第14讲 异常状态—梦、催眠与冥想在线视频

中国古代有庄周梦蝶的记载
In ancient China, there was a record of Zhuang Zhou dreaming of butterflies

庄周在梦中变成了蝴蝶
Zhuang Zhou became a butterfly in his dream

在天地间遨游 逍遥自在
and roamed in the universe and was at ease

不知道自己是庄周
not knowing that he was Zhuang Zhou

忽然醒来 才发现自己原来是庄周
Suddenly he woke up and found that he was Zhuang Zhou

中国还有黄粱一梦
In China, there are also stories about the dream of millet

和南柯一梦的故事等
and the dream of Nanke

你做过梦吗
Have you ever had a dream?

你有没有想过你的梦预示着什么
Have you thought about what your dream foreshadows?

人在睡眠中会做梦
People dream in their sleep

有的人经常做梦
Some people often dream

也有的人说自己很少做梦
and others say they seldom dream

但长期以来
But for a long time

并没有什么好的办法来了解人的梦
there was no good way to understand people's dreams

直到心理学家在1937年
Until psychologists began

开始用脑电研究睡眠以后
to use EEG to study sleep in 1937

才开始对梦境才有了比较好的理解
they began to have a better understanding of dreams

心理学家发现
Psychologists found

如果一个人正处在快速眼动睡眠阶段
that if a person was in REM sleep

这时候把他叫醒
and wakes up

有82%的人会说自己正在做梦
82% of them would say they are dreaming

如果他处在非快速眼动睡眠的深度睡眠阶段
If he was in the deep sleep stage of non REM sleep

54%的人说自己正在做梦
54% of people would say they are dreaming

所以
So, in fact

实际上绝大多数人几乎每天都会做梦
most people dream almost every day

之所以有些人说自己很少做梦
The reason why some people say they seldom dream

那是因为他很少在做梦的时候醒来
is that they seldom wake up when they are dreaming

由于梦中的情景往往非常离奇
Because the scenes in dreams are often very strange

似乎与我们的生活没有直接关系
and seem to have no direct relationship with our lives

因此很多人都对梦非常好奇
many people are very curious about dreams

在每种文化中人们都相信
In every culture, people believe

梦具有重要的个人和文化意义
that dreams have important personal and cultural meaning

并试图理解梦所包含的意义
and try to understand the meaning of dreams

中国古代
In ancient China

有一本书叫做 周公解梦
there was a book called "Zhougong Dream Dictionary"

假托是周公旦写的
It was written by Duke Zhou

以类似于词典的形式
in the form of a dictionary

来解释各种梦境 并判断吉凶
to explain all kinds of dreams and judge good and bad

当然 周公解梦没什么科学性
Of course, Duke Zhou's interpretation of dreams is not scientific

实际上 一直没有什么好的办法
In fact, there has been no good way

来解释人的梦境
to explain people's dreams

在当代西方文化中
In contemporary western culture

关于梦的最著名的理论
the most famous theory about dreams

是弗洛伊德的精神分析理论
is Freud's psychoanalytic theory

弗洛伊德认为
According to Freud

梦是人的无意识欲望的满足
dream is the satisfaction of people's unconscious desire

潜意识中的欲望如果直接进入意识
If the desire in subconsciousness enters the consciousness directly

就会引起焦虑
it will cause anxiety

而在人睡眠的时候
When people are sleeping

自我和超我的审查变得不那么严厉
the censorship by ego and superego becomes less severe

无意识欲望就得到表达
and the unconscious desire is expressed

但审查依然存在
However, censorship still exists

所以欲望就以象征的形式呈现在梦中
so the desire is presented in the dream in the form of symbol

弗洛伊德认为
According to Freud

梦中的符号或隐喻都有特定的意义
symbols or metaphors in dreams have specific meanings

梦中出现的
In dreams

棍子 伞 树 刀 步枪 笔等等
sticks, umbrellas, trees, knives, rifles, pens, etc

往往象征着男性生殖器
often symbolize male genitalia

而瓶子 盒子 房间 门 船等
bottles, boxes, rooms, doors, boats, etc

往往象征着女性生殖器
often symbolize female genitalia

而跳舞 骑车 攀爬等
dancing, cycling, climbing, etc

则往往象征着性交
often symbolize sexual intercourse

弗洛伊德对梦的解释具有开创性
Freud's interpretation of dreams is groundbreaking

但他认为梦中的符号都与性有关
but he thinks that the symbols in dreams are all related to sex

并没有证据支持
and there is no evidence to support it

当代的研究认为
Contemporary research holds

梦的一个重要功能
that an important function of dreams is to

是“把个体在过去几天中的新近经验
"integrate the recent experience of individuals in the past few days

