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Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好

今天我们要学习的内容是

《人口老龄化的影响与对策》

我们先来看一下以下几幅漫画

从上述漫画

我们可以看出

我国人口老龄化的现状

和伴随的问题

对政治 经济 文化和社会

诸多方面带来广泛而深刻的影响

它的主要影响包括以下几点

首先是

社会负担加重

这里要给大家介绍一个

反应社会负担的概念

那就是抚养系数

bring up coeffcient

即社会负担系数

亦称为抚养比

是指非劳动力人口数

与劳动力人口数之间的比率

它的公式是

总抚养比即赡养率等于

老龄人口加未成年人口之和

除以劳动力人口.

抚养系数越大

表明劳动力人均承担的抚养人数就越多

意味着劳动力的抚养负担就越严重

随着老龄化加速

使劳动年龄人口的比重下降

老年抚养系数不断上升

加重了劳动人口的经济负担

相关报道

2018年我国老年抚养比创新高

这是我国近十年的抚养比

可以看到老年抚养比逐年上升

据最新预测

2020年约3个劳动年龄人口

负担1个老年人

而2030年则约2.5个劳动年龄人口

负担1个老年人

其次

人口老龄化会使社会保障费用增高

《中国养老金发展报告2015》指出

31个省份中

8个省份2014年的征缴收入大于支出

比上年减少4个

其中广东结余634.25亿元

为各省份中最高

其余23个省份中

出现了当期扣除财政补贴

养老金收不抵支的情况

辽宁 黑龙江 湖北

河北 湖南和吉林6个省份缺口

共计1666.82亿元

再者

人口老龄化会使得

老年人对医疗保健的需求加剧

根据国家统计局的预测

左图显示

未来我国失能老年人口将大幅增加

失能老年人人口

将从2013年的3750万人

增长到2020年4700万人,

2030年6800万人

以及2050年9700万人

右图显示

未来30年

中国老年人的慢性病患者数量

将从2014年的1.1亿

增长到2050年的36.8亿

失能老年人

和慢性病老年患者数量的增加

不仅使家庭和社会的负担加重

同时也对医疗资源提出挑战

对医疗设施 医护人员

和卫生费用的需求急剧增大

最后

随着人口老龄化 高龄化

空巢化 家庭少子化

传统的家庭养老功能逐渐削弱

养老负担越来越多地依赖于社会

但我国社会服务的发展仍相对滞后

这会使得社会养老服务供需矛盾突出

表现为养老机构 养老床位数

养老护理人员数的不足等

由此可见 解决老龄化问题任重道远

我们应该采取哪些对策呢

人口老龄化的对策包括以下四个方面

首先

物质是基础

我们应当要抓住有利时机

加速经济发展步伐

人口红利

Demographic Window

由美国经济学家

安德鲁 梅森1997年首先提出

它是指一国人口生育率的迅速下降

在造成人口老龄化加速的同时

少儿抚养比例迅速下降

劳动年龄人口比例上升

在老年人口比例达到较高水平之前

将形成一个劳动力资源相对丰富

抚养负担轻

对经济发展十分有利的黄金时期

人口经济学家称之为人口机会窗口

或人口红利

根据我国人口年龄结构发展预测

在2020年之前

将是应对人口老龄化社会的关键准备期

此期虽然老年人口比重开始上升

但少儿人口在总人口中比重已经下降

我国劳动年龄人口相对比重尚可

同时劳动力相对年轻

劳动力资源充足

是国家负担较轻的 人口红利 黄金时期

因此

要抓住并充分利用有利时机

大力发展生产力 加速经济发展

为迎接老龄化高峰的到来

奠定坚实的物质基础

其次

我们应广泛动员社会各方面的力量

采取国家 集体 家庭 个人共同负担的原则

多渠道筹备资金

并加大农村社会养老保障的投入

尽快建成覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系

让基本保障惠及全体老年人

同时

加快养老服务体系建设

实行家庭养老与社会养老相结合

积极推进养老服务社区化

使老年人不出社区

不出家门就能够享受到专业的照料

护理 保健等服务

加快社会养老服务的法制化进程

依法保障老年人权益

探索建立老年护理保险制度

实施针对城乡贫困老人的养老服务补贴政策

完善适合我国国情

及经济发展水平的社会保障制度

提高老年人的经济保障能力

使老年人能够共享社会发展的成果

再者

应加快深化医疗卫生改革

加强人口老化的医疗保健与护理服务

健全社区卫生服务体系和组织

构建医疗保健体系

为老年人提供方便 快捷的

综合性社区卫生服务

同时建立和发展多种形式的医疗保障制度

以缓解老年人患病后

对家庭和个人造成的经济压力

实现老有所医

此外

我们还要创建优良环境

实现健康老龄化和积极老龄化

世界卫生组织于1990年提出

实现 健康老龄化 的目标

它是指老年人在晚年能够保持

躯体 心理和社会生活的完好状态

将疾病或生活不能自理

推迟到生命的最后阶段

而积极老龄化

是1999年国际老人年时

世界卫生组织提出的口号

积极老龄化 表达比

健康老龄化 更为广泛的意思

积极一词不仅仅指身体活动能力

或参加体力劳动

而且指不断参与

社会 经济 文化 精神和公民事务

积极老龄化强调

老年人不仅在

机体 社会 心理方面保持良好的状态

而且要积极地面对晚年生活

作为家庭和社会的重要资源

继续为社会做出有益的贡献

它适用于个体和群体

积极老龄化的目的

在于使所有年龄组的人们

包括那些体弱者 残疾

和需要照料者

