第30讲 生命色彩的解读—情绪理论在线视频

你是因为悲伤才哭泣
Do you cry because you are sad

还是因为哭泣才悲伤
or are you sad because you cry?

这个问题的答案似乎毫无疑问
There seems to be no doubt about the answer to this question

我们肯定是因为先悲伤才哭泣啊
We definitely cry because we are sad

但是 并非所有的心理学家都同意这种观点
But not all psychologists agree

美国心理学家詹姆斯
American psychologist James

和丹麦生理学家兰格分别独立提出
and Danish physiologist Lange independently proposed that

情绪是植物性神经系统活动的产物
emotion is the consequence of autonomic nervous system activities

这种理论被称为詹姆斯—兰格理论
This theory is called the James - Lange theory of emotion

又叫做情绪的外周理论
also known as the peripheral theory of emotion

他们认为
They believed that

情绪刺激引起身体生理反应
emotional stimulus caused physical responses

尤其是引起内在反应
especially internal responses

生理反应又导致情绪体验的产生
which in turn led to emotional experience

所以他们认为
So they thought that

情绪就是对身体变化的感知
emotion was the perception of physical changes

比如
For example

我们一般认为
we generally think that

当人们遇到某种刺激
when people encounter a certain stimulus

首先产生悲伤的感受
they first feel sad

然后才会哭泣
and then they cry

但詹姆斯—兰格理论认为
But according to James - Lange theory

人们遇到这种刺激就开始哭泣
when people encounter this stimulus they begin to cry

是哭泣引起了悲伤
which causes sadness

同样的道理
the same is that

是打斗引起了愤怒
fighting causes anger

是颤抖引起了恐惧
trembling causes fear

是笑引起了快乐
and laughter causes happiness

詹姆斯 - 兰格理论
James - Lange theory

对自主神经系统的关注是合理的
is reasonable to pay attention to the autonomic nervous system

但是忽视了中枢神经系统的调节作用
but it ignores the regulatory role of the central nervous system