与其目标 欲望以及问题统合起来”
with their goals, desires and problems"

也就是说 在梦中
that is to say, in dreams

大脑试图把快速眼动睡眠阶段
the brain tries to organize

最凸显的生活片段组织起来
the most prominent life segments in REM sleep

确实有很多研究发现
Indeed, many studies find

梦中的情节往往与我们
that the plot of dreams is often related to

最近所考虑的问题有关
the problems we have been considering recently

比如
For example

人们在清醒时正在准备考试
when people are preparing for an exam when they are awake

梦中就容易出现考试的情景
it is easy for them to have an exam in their dreams

另外
In addition

为什么有些人会重复做某个梦呢
why do some people repeat a dream?

这是因为
This is because

这个梦反映的问题非常重要
the problem reflected in this dream is very important

并且一直未能解决
and has not been solved

比如
For example

如果你跟某个人的关系很重要
if your relationship with someone is very important

而你一直没有处理好跟他的关系
and you haven't handled it well

你就会经常梦到跟他吵架
you will often dream of quarreling with him.

我们在附加学习材料中
in additional learning materials

还准备了关于清醒梦境的有关知识
We have also prepared relevant knowledge about lucid dreams

大家可以去了解
which you can learn

下面我们介绍催眠
Now we will talk about hypnosis

你见过催眠吗
Have you ever seen hypnosis?

很多人觉得催眠非常神秘
Many people think hypnosis is very mysterious

并对催眠有戒心
and are wary of hypnosis

因为似乎
because it seems

催眠师对别人具有巨大的影响力
that hypnotists have great influence on others

大家可以想象这样一个催眠场景
You can imagine a hypnotic scene

几个学生坐在椅子上
in which several students sit in chairs

催眠师让他们放松
the hypnotist asks them to relax

于是他们变得昏昏欲睡
and they become drowsy

催眠师说
The hypnotist says

“你们正处在一种深度催眠状态
"you are in a state of deep hypnosis

你将会按我说的去做”
and you will do what I say"

过了一会儿
After a while

学生们闭上眼睛
the students close their eyes

安静 专注地坐在椅子上
and sit quietly and attentively in the chair

催眠师开始演示了
The hypnotist begins to demonstrate

他让学生们伸出左臂
He asks the students to extend their left arm

想象着有一个重力向下拉手臂
and imagine a gravity pull down their arm

后来有几个学生的手臂开始下垂
Later, several students’ arms begin to droop

好像真有重物在拉他们的手臂
as if there were heavy objects pulling their arms

也有些学生的手臂没有下垂
Some students’ arms do not droop

一直伸着
and keep extending

过了一会儿 催眠师对学生说
After a while, the hypnotist says to the students

有一只苍蝇在他们的头顶嗡嗡乱叫
that there was a fly buzzing over their heads

有些人敏捷地做出反应
Some people react nimbly

就像是要拍打想象中的苍蝇
just like they want to swat the imaginary flies

也有些人坐着不动
and some people sit still

在结束催眠之前
Before ending hypnosis

催眠师告诉这些学生
the hypnotist tells the students

“如果不提醒的话
"if I don't remind them

你们将不会记住发生了什么事”
you won't remember what happened"

等催眠结束以后
After hypnosis

催眠师问他们 刚才发生了什么事
the hypnotist asks them what happened just now

有些人什么也没有记住
Some people don't remember anything

有些人记住了一些片段
some people remember some fragments

有些人能够全部说出来。
and some people can say it all

到底什么是催眠呢
What is hypnosis?

