3.1.1 血液_视频在线视频

大家好 我们今天呢学习全新的关于血液和血液循环系统
Hello,everybody.Today,we are learning about the new blood and blood circulation system

我们知道人体要吸取营养
We know that the human body needs to absorb nutrients to consume these nutrients

将这些营养消耗以后变成废物运输出来
and then transport them out into waste

所有这个循环系统呢都是由血液循环系统来完成的
All this circulation system is accomplished by the blood circulation system

所有这个循环系统呢都是由血液循环系统来完成的
All this circulation system is accomplished by the blood circulation system

那么它到底是怎么循环怎么吸收营养的？
So how does it recycle and absorb nutrients

怎么排出这些废物 我们来重点看一看
and how does it discharge these wastes? Let's focus on it

在介绍这个内容之前我们先来介绍一下内环境和外环境
Before introducing this,let's first introduce the internal and external environment

跟内环境相对的就是外环境
The external environment is opposite to the internal environment

外环境就是人体之外的
and the external environment is outside the human body

那么跟外环境相对的就是内环境
So the internal environment is opposite to the external environment

这里的内环境是指每一个细胞所处的一个环境
The internal environment here refers to an environment in which every cell

细胞的外面呢 比如红细胞、白细胞 是浸泡在血浆当中 这一个环境就属于内环境
such as red blood cells、hemameba,is immersed in plasma,which belongs to the internal environment

我们看这一个图 外环境呢 我吃东西进去 呼吸进去 排泄出去 这些都是外环境
Let's look at this picture.I eat in,breathe in,excrete out.These are the external environment

到了外环境 我吃的东西 它的营养我要吸收呀
When it comes to the external environment,what I eat,its nutrients I want to absorb

它到肠道以后会进入血液循环系统
and when it comes to the intestine,it will enter the blood circulation system

这些内环境的营养转换 在血液循环中完成的
The nutrient transformation of the internal environment is completed in the blood circulation

被我们吸进去的空气这是外环境的
The air we breathe in is the external environment

吸入的空气要转变为血液里的营养
The inhaled air should be transformed into nutrients in the blood

由静脉流到心脏去 然后心脏再流遍全身
It flows from the vein to the heart,then the heart flows through the whole body

消耗完以后呢二氧化碳通过肺排出来
After consumption,the carbon dioxide is discharged through the lungs

所以内环境的稳态
Therefore,the homeostasis of the internal environment is a basic condition

是保持正常的健康的生理功能的一个基本条件
for maintaining normal and healthy physiological functions

当然呢 这个内环境是受神经系统调节
Of course,this internal environment is regulated by the nervous system

包括体液、免疫来调节的
including humor and immunity

这是一个图 如果这里是消化系统 这里进去从这里排过来
Here's a picture.If this is the digestive system,let's go in and come out here

呼吸 这是鼻腔 呼吸进来
breathe,this is the nasal cavity,breathe in

这是泌尿系统排出去
this is the urinary system

所有这些都要经过血液循环系统
all of which go through the blood circulation system

我这里吃进去的东西要经过血液循环系统
What I eat here goes through the blood circulation system

我这里吸进去的氧气要经过血液循环系统
The oxygen I breathe in goes through the blood circulation system

所以维持内环境稳态的运输系统
So the transportation system that keeps the homeostasis of the internal environment

就是血液循环系统
is the blood circulation system

那么血液循环系统到底是怎样的
So what is the blood circulation system?

它占我们人体的体积大概是7%-8%
It accounts for about 7%-8% of our body's volume

总体大概是这么多
Overall,it's probably so much

成分呢主要是两种
There are two main ingredients

我们献血的时候呢这里是静脉
When we donate blood,here's the vein

把它抽出来以后把它放进仪器 让它旋转 离心
Put it out and put it in the instrument.Let it rotate,centrifuge

旋转一会它就是这个样子
and rotate for a while,it looks like this

整个的血液下面是红色的上面是黄色的 然后中间是白色的
The whole blood is red on top,yellow on top,and then white in the middle

其中主要的最多的就是上面这个血浆
The most important is the above plasma

这些血细胞 红细胞也好白细胞也好 血小板也好
these blood cells,whether red blood cells,white blood cells or platelets

它都是浸泡在血浆当中 血浆就是液体
are immersed in the plasma,plasma is liquid,mainly composed of some proteins

主要由一些蛋白构成的 除了血浆之外呢 底部的这些都是红细胞
In addition to plasma, these are red blood cells at the bottom

剩下的这一点点呢 就中间的这一小层
What's left is that the small layer in the middle

主要是白细胞和血小板 大概还不到1%
mainly white blood cells and platelets,is less than 1%

我们看它的密度 在这块血浆当中呢有这么多的红细胞
Let's see its density.There are so many red blood cells in this plasma

那这个细胞呢有多有少 如果很多的话这个密度就高一些
How many cells are there? If there are many,the density will be higher

