第24讲 策略与定式—问题解决在线视频

你听说过斯芬克斯之谜吗
Have you heard the Riddle of Sphinx?

在古希腊神话中 斯芬克斯曾提出一个谜语
In Greek mythology, Sphinx once put forward a riddle

“什么东西早晨用四条腿走路
"What goes on four feet in the morning

中午用两条腿走路 晚上用三条腿走路？“
two feet at noon and three feet in the evening?"

在故事中
In the story

俄底浦斯给出的谜语答案是“人”
Oedipus gives the answer "human" to the riddle

我们遇到的问题可能不像
The problems we encounter may not have the same

斯芬克斯之谜一样具有不朽的价值
immortal value as the Riddle of Sphinx

但在日常生活中
but in our daily life

我们天天都要面对问题 解决问题
we have to face and solve problems every day

我们需要在有限的时间管理工作和任务
We need to manage our work and tasks in limited time

我们需要在面试中取得成功
we need to succeed in the interview

有时 我们还需要断绝一种关系等等
sometimes we need to break a relationship and so on

这都是一些需要解决的问题
These are all problems that need to be solved

问题解决就是由一定的情景引起
Problem solving is a process caused by a certain situation

按照一定的目标
following certain goals

应用各种认知活动技能等
applying various cognitive activity skills, and so on

经过一系列思维操作
through a series of thinking operations

使问题得以解决的过程
so that the problem can be solved

那么 问题解决是一个怎样的心理过程呢
So, what kind of mental process is problem solving?

我们在第16讲曾经提到
As we mentioned in lecture 16

桑代克把饥饿的猫放在迷笼里面
Thorndike put the hungry cat in the puzzle box

猫经过很多次尝试
After many attempts

终于学会打开笼门的行为
the cat finally learned to open the door

这是一个尝试-错误的学习过程
It's a trial and error learning process

但从猫的角度来说
But from the point of view of the cat

也是解决问题的过程
it is also the process of solving the problem

也就是说
that is to say

猫通过尝试错误 解决了自己所面临的问题
the cat solved the problem that it faced by trial and error

早期的格式塔心理学也研究过问题解决
Early Gestalt psychology also studied problem solving

其中 苛勒观察了
Among them, Kohler observed

黑猩猩问题解决的过程
the process of chimpanzee problem-solving

他认为动物解决问题的过程是“顿悟”
He thought that the process of animal problem-solving was "insight"

在“接竹竿实验”中
In the "experiment of connecting bamboo poles"

苛勒把黑猩猩关在一个笼子里面
Kohler locked a chimpanzee in a cage

笼子里有两根能接起来的竹竿
with two bamboo poles that can be connected

笼子外面是香蕉
and bananas outside

黑猩猩先用手去够香蕉 够不着
The chimpanzee reached bananas with their hands first, failed

用一根竹竿够香蕉 也够不着
with one bamboo pole, failed too

这时黑猩猩就停下来 看看外面的香蕉
At this time, the chimpanzee stopped, looked at the bananas outside

把两根竹竿拿在手里摆弄
and played with two bamboo poles in their hands

偶然地使两根竹竿接了起来
Accidentally, the chimpanzee connected the two bamboo poles

它就很快地用接起来的竹竿去够香蕉
so it quickly reached bananas with the connected bamboo poles

在另一个实验中
In another experiment

黑猩猩突然想到把箱子叠起来
a chimpanzee suddenly thought of folding the box

够到房顶的香蕉
to reach the banana hanging on the roof

苛勒认为 黑猩猩并不像桑代克的猫那样
According to Kohler, the chimpanzees did not solve problems

通过尝试错误来解决问题
by trial and error like Thorndike's cat

而是突然理解了笼子
but suddenly understood the relationship between the cage

两根短竹竿
two short bamboo poles

笼子外面的香蕉等事物之间的关系
bananas outside the cage and other things

并把这些知觉经验进行了重组
and reorganized these perceptual experiences

产生了一个新的格式塔
resulting in a new gestalt

发生了顿悟 问题就解决了
and insight occurs, so the problem was solved

信息加工认知心理学
Cognitive psychology of information processing

把人类问题解决的过程
compares the process of human problem solving with

与计算机问题解决的过程进行类比
that of computer problem solving

并用计算机模拟了人类问题解决的行为
and simulates the behavior of human problem solving with computer

那么 我们人类是如何解决问题的呢
So, how do we solve the problem?

心理学家认为
Psychologists believe that

人类在解决问题过程中所使用的策略
the strategies used by human beings in the process of problem-solving

会对问题解决过程产生重大影响
will have a significant impact on the process of problem-solving

第一种策略是算法策略
The first strategy is algorithm strategy

也就是随机搜索可能的问题解决方法
that is searching for possible solutions randomly

直到找到一种有效的方法
until an effective method is found

比如 开一个两位数的密码锁
For example, to open a two digit password lock

如果我们完全没有经验 就需要挨个试
if we have no experience at all, we need to try one by one

从00、01、02...一直试到99
from 00, 01, 02... To 99

最多尝试100次 问题就能解决了
at most 100 times, and the problem can be solved

这种策略的好处是 如果问题真有答案
The advantage of this strategy is that if there is an answer to the problem

就能保证问题的解决
it can guarantee the solution of the problem

它的问题就是费时费力
Its disadvantage is time-consuming and laborious

第二种策略是启发式策略
The second strategy is heuristic strategy

就是根据一定的经验
according to some experience to solve the problem

在问题空间内进行较少的搜索
which is to search less in the problem space

以达到问题解决
to solve the problem

比如我们有时会使用排除法来解选择题
For example, we use exclusion to solve multiple choice problems