催眠是一种意识的改变状态
Hypnosis is a altered state of consciousness

它的特征是
which is characterized

一些人对暗示有特殊的反应能力
by some people's special ability to respond to hints

并在知觉 记忆 动机
and changes in perception, memory, motivation

和自我控制等方面发生变化
and self-control

在催眠状态下
In the hypnotic state

参与者对催眠暗示的反应性增强
participants are more responsive to hypnotic hints

他们往往觉得
They often feel

他们的行为是在无意识中
that their behavior is completed unconsciously

或者不需要任何意识努力就完成了
or without any conscious effort

催眠是通过催眠诱导引发的
Hypnotic state is induced by hypnotist

催眠诱导是一种预备活动
Hypnosis induction is a kind of preparatory activity

尽可能减少外界干扰
which can reduce external interference as much as possible

鼓励参与者
encourage participants

只专注于暗示的刺激
to focus on the stimulus of suggestion only

而且相信自己
and believe

正在进入一种特殊的意识状态
that they are entering a special state of consciousness

在催眠师的诱导下
Under the hypnotist's guidance

有的人很快就能进入催眠状态
some people can enter the hypnotic state soon

但实际上
But in fact

并非所有参与者
not all participants

都能很快进入催眠状态
can enter the hypnotic state quickly

因为参与者的可催眠性是不一样的
because the hypnotizability of participants is different

所谓可催眠性就是个体对标准化暗示
Hypnotizability is the degree to which an individual responds

做出反应并体现催眠反应的程度
to standardized hints and shows the hypnotic response

实际上
In fact

催眠的效果
the effect of hypnosis

并不取决于催眠师多么高明
does not depend on how skillful the hypnotist is

而主要取决于被催眠者的可催眠性
but mainly on the participants’ hypnotizability

也就是说 有些人很容易被催眠
that is to say, some people are easy to be hypnotized

而有些人很难被催眠
while some people are difficult to be hypnotized

而且可催眠性非常稳定
and the hypnotizability is very stable

那么 可催眠性高的人
So, is it more likely that people with high hypnotizability

是不是更有可能轻信和顺从呢
are credulous and submissive?

并不是这样
No

与可催眠性相关最高的人格特征是专注
The personality characteristic that have the highest correlation with hypnosis is concentration

也就是能完全投入想象的人
that is, people who can fully engage in imagination

这样的人经常做白日梦
Such people often daydream

想象力丰富
have rich imagination

对催眠的作用深信不疑
and believe in the effect of hypnosis

到底应该怎么解释催眠呢
How to explain hypnosis?

这些进入催眠的人是真的进入催眠状态
Are these people really hypnotized

还是装的呢
or are they pretending?

心理学家在这个问题上争论不休
Psychologists have been arguing about it

有的研究发现 可催眠性高的人
Some studies have found that people with high hypnotizability

进入催眠状态后
when they enter the hypnotic state

对同样的刺激表现出的疼痛反应更少
show less pain response to the same stimulus

这是因为他们
because they have

有更多通过催眠来抑制疼痛的脑组织
more brain tissue to suppress pain through hypnosis

但是 是不是所有表现出来的
But is it true

催眠反应都是真实的呢
that all the hypnotic reactions shown are real?

