cucumbers
tomatoes
onions
peppers
and bananas all mixed together
Whoever arranged the fruits and vegetables
in the market used a process
called classification
grouping things into categories
based on specific characteristics
This chapter will show you
how to write effective paragraphs
based on classification
As a matter of fact
on a daily basis
we use classification to organize things and ideas
Your dresser drawers
are probably organized by categories
with socks and sweatshirts in different drawers
Grocery stores
libraries
and even restaurant menus
arrange items in groups
according to similar characteristics
Today
we have two objectives
1. Understand the characteristics
of paragraphs structured to classify objects or ideas
2. Be able to compose such paragraphs
successfully based on the method of
ONE-PRINCIPLE
OK let's talk about the Characteristics of Classification
The first characteristic of classification is
Classification Groups Things
According to One Principle
To sort items into groups
a writer needs to decide on what basis to do so
For example
birds could be classified in terms of their size
habitat
or diet
To develop an effective set of categories
a writer needs to choose
ONE principle of classification at a time
Alright
Can you explain
why the following classification is not acceptable
Sports can be classified into jumping
ball games
running
gymnastics and backstroke
yes Because
it violates the principle of “ONE-PRINCIPLE”
for ball games
should be considered a general category
while jumping and running
are subcategories of
track and field events
gymnastics is also a general category
Here is a proper example of
the use of classification
One way that sports can be classified
is whether they focus on individual athletic
ability gymnastics
track and field events
swimming
golf or are team sports basketball
baseball
soccer
etc
or mainly focus on one-on-one competition
like boxing
fencing
tennis
The second characteristic is
Classification Follows a Principle
Determined by the Writer’s Purpose and Audience
Because several different principles can be used
to categorize any group
the writer’s purpose and audience
should determine the principle of classification
The personnel director of a college
might classify professors by age
in preparing a financial report
for trustees that projects
upcoming retirements
whereas a student writing a humor
column for the campus newspaper
might categorize professors by teaching style
Look at this example
Indian was an easy way
for Europeans to refer to any person
living in the mysterious new land
across the ocean
But these people never thought of themselves
as Indians
Instead they had hundreds of different names
each identifying a separate tribe and culture
Some Indians were hunters
some were farmers
some fishers
some warriors
some slaves
some priests
and some artists
Many groups of Indians
lived in one place all their lives
others were almost always traveling
searching for food
Each group had its own language
although some used sign
language to communicate with other tribes
Some Indians led a simple life of hunting
and gathering
a few groups built great cities
and majestic temples
Some were almost always at war with other tribes
But many groups of Indians almost never fought
Each tribe was basically independent
My first question for this paragraph is
What are the principles applied in this paragraph
Yes we might say
Occupations in [4]
ways of life in [5]
languages in [6]
and the second question is
What effects
do these classifications achieve
In this paragraph
when the word Indian is first mentioned
we have only a general
and vague idea of who these particular people are
and may even think
that they must be identical to each other
in many ways
But then the paragraph begins
to classify these people into many recognizable groups
by their different characteristics
Thus we have a much better idea
of the Indians as peoples with different cultures
histories
languages and ways of life
Therefore the usefulness of classification
is found in how it gives
a clear and in-depth view of a subject and
to a certain extent
produces a feeling of order
Now
let us read another example paragraph
Different people enjoy doing different things