除了策略
In addition to strategy

影响问题解决的主要心理因素是心理定式
mental set is the main mental factor that affects problem solving

心理定式一种思维框架
Mental set is frame of thought

是指用于表征一个问题 问题情境
that represents a problem, a problem situation

或问题解决程序的已有模型
or a problem-solving process

也就是墨守成规
That is to stick to the rules

心理定式首先表现为
The first manifestation of mental set is

常规问题的解决
the solution of the conventional problems

比如著名的卢钦斯水壶问题
For example, the famous Luchins' kettle problem

有ABC三个水壶
There are three ABC kettles

每个水壶的容量在不同的题目中不一样
The capacity of each kettles is different in different problems

水壶的容量单位是杯
The unit of capacity of the kettles is the cup

要求你用三个水壶量出一定数量的水
You are required to use three kettles to measure a certain amount of water

你先看一下 这个题可以用什么方法来解决
Let's see first. What can I do to solve this problem?

很简单 大家都很容易想到可以用公式A+C来解决
It's easy to think of the formula A + C

实际题目有11个
There are 11 problems

在这些题里面 从第2题到第11题
In these problems, from the second to the eleventh

全部都可以用公式B-A-2C来解决
all can be solved by formula B-A-2C

但实际上
But in fact

第7题到第11题还有更简便的做法
there is a simpler way to solve problem 7 to 11

也就是用公式A-C或者A+C完成任务
that is, to complete the task with formula A-C or A + C

刚才你做的就是第10题 研究发现
what you have just done is problem 10. The study found that

如果让被试直接做第7到第11题
if the subjects were asked to solve problem 7 to 11 directly

绝大多数人都会用A-C
most of them used simple formulas such as A-C

或A+C这些简单公式来解决问题
or A + C to solve the problem

就像刚才 我让你直接做第10题
Just like I asked you to directly solve problem 10 just now

你很容易想到用A+C解决
it's easy for you to think of the formula A + C to solve the problem

但是
However

如果让被试连续从第2题
if the subjects are asked to go from the second problem

一直做到第11题
to the eleventh problem

他们大部分都用B-A-2C
most of them use

这个更加复杂的公式解决第7到第11题
the more complex formula B-A-2C to solve problem 7 to 11

他们想不到你刚才使用的简单方法
They can't think of the simple method you just used

这说明 他们在做第2到第6题的过程中
This shows that they formed the mental set of B-A-2C

形成了用B-A-2C这个公式的心理定式
in the process of solving problem 2 to 6

对于一些比较难的问题
For some more difficult problems

心理定式经常表现为
mental set are often expressed as

对问题的不适当表征
inappropriate representation of the problem

比如“九点连线问题”
For example, "nine point connection problem"

要求人们用一笔连续画四条直线
requires people to draw four lines in a row

把图中的九个点连在一起
to connect nine points in the graph

很多人都不能成功地解决这个问题
Many people can't solve this problem successfully

就是因为人们把这九个点知觉为
because they perceive these nine points

分布在一个正方形里面
as distributed in a square

总是试图在这个正方形的轮廓中连线
and always try to connect in the outline of the square

这样 问题的表征方式就阻碍了问题解决
so the representation of the problem hinders the solution

如果能在表征时突破正方形的限制
If we can break through the limitation of square in representation

就更容易解决 那么你想到这个办法了吗
it will be easier to solve. Do you have this idea?

心理定式有时表现为功能固着
Mental set is sometimes expressed as functional fixation

也就是
that is

人们倾向于把某种功能赋予某种事物
people tend to give a certain function to something

比如巴西人的难题
For example, the Brazilian problem

假如你和同伴走在巴西的雨林里
if you and your partner walk in the Brazilian rainforest

前面出现了一道峡谷
there is a canyon in front of you

峡谷有40英尺深 60英尺宽
The canyon is 40 feet deep and 60 feet wide

你有一架20英尺的梯子 一把钳子
You have a 20 feet ladder, a pair of pliers

一盒火柴 一根蜡烛
a box of matches, a candle

无限供应的绳子和几块石头
unlimited supply of rope and a few stones

如果必须通过峡谷
If you have to go through the canyon,

你们准备怎么通过呢
how are you going to go through it?

遇到这个问题
When we meet this problem

我们首先想到的就是如何使用梯子和绳子
the first thing we think about is how to use ladders and ropes

但是梯子在这里并没有用
However, ladders are useless here

问题的答案是
The answer to the question is

既然有无限供应的绳子
since there is unlimited supply of rope

可以用绳子把峡谷填满 就可以过去了
you can fill the canyon with rope, and then you can go

你想到了吗 我们很难想到这个办法
Did you think of it? It's hard for us to think of this method

是因为我们出现绳子的功能固着
because the function of the rope is fixed

好 今天的内容就讲完了
OK, that's all for today

现在回顾一下主要内容
Now let's review the main content

今天我们主要讲了问题解决的基本规律
Today we mainly talked about the fundamental law of problem solving

桑代克认为
According to Thorndike

问题解决是尝试错误的过程
problem solving is a process of trial and error

格式塔心理学认为
According to Gestalt psychology

问题解决是顿悟的过程
problem solving is a process of insight

信息加工认知心理学认为
According to information processing cognitive psychology

策略在问题解决中起重要作用
strategies play an important role in problem solving

但是
However

心理定式会以多种形式阻碍问题的解决
mental set can hinder problem solving in many ways

下次课我们将会谈到
Next time we will talk about

在推理和判断过程中 我们是如何的不理性
how irrational we are in the process of reasoning and judgment

好 下次再见
OK, See you next time