心理学家在催眠快结束时告诉参与者
Psychologists tell participants at the end of hypnosis

如果不提醒
if they would not been reminded

他们将不会记住发生了什么事
many participants forget their behavior in the hypnotic state

的确
It's true that

很多人都忘记了自己在催眠状态下的行为
many participants forget their behavior in the hypnotic state

但是有的心理学家发现
But some psychologists have found

如果告诉参与者
that if participants are told

将在他们回忆的过程中对他们测谎
that they will be lie-detected during their recall

并强调说这种测谎仪非常准确
and emphasize that the polygraph is very accurate

那么这些参与者就能回忆起更多的内容
they will be able to recall more

所以 总体来说
So, in general

催眠这种事情的确存在
hypnosis does exist

并有一些特殊的功能
and has some special functions

但表现出来的反应
but the reaction

也并不像我们看到的那样神奇
is not as magical as we see

今年年初的时候
Earlier this year

我在美国的邮轮上
I watched a hypnotic performance

观看了一场催眠表演
on a cruise ship in the United States

催眠师从台下找了10个参与者
The hypnotist found 10 participants from the stage

在催眠师的诱导下
Under the guidance of the hypnotist

他们在大约半个小时的时间里
they made all kinds of strange actions

做出了各种奇怪的动作
in about half an hour

让很多人叹为观止
which surprised a lot of people

心理学家认为
Psychologists believe

实际上
that in fact

参与这类表演的大多
most of the people who participate in this kind of performance

都是具有强烈表现欲的人
are highly expressive people

他们只不过配合催眠师
They just cooperate with hypnotists

做了一些一般人
to do something that ordinary people

不会在大庭广众之下做的事情
would not do in public

以此来取悦观众而已
to please the audience

在我看到的表演中
In the performance I saw

10个人中有2个人中间退出了
2 out of 10 people quit

很可能是他们的表现欲没有那么强
It's likely that their desire for performance is not so strong

不愿意当众做出那些奇怪的动作
and they are not willing to make those strange actions in public

另一种重要的意识状态是冥想
Another important state of consciousness is meditation

这是瑜伽练习者
which is a method used by yoga practitioners

用来摆脱当前世俗生活的影响
to get rid of the influence of the current secular life

从而达到解脱境界的一种方法
so as to achieve the state of liberation

这种冥想训练在中国还不普遍
This kind of meditation training is not common in China

但在美国 已经成为
but in the United States, it has become

1800多万人选择的生活方式
a lifestyle chosen by more than 18 million people

并产生了40亿美元的产值
and has generated a production value of 4 billion dollars

到底什么是冥想呢
What is meditation?

冥想到底怎么进行
How does meditation work?

冥想到底有什么用呢
What is the use of meditation?

冥想是一种意识的改变状态
Meditation is a altered state of consciousness

通过获得深度的宁静状态
by acquiring a deep state of tranquility

而增强自我认识和幸福感
that enhances self-awareness and well-being

其实冥想完全可以不花钱
In fact, meditation can be practiced at home

自己在家就可以练习
without spending money

在一个安静的房间里
In a quiet room

可以采取坐姿 可以盘腿
you can sit, cross legs

但也可以用自己觉得舒服的任何姿势
or you can also use any position you feel comfortable with

在冥想期间
During meditation

把注意力集中
attention is focused

在自己的呼吸和对呼吸的调节上
on one's own breathing and regulation of breathing

使外部刺激减到最小
external stimulus is minimized

产生特定的心理表象
and specific mental image is produced

已经有很多研究发现
Many researches have found

每天半个小时的冥想训练
that half an hour of meditation training every day

可以帮助人缓解焦虑 减轻压力
can help people relieve anxiety and stress

可以说
It can be said that

冥想是调节情绪状态的最经济的方法
meditation is the most economical way to regulate emotional state

好 今天的课讲完了
OK, that’s all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

今天我们讲了三种意识状态
Today we talked about three states of consciousness

分别是梦 催眠和冥想
dream, hypnosis and meditation

心理学家认为
Psychologists believe that

梦往往反映了我们平时所思考的问题
dreams often reflect the problems we usually think about

另外 催眠是一种意识改变状态
hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

影响催眠效果的主要
and the main factor affecting the hypnotic effect

是参与者的可催眠性
is the hypnotizability of the participants

而我们所看到的催眠效果
the hypnotic effect we see

至少有相当一部分
and at least a considerable part of

是参与者配合催眠师进行的表演
is the performance performed by the participants in cooperation with the hypnotist

另外
In addition

冥想是一种意识的改变状态
meditation is a altered state of consciousness

通过获得深度的宁静状态
by acquiring a deep state of tranquility

而增强自我认识和幸福感
that enhances self-awareness and well-being

冥想不需要花钱
Meditation doesn't cost money necessarily

在家里就可以进行
It can be done at home

通过冥想练习
Through meditation practice

可以缓解焦虑 减轻压力
anxiety and stress can be relieved

另外 我们在 附加学习材料 中
In addition, in additional learning materials

还准备了
we have prepared

药物成瘾与意识状态关系的有关内容
the relevant contents of the relationship between drug addiction and state of consciousness

大家可以去了解
which you can learn

下次课我们将进入学习这一章
Next time, we will turn to the next chapter, learning

首先讲述为什么人类学习的潜能
First, we will talk about why the potential of human learning

远远大于动物
is far greater than that of animals

好 下次再见
OK, see you next time