This is certainly reflected in this beach scene
Some like to sit in the shade
watching the splashing waves in the blue sea
and listening to the rhythmic sounds
They think that is the most enjoyable
thing to do on a beach
Others prefer basking in the sun
not content to leave without
an impressive suntan
But primarily the beach is for children
They rush around up and down
the sandy beach
in and out of the water
In a quiet corner
a few children sit with buckets and spades
building sand-castles
Yet other smaller children
step tentatively into the water
to try out paddling
making sure that Dad is not too far away
In this paragraph
the system of classification is clear
The people on the beach
are divided into two major groups
adults and children
Then the adults
are further divided into two types
those who like to sit in the shade
watching and listening to the sea
and those who love to stay in the sun
to get themselves tanned
The children are also divided into the older ones
and the younger ones
interested in doing different things
OK Let’s move on to Sample 3
There are three kinds of book owners
The first has all the standard sets
and best-sellers-unread
untouched
This deluded individual owns wood pulp and ink
not books
The second has a great many books
a few of them read through
most of them dipped into
but all of them as clean
and shiny as the day they were bought
This person would probably like
to make books his own
but is restrained by a false respect
for their physical appearance
The third has a few books or many
every one of them dog eared
and dilapidated
shaken and loosened by continual use
marked and scribbled in
from front to back
This man owns books
Now analyze the classification in this paragraph
According to the author
book owners can be divided into three kinds
those who do not read their books
those who carelessly read short
sections of their books
and those who read closely
and carefully every one of their books
In his opinion
only the third kind can be said to own books
After analyzing the above three examples
I believe you have a better overview of
how to write a paragraph
using the method of classification
Now
can you list the signal words and phrases
used for classification
yes you might say
The signal words include
Main kinds of
Kinds of
Basic kinds
Minor
Primary
secondary
Classify/classifications
Divide/divisions
Similar/similarities
Dissimilar/dissimilarities
Differences
Opposing
Opposite
Aspects
types
classes
parts
categories
regions
characteristics
or you might use phrases or structures like
Fall into… categories
Can be divided into…
kinds/types/classes/parts…
Now let us work on an exercise
Please add items to the following lists
1
Cities can be classified according to
the following criteria
size
or living space for its residents
Can you come up with more criteria which classify cities
administration ranks
population
geographic location
economic development
all of these criteria can also be used to classify cities
the second question Museums can be classified
according to the following criteria
history
popularity
Any other criteria
yes we might say location
theme
characteristic
or size
OK let’s summarize
Classification is a process of sorting people
things
or ideas into groups
or categories
to help make them more understandable
A successful classification
should follow one principle
Because several different principles can be used
to categorize any group
the writer’s purpose and audience
should determine the principle of classification
Therefore
you are supposed to choose a principle
that will both interest your readers
and fulfill your purpose
Enough for now
See you in the next session
-Lesson 1 How to Choose Word Accurately: Understand Word Meaning- Denotation and Connotation
--Lesson 1 How to Choose Word Accurately: Understand Word Meaning- Denotation and Connotation
-Lesson 2 How to Use Words Appropriately – Formal and Informal
--Lesson 2 How to Use Words Appropriately – Formal and Informal
-Lesson 3 How to Use Words Compellingly – Specific and General
--Lesson 3 How to Use Words Compellingly – Specific and General
-Lesson 4 Some Don’ts in Word Choice
--Lesson 4 Some Don’ts in Word Choice
-Quiz1
--Quiz1
-Lesson 1-Sentence Variety