延长健康预期寿命和提高生活质量

越来越多的研究表明

一些慢性疾病

如糖尿病和心脏病等的初始危险

在童年早期甚至更早就开始了

因此

在生命各个阶段进行干预

创建支持性的优良环境

和促进健康的选择是很重要的

我们通过今天的学习

熟悉了人口老龄化的主要影响

及应对人口老龄化的对策

今天我们的课就讲到这里

谢谢大家

Gerontological Nursing课程列表:

CHAPTER 1: General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-1.1 Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--【Vedio Recommendation】 How do we measure life expectancy ?

-1.2 Population Aging

--Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Report on Ageing and Health: 2015

-1.3 Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Population Ageing Highlights:2019

-1.4 Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--【Book Recommendation】Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice

-1.5 Theories Related to Elderly Care

--1.5.1 Personality Development Theory and Life Review

--1.5.2 Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory

--1.5.3 Self-efficacy and Chronic Disease Management

--【Vedio Recommendation】8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson

--【Literature Recommendation】Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, and Successful Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies

--【Literature Recommendation】Obstacles and Policies of the Social Capital Participates in the Combination of Medical Care and Pension: A Literature Review

-1.6 Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.1 Concepts of Elderly Healthcare, Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.2 Home-based Elderly Care Model

--1.6.3 Institutional Elderly Care Model

--1.6.4 Integrated Medical and Nursing Care Model

--【Vedio Recommendation】Day in the Life of Home Care

--【Website Recommendation】Official Website of the National Institutes of Health

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-【Test】CHAPTER 1

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2: Elderly Health Assessment

-2.1 Aging Changes in the Elderly

--2.1.1 Aging of the Respiratory System

--2.1.2 Aging of the Cardiovascular System

--2.1.3 Aging of the Digestive System

--2.1.4 Aging of the Urinary System

--2.1.5 Aging of the Endocrine System

--2.1.6 Aging of the Motor System

--2.1.7 Aging of the Nervous System

--2.1.8 Aging of the Sensory System

--【Literature Recommendation】Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology

-2.2 Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Instruments to evaluate mental well-being in old age: a systematic review