坎农反对詹姆斯—兰格理论
Canon opposed the James - Langer theory

他认为有多种现象
He believed that there were many phenomena that

是詹姆斯—兰格理论不能解释的
James - Langer theory could not explain

第一 根据詹姆斯—兰格理论
First, according to James-Langer theory

情绪由生理变化引起
emotions are caused by physiological changes

那么不同的情绪应该
so different emotions should be caused by

由不同的生理变化引起
different physiological changes

但实际上
but in fact

不同情绪表现出的生理变化
the physiological changes accompanied with different emotions

是相似的
are similar

第二 根据詹姆斯—兰格理论
Second, according to James - Langer theory

情绪由生理引起
emotion is caused by physiological changes

那么情绪的变化
then the change of emotion should be

应该与生理的变化一致
consistent with the change of physiology

但实际上情绪变化很快
but in fact, the change of emotion is very fast

而生理变化是缓慢的
while the physiological change is slow

第三 如果情绪由生理引起
thirdly, if emotion is caused by physiological change

那么其他原因引起的生理变化
then the physiological change caused by other reasons

也应该能产生情绪
should also be able to cause emotion

但实际上这些生理变化
but in fact, the physiological change

却不一定能产生情绪
is not necessarily able to cause emotion

比如
For example

我们切洋葱的时候也会流泪
when we cut onions, we weep

但不会因此而悲伤
but we don't feel sad about it

坎农认为
According to Cannon

情绪的中心是丘脑
the center of emotions is the thalamus

刺激引起的神经冲动
The nerve impulses caused by stimulus are

传到丘脑
transmitted to the thalamus

分成两路
and divided into two routes

一路到大脑产生主观体验
one to the brain to cause subjective experience

一路下传到交感神经
the other to the sympathetic nerve

引起生理变化
to cause physiological changes

使有机体进入应激准备阶段
so that the organism enters the stress preparation stage

后来
Later

坎农的理论受到巴德的支持
Cannon's theory was supported by Bard

所以这个理论叫做坎农—巴德学说
so it was called the Cannon-Bard theory

除了外周神经
In addition to the role of peripheral nerves

和丘脑在情绪产生中的作用
and thalamus in emotional production

心理学家也关注
psychologists also pay attention to

大脑皮层的认知活动
the role of cognitive activities in the cerebral cortex

在情绪产生中的作用
in emotional production

沙赫特和辛格在20世纪60年代初
In the early 1960s, Schachter and Singer put forward the theory

提出了情绪二因素理论
of two factors of emotion

认为情绪体验
They think that emotional experience

是生理唤醒
is the product of physiological arousal

和认知评估两种因素共同作用的产物
and cognitive evaluation

首先
First of all

要有情绪的生理唤醒
there should be physiological arousal of emotion

往往表现为心率
which is often manifested as the change of heart rate

血压的变化等等
and blood pressure

然后对这些
and then cognitive evaluation of these changes

心率 血压的变化进行认知评估
of heart rate and blood pressure

也就是在环境影响下
that is to find the reason of physiological

寻找生理唤醒的原因
arousal under the influence of environment

如果一个人处在生理唤醒的状态
If a person is in the state of physiological arousal

他把自己的生理唤醒理解为
he regards his physiological arousal as

是别人的攻击导致的
the result of other people's attack

他就会产生愤怒
he will get angry

如果理解为听了一个笑话导致的生理唤醒
and if he regards it as the result of listening to a joke

他就会产生愉快情绪
he will get happy

美国心理学家拉扎鲁斯提出
Lazarus, an American psychologist

情绪产生中的认知评价
proposed that cognitive evaluation in emotional production

通常是在无意识状态下发生的
usually occurs in the unconscious state

著名的吊桥实验证明了这个说法
The famous suspension bridge experiment proved this view

研究者安排漂亮的女研究助手
The researchers arranged beautiful female research assistants

在两种环情境中会见只身一人的年轻男士
to meet single young men in two situations

假装要研究景色对创造力的影响
pretending to study the influence of scenery on creativity

向男士展示一副图片
showing pictures to the men

并要求男士根据图片编一个故事
and asking them to make stories based on the pictures

并告诉他们如果对研究感兴趣的话
and telling them that if they are interested in the research

或者有任何问题
or have any questions

都可以打电话询问
they can call and ask

然后给男士留下电话号码
and then left a phone number for them

这些安排发生在两种不同的情境
These arrangements took place in two different situations

第一个情境是
The first scenario was

加拿大温哥华的卡皮拉诺吊桥上
the The Capilano Suspension Bridge in Vancouver, Canada

吊桥全长450英尺
The 450 foot long suspension bridge was suspended

悬挂在高200英尺的卡皮拉诺河上
on the 200 foot high Capilano River

晃晃悠悠 让人胆战心惊的
which was staggering and frightening

第二个情境是在公园里面
The second situation was on the broad

又宽又稳的普通的桥上
and stable ordinary bridge in the park

结果发现
It turned out that

在吊桥上遇到的男士
men who were met on the suspension bridge

编出来的故事有更多性幻想
made up stories with more sexual fantasies

后来打电话联系的人数
and the number of people who called later

是另一种情境的4倍
was four times of that at the other situation

在这个实验中
In this experiment

在卡皮拉诺吊桥上的男性
men on the Capilano suspension bridge

会出现心跳加快 血压升高
would experience the feeling of faster heart rate

呼吸加速的感受
higher blood pressure and faster breath

真正的原因其实是危险的吊桥
The real reason was actually the dangerous suspension bridge

但他们却认为让他心跳加快的
but they thought that it was the charm of

是女研究助手的魅力
female research assistant that caused his faster heart rate

错误的归因
The wrong attribution

使他们对女研究助手产生了更多感情
made them have more feelings for female research assistants

编出了更性感的故事
made up more sexy stories

更多地拨打了电话
and made more phone calls

所以 似乎当我们害怕的时候
So, it seems that when we are afraid

就更容易动情
we are more likely to get emotional

扎荣茨提出
Zajonc pointed out that

人们有时会毫无理由的产生某种感觉
people sometimes had feelings for no reason

比如曝光效应
For example, the exposure effect is that

就是当人们反复接触一些刺激
when people are exposed repeatedly to some stimuli

就会莫名其妙地对这些刺激产生偏好
they will inexplicably have a preference for these stimuli

比如
For example

温家宝同志的这两幅照片
which of the two photos of premier Wen Jiabao

你更喜欢哪一个
do you prefer?

由于你平时见到的就是左边的照片 接触多了
Because what you usually see is the picture on the left

你就会更喜欢左边的照片
you will prefer the picture on the left

但温家宝同志本人
But premier Wen Jiabao himself

应该更喜欢右边的照片
should prefer the picture on the right

因为那是他天天在镜子里见到的自己
because that's what he sees in the mirror every day

现在请你思考一下
Now you can think about

在你的自拍照中
in your selfies

你更喜欢准确
do you prefer to the pictures

还原你自己形象的照片
that reflect your own image accurately

还是进行了镜面翻转就像镜子里的你的照片
or the pictures like your image in the mirror?

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

我们主要讲了情绪的三种理论
We mainly talked about three theories of emotion

詹姆斯—兰格情绪理论认为
James - Langer theory of emotion believed that

情绪刺激引起身体生理反应
emotional stimulus caused physiological response of the body

生理反应又导致情绪体验的产生
which in turn led to emotional experience

坎农—巴德学说认为
Cannon-Bard theory believed that

情绪的中心
the center of emotion

是中枢神经系统的丘脑
was the thalamus of the central nervous system

沙赫特和辛格认为
Schachter and Singer believed that

个体的情绪状态实际上是
the emotional state of an individual was actually

生理状态和认知过程这两个因素
a combination of two factors

共同作用的结果
physiological state and cognitive process

扎荣茨提出
Zajonc proposed that

人们仅通过曝光效应就能产生偏好
people could produce preferences only through the exposure effect

另外
In addition

我们在附加学习材料中
we have also prepared the cognitive appraisal theory

还准备了拉扎鲁斯所提出的情绪的认知－评价理论
of emotion proposed by Lazarus in [additional learning materials]

大家可以去学习
which you can learn

下次课你将会了解到
Next time you will learn about

生活中你所经历的压力的性质到底是什么
the nature of the stress you experience in life

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time