这个很容易理解
This is easy to understand

同时它的粘滞性呢 也会更高一些
At the same time,its viscosity will be higher

就是它流的没那么容易了
It's not so easy to flow

这些细胞的数量和血浆的成分就决定了密度和粘滞度
The number of these cells and the composition of the plasma determine the density and viscosity

如果红细胞 我们说是45% 这个数量显著的比别人要低的话
If red blood cells, we say 45%, are significantly lower than others,

就是确定你贫血的一个重要的指标
it is an important indicator of your anemia

血的粘滞度是水的3.5到5.5倍
Blood viscosity is 3.5 to 5.5 times that of water

水呢没有什么细胞 纯净的水就是氢原子和氧原子
There are no cells in water Pure water is hydrogen and oxygen atoms

我们血液还有红细胞白细胞蛋白 所以粘滞度会高一些
Our blood has red blood cells and white blood cells, so the viscosity will be higher

这主要是血液中的血细胞的数量和血浆的成分
This is mainly the number of blood cells and the composition of plasma

我们看这一幅图 我们抽出来的血 放入抗凝剂以后 不让它凝固了
Let's look at this picture After we put the blood into the anticoagulant, it won't coagulate

一会儿它会变成这个样子
In a moment, it becomes like this

上面一截是空出来的 这个就是血沉现象
The upper part is empty.This is the phenomenon of erythrocyte sedimentation

这个沉降的距离就是红细胞的沉降率
The distance of sedimentation is the sedimentation rate of erythrocyte

这主要是红细胞抱团凝聚
This is mainly the aggregation of erythrocyte

下面我们看血浆的成分
Now let's look at the composition of plasma

刚刚我们说了说有的细胞都浸泡在沉浸在血浆当中
As we just said,some cells are immersed in plasma

那么血浆主要是一些什么构成的呢？
What is the main composition of plasma?

主要是由蛋白质 当然90%的是水 和100多种溶质
Mainly by protein,of course 90% is water,and more than 100 solutes

所以它血浆的成分很复杂
so its plasma composition is very complex

蛋白质又以白蛋白为最主要的 球蛋白
Albumin is the most important protein,globulin

有一个有意思的现象就是血浆渗透压
One interesting phenomenon is plasma osmotic pressure

我们知道如果是一个U型管的话 如果你倒上水
We know that if you pour water into a U-tube

它这两边一定是相等的
it must be the same on both sides

但有一个很有意思的现象就是如果我在这里放一个膜
But if I put a membrane here,

这个水是可以自由扩散进去的
the water can diffuse freely into it,

但这些蛋白呀就堵住了
but the proteins are blocked

我放上这个膜倒上这些血以后
I put the membrane on and pour the blood

这个水它就会过来 但是蛋白过不来
This water will come,but the protein will not come

这时候 这边就会高一些 不像水一样是平的
then,this side will be higher,not as flat as water,

这里要低一些 这里要高一些 为什么呢？
here is lower,here is higher,why?

因为它有一个渗透压
Because it has an osmotic pressure

这个渗透压的大小大概是7个大气压 也就是5330毫米汞柱
the osmotic pressure is about 7 atmospheric pressure,that is5330 mm mercury column

渗透压是怎么决定的 主要是由血浆中的晶体物质来决定的
Determine the osmotic pressure is mainly determined by the crystalline substance in plasma

另外还有一小部分呢是胶体物质
In addition, a small part of it is colloidal substance

分为两种 一个是晶体渗透压
which can be divided into two kinds,one is the crystalline osmotic pressure

一个是胶体渗透压
the other is the colloidal osmotic pressure

这两个渗透压呢晶体渗透压是最主要的
Crystal osmotic pressure is the most important component

晶体渗透压的主要成分就是些蛋白
the main component of crystal osmotic pressure is some proteins

其中最主要的是白蛋白
the most important of which is albumin

因为有这些白蛋白呢过不去
because these albumins can not pass through

沉积在这里呢会更高一些
deposited here will be higher

所以白蛋白是形成血浆胶体渗透压的最主要物质
so albumin is the most important substance to form plasma colloid osmotic pressure

所以呢它是为了不能透过这个毛细血管壁
it is to be unable to penetrate the capillary wall

这些胶体物质 就是只能在我们血液循环系统内流动的
These colloidal substances can only flow in our blood circulation system

所以就能影响血液和组织液之间水交换
so they can affect the water exchange between blood and tissue fluids

维持正常血液量
maintain normal blood volume

如果血蛋白的浓度降低
If the concentration of blood protein decreases,

血浆胶体渗透压下降 就容易造成呢局部水肿
the osmotic pressure of plasma colloidal drops,it is easy to cause local edema

所以我们往血液里输的这些液体 生理盐水
So we infuse these liquids into the blood, saline,

它主要就是这些生理盐水 再打点药进去
it is mainly these saline, and then inject some medicine into it

那么这个生理盐水的浓度就要跟这个血浆溶液
then the concentration of saline will be the same as

浓度要一样 叫作等渗溶液
the concentration of this plasma solution, called isotonic solution