-2.3 Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

--Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

-2.4 Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale

-2.5 Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

--Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

-2.6 Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Age-friendliness of living environments from the older person’s viewpoint: development of the Age-friendly Environment Assessment Tool

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(1)

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(2)

-【Test】CHAPTER 2

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER3: Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health care

-3.1 Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

--Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

-3.2 Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

--Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

-3.3 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly

--3.3.1 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (1)

--3.3.2 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (2)

--【Book Recommendation】Development Through the Lifespan

-3.4 Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.1 Overview of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.2 Clinical Symptoms of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.3 Caring for Elderly Patients with Depression

--【Website Recommendation】

--【Documentary Recommendation】Depression:Out of the Shadows

--【Literature Recommendation】Management of depression in older adults:A review depression in older people

-3.5 Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.1 Identification of Dementia Symptoms in the Elderly

--3.5.2 Intelligence Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.3 Safety Care of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--【Website Recommendation】The Global Voice on Demaentia

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 3

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER4: Elderly Daily Care

-4.1 Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

--Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

-4.2 General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.1 Characteristics and General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.2 Skin Itching and Its Management in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Dermatology

-4.3 Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Design Methods of Functional Clothing for the Elderly

-4.4 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--4.4.1 Nutritional Needs of the Elderly and Influencing Factors of these Needs

--4.4.2 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】Nutrition Care of the Older Adult: a Handbook for Dietetics

--【Website Recommendation】Nutrition for older persons

-4.5 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--4.5.1 Sleep Characteristics of the Elderly

--4.5.2 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Sleep and Sleep Problems

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Sleep Medicine

-4.6 Exercises Guidance for the Elderly

--4.6.1 Evaluation of Exercise Intensity in the Elderly

--4.6.2 Precautions Elderly Undertaking Exercises

--【Website Recommendation】American College of Sport Medicine

--【Book Recommendation】Handbook of Activities for the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Daily Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 4

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER5:Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-5.1 Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】How Drugs Work In the Elderly

-5.2 Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

--Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

-5.3 The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults

-5.4 Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Drug-related falls in older patients: implicated drugs, consequences, and possible prevention strategies

-5.5 Medication Compliance in the Elderly

--Medication Compliance in the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 5

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER6:Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-6.1 Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Elderly Falls

--6.1.2 Risk Factors for Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.3 Prevention of Falls in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】CDC STEADI(Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Tool Kit)

-6.2 Dysphagia in the Elderly

--Dysphagia in the Elderly

-6.3 Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

--Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

-6.4 Constipation in the Elderly

--Constipation in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Chronic Constipation in the Elderly Patient: Updates in Evaluation and Management

-6.5 Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

-6.6 Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies

--Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies - emaciation

-6.7 Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Senior Eye Exams

-6.8 Senile Deafness

--Senile Deafness

-6.9 Elderly Delirium

--Elderly Delirium

-6.10 Elderly Frailty

--Elderly Frailty

--【Literature Recommendation】Frailty in elderly people/Frailty in older people

-6.11 Pneumonia in the Elderly

--Pneumonia in the Elderly

-6.12 Hypertension in the Elderly

--Hypertension in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension

-6.13 Stroke in the Elderly

--Stroke in the Elderly

-6.14 Stable Angina in the Elderly

--Stable Angina in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-【Test】CHAPTER 6

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER7 Hospice Care for the Elderly

-7.1 Concept of Hospice Care

--Concept of Hospice Care

--【Website Recommendation】 Definition of Palliative Care,WHO

-7.2 Death Education

--7.2.1 Death Education (1)

--7.2.2 Death Education (2)

--【Book Recommendation】The Meaning of Death by Herman Feife

-7.3 Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--【Journal Recommendation】

-7.4 Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

-7.5 Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

-7.6 Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association,HPNA

-7.7 Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】On Death and Dying ,by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

-7.8 Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】I Wasn't Ready to Say Goodbye,by Noel·Brook,Blair·Pamela

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Hospice Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 7

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 7

FINAL EXAM

-Final Exam

Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging笔记与讨论

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