-Lesson 2-Common Problematic Sentences I
--Lesson 2-Common Problematic Sentences I
-Lesson 3-Common Problematic Sentences II
--Lesson 3-Common Problematic Sentences II
-Quiz2
--Quiz2
-Lesson 1-Structure of a Paragraph
--Lesson 1-Structure of a Paragraph
-Lesson 2-Principles for an Effective Paragraph: unity and coherence
--Lesson 2-Principles for an Effective Paragraph: unity and coherence
-Quiz3
--Quiz3
-Lesson 1- Developing a Paragraph by process analysis
--Lesson 1- Developing a Paragraph by process analysis
-Lesson 2- Developing a Paragraph by classification
--Lesson 2- Developing a Paragraph by classification
-Quiz4
--Quiz4
-Lesson 1- summary
-Lesson 2- application letters
--Lesson 2- application letters
-Lesson 3- resume
-Lesson 4- business emails
-Lesson 5 memo
-Quiz5
--Quiz5
-Lesson 1-types of graphs
-Lesson 2- line graph
-Lesson 3- pie graph
-Lesson 4-bar graph
-Quiz6
--Quiz6
-Lesson 1- What Makes An Essay Effective
--Lesson 1- What Makes An Essay Effective
-Lesson 2-Effective Introduction and Conclusion
--Lesson 2-Effective Introduction and Conclusion
-Quiz7
--Quiz7
-Lesson1-What Is a Descriptive Essay
--Lesson1-What Is a Descriptive Essay
-Lesson 2-What Is a Narrative Essay
--Lesson 2-What Is a Narrative Essay
-Quiz8
--Quiz8
-Lesson 1-What Is a Cause and Effect Essay
--Lesson 1-What Is a Cause and Effect Essay
-Lesson 2-How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay
--Lesson 2-How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay
-Lesson 3- Analyzing a Sample Essay
--Lesson 3- Analyzing a Sample Essay
-Lesson 4-Useful Expressions
-Quiz9
--Quiz9
-Lesson 1-What Is a Comparison and Contrast Essay
--Lesson 1-What Is a Comparison and Contrast Essay
-Lesson 2-How to Write a Comparison and Contrast Essay
--Lesson 2-How to Write a Comparison and Contrast Essay
-Lesson3-How to Avoid a “So-what” Thesis Statement
--Lesson3-How to Avoid a “So-what” Thesis Statement
-Lesson4-Useful Expression
-Quiz10
--Quiz10
-Lesson 1-Overview of Definition
--Lesson 1-Overview of Definition
-Lesson 2-How to Make a Definition
--Lesson 2-How to Make a Definition
-Lesson 3-Pre-writing a Definition Essay
--Lesson 3-Pre-writing a Definition Essay
-Lesson 4-Writing a Definition Essay
--Lesson 4-Writing a Definition Essay
-Quiz11
--Quiz11
-Lesson 1-What Is Argumentation
--Lesson 1-What Is Argumentation
-Lesson 2-How to Present Argument
--Lesson 2-How to Present Argument
-Lesson 3-Pre-writing an Argumentative Essay
--Lesson 3-Pre-writing an Argumentative Essay
-Lesson 4-Writing an Argumentative Essay
--Lesson 4-Writing an Argumentative Essay
-Quiz12
--Quiz12
-Lesson 1-Overview of Academic Writing
--Lesson 1-Overview of Academic Writing
-Lesson 2-How to Prepare the Title and Thesis Statement
--Lesson 2-How to Prepare the Title and Thesis Statement
-Lesson 3-How to Present a Literature Review
--Lesson 3-How to Present a Literature Review
-Lesson 4-How to Make a Thesis Proposal
--Lesson 4-ow to Make a Thesis Proposal
-Lesson 5-How to Write the Introduction
--Lesson 5-How to Write the Introduction
-Lesson 6-How to Describe Material and Methods Used in Research
--Lesson 6-How to Describe Material and Methods Used in Research
-Lesson 7-How to Report and Discuss the Results of Reasearch
--Lesson 7-How to Report and Discuss the Results of Reasearch
-Lesson 8-How to Write the Conclusion
--Lesson 8-How to Write the Conclusion
-Lesson 9-How to Write the Abstract
--Lesson 9-How to Write the Abstract
-Lesson 10-How to Cite the References
--Lesson 10-How to Cite the References1
--Lesson 10-How to Cite the References2
-Quiz13-14
--Quiz13-14
-Lesson 1-Introduction to Course and Instructor’s Name
--Lesson 1-Introduction to Course and Instructor’s Name
-Lesson 2-Lecture Two Getting started: Which Paper Should You Send and Where? The call for Papers
--Lesson 2-Lecture Two Getting started: Which Paper Should You Send and Where? The call for Papers
-Lecture 3-Writing the Abstract
--Lecture 3-Writing the Abstract
-Lecture 4-How to Craft the Oral Presentation
--Lecture 4-How to Craft the Oral Presentation
-Lecture 5-Tips on Attending a Conference, Presenting the Conference Paper, and Taking Question
--Lecture 5-Tips on Attending a Conference, Presenting the Conference Paper, and Taking Question
-Quiz15
--Quiz15