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Comparison of two scientists

For What is a Scientist Remembered?


Freud and Witmer were contemporaries in the early 1900s. Both emphasized and developed case-study methods applied to people with psychological problems. Both pushed their colleagues to seek new directions and applications in their professions. They also contrasted sharply. Whereas Freud worked with adults and never directly studies or worked with children, Witmer focused his clinical work almost exclusively on children. Freud based his inferences on his clients’ verbal self-reports; Witmer included self-reports but also used more objective medical and psychological testing approaches. Freud never went beyond the clients’ self-reports for any corroborating evidence; Witmer sought information from parents, teachers, and others to provide some degree of external validation for his inferences. Freud worked with individual adults, virtually all of whom were economically well-to-do; Witmer worked with individual children across all social classes. Given the apparent superiority of Witmer’s approach, the final comparison leaves us with a puzzle. Freud’s influence on anthropology, drama, literature, psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, and on popular culture generally has been enormous and sustained; Witmer is ordinarily accorded a footnote here and there. It was Freud’s enormous contribution to theory, and not his prowess in validating that theory with sophisticated research, that made him such a powerful figure. Some of Freud’s inferences were clearly wrong, and he routinely went far beyond the data while developing his theory; but his ideas were stimulating, relevant, and often scientifically testable—even if they were not always right.


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返回《Skills in English for General Academic Purposes》慕课在线视频列表

Skills in English for General Academic Purposes课程列表：

Unit 1 How to Write an Argumentative Essay？

-Video Course

--Unit 1 How to write an argumentative essay?

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 1 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 1 How to Write an Argumentative Essay？

-Supplementary Materials

--Induction and deduction

--Sample Writing

--Video--Logic Fallacy

Unit 2 How to Paraphrase?

-Video Course

--Paraphrase

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 2 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 2 How to Paraphrase?

-Supplementary Materials

--Paraphase

--Paraphrasing in IELTS Test

Unit 3 How to Write an Essay by Classification？

-Video Course

--Classification

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 3 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 3 How to Write an Essay by Classification？

-Supplementary Materials

--Sample Essays in Lecture

--Sample writing

--Classification of AI

Unit 4 Macrostructure of Academic Lecture

-Video Course

--Macrostructure of Academic Lectures

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 4 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 4 Macrostructure of Academic Lecture

-Supplementary Materials

--Video--How plants defend themselves

--Script of the above video

Unit 5 How to Write a Definition?

-Video Course

--Definition

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 5 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 5 How to Write a Definition?

-Supplementary Materials

--Video--short-term and long-term memory

--what is love?

--Script of the above video

--Definition essay

Unit 6 How to Describe a Concept?

-Video Course

--How to Describe a Concept

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit6 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 6 How to Describe a Concept?

-Supplementary Materials

--Video--what is verbal irony?

--script of verbal irony

--The Spirit of Jinggangshan

Unit 7 How to Write an Essay by Comparison and Contrast？

-Video Course

--Comparison and Contrast

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 7 Discussion

-Quiz

-- Unit 7 How to Write an Essay by Comparison and Contrast？

-Supplementary Material

--Sample writing

--Empathy or Sympathy

--Comparison of two scientists

Unit 8 How to Raise Questions like Socrates?

-Video Course

--How to Raise Questions like Socrates

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 8 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 8 How to Raise Questions like Socrates?

-Supplementary Materials

--Video--Standardized test

--Script of the above video

--Socratic Questioning

Unit 9 How to Write a Cause-and-Effect Essay?

-Video Course

--Cause and Effect

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 9 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 9 How to Write a Cause-and-Effect Essay?

-Supplementary Materials

--Sample writing

--Cause and effect essay

--Fishbone Diagram

Unit 10 How to Present a Graph?

-Video Course

--How to Present a Graph

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 10 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 10 How to Present a Graph?

-Supplementary Materials

--Video--how to describe diagrams?

--IELTS writing---graph

Unit 11 Process Writing

-Video Course

--Process Writing

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 11 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 11 Process Writing

-Supplementary Materials

--Sample writing (IELTS writing)

--Sample writing in lecture

Unit 12 Listening Between the Lines

-Video Course

--Listening Between the Lines

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 12 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 12 Listening Between the Lines

-Supplementary Materials

--Video--dude 1

--Video---dude 2

Unit 13 How to Write a Summary?

-Video Course

--How to Write a Summary

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 13 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 13 How to Write a Summary?

-Supplementary Materials

--Sample writing

--Video---how to write a summary

--Sample 2

Unit 14 Taking Notes in Lecture Listening

-Video Course

--Taking Notes in Lecture Listening

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 14 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 14 Taking Notes in Lecture Listening

-Supplementary Materials

--Five note-taking methods

--Extra exercise

--Video--how best listening to lectures

Unit 15 A Reading Method--SQ3R

-Video Course

--A Reading Method ---SQ3R

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 15 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 15 A Reading Method--SQ3R

-Supplementary Material

--What is SQ3R?

Unit 16 How to Distinguish Fact and Opinion?

-Video Course

--Facts and Opinions

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 16 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 16 How to Distinguish Fact and Opinion?

-Supplementary Material

--Fact and Opinion

Unit 17 Basic Structure of a Research Article

-Video Course

--Basic Structure of Academic Lectures

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 17 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 17 Basic Structure of a Research Article

-Supplementary Materials

--Paper in lecture

--How to structure research articles?

Unit 18 Citations and References

-Video Course

--Citations and References

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 18 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 18 Citations and References

-Supplementary Materials

--Citation and reference

--Reference and Citation Format

Unit 19 How to Argue Effectively in Speaking

-Video Course

--How to Support Your Claim Effectively in Speaking

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 19 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 19 How to Argue Effectively in Speaking

Unit 20 Hedging in Academic Writing

-Video Course

--Hedging in Academic Writing

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 20 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 20 Hedging in Academic Writing

Unit 21 Three Minute Thesis Presentation

-Video Course

--Three Minute Thesis Presentation

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 21 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 21 Three Minute Thesis Presentation

Unit 22 How to Get the Topic in Lecture Listening

-Video Course

--How to Get Topic of Lecture Listening

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 22 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 22 How to Get the Topic in Lecture Listening

-Supplementary Materials

--Video for discussion

Unit 23 How to Write a Personal Statement

-Video Course

--How to Write a Personal Statement

-Word Bank

--Word Bank

-Discussion Question

--Unit 23 Discussion

-Quiz

--Unit 23 How to Write a Personal Statement

-Supplementary Materials

--Sample PS

Final Exam

-Final Exam

--Final Exam--期末考试

Comparison of two scientists笔记与讨论

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