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7.2.2 Death Education (2)课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好

今天我们要学习的内容是

老年人的死亡教育

著名的健康教育学专家

黄敬亨教授认为

对老年人进行死亡教育

主要包括以下几个内容

克服怯懦思想

正确地对待疾病

树立正确的生命观

作好充分的心理准备

首先是克服怯懦思想

目前

在老年人中

因疾病迁延无法治愈

或生活质量低下导致的自杀

是一个值得重视的问题

根据世界卫生组织发布的数据

中国70岁以上老年人自杀率

达到了51.5例每10万人

在174个受访国家中排名24位

自杀本身就是怯懦的表现

面对这样高的自杀率

护士应该引导教育老年人

山东大学的王云岭教授就谈到

死亡教育的目的不是美化死亡

不是教人怎么死亡

而是教人珍惜生命

死亡教育

名为谈死

实为论生

是以生死学为取向的生命教育

其次

要引导老年人正确地对待疾病

老年人应客观地意识到岁月不饶人

要正确地对待身体的变化

坦然面对疾病

要告诉老年人疾病与老化有着一定的关联

人体是由大约60万亿个细胞构成

通过复制旧细胞 制造新细胞

并进行新旧细胞的更替

身体不断的成长

到了一定的年纪之后

制造新细胞的能力就会逐渐减弱

旧细胞则会增多

这会使得老年人变得容易得病

万事万物都是一个循环

从宇宙的循环运转

到春夏秋冬四季往复

到生物的生老病死

这是不可抗拒的自然规律

应引导老年人正确看待

既不回避

也不过于乐观

再者

应该要引导老年人树立正确的生命观

2018年11月30号

94岁的美国前总统

乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什去世

小布什的悼词中

我们看到他四次谈到了父亲的死

前两次都是追忆父亲少年和青年时

两次与死神擦肩而过

十几岁的时候

一次葡萄球菌感染几乎要了他的命

几年后

他躺在一个救生筏里在太平洋上飘荡

祈祷希望救生部队能先于敌人找到他

想必也正是因为这两次的濒死体验

特别是后一次

躺在一个救生筏里在太平洋上飘荡

那刻骨铭心的经历重塑了老布什的生命观

这些经历让他更加珍惜生命的可贵

所以

他发誓要把每一天活到极致

小布什第三次谈到父亲的死

是这样说道

即便是他在最后的日子

父亲的生命也有启迪

他一边老去

一边教会我们如何带着尊严

幽默和善良而老去

当慈爱的上帝最终来叩门的时候

怎样地带着勇气

带着对天国的期盼和喜乐

去迎接死亡的来临

小布什在悼词的结尾

第四次谈到了父亲的死

好了爸爸

挂一万漏就说到这儿

我们会一直想念你

你体面 真诚 善良的灵魂

将永远跟我们在一起

眼泪中我们明白

这是多么大的幸运

能认识你 爱戴你

一个伟大而高尚的人

一个孩子可能拥有的最好的父亲

在悲痛中

我们微笑着永别

亲爱的父亲

您总算可以拥抱罗宾

再次牵着母亲的手了

我们可以看到小布什的悼念词

没有丝毫的悲伤

没有丝毫的黑暗

没有丝毫的恐惧

相反却用了迎接和一系列

带着这样的积极阳光的词汇

让我们用不一样的视角去看待

老去和死亡

老布什对死的思考

以及整个人生观

也是值得我们借鉴的

再者

应当要引导老年人

对死亡作好充分的心理准备

注重生命末期生命质量的提升

当人们步入老年期以后

面临的是走向人生的终极死亡

人们追求优生 优活

也希望善终 优死

自古以来

中国几千年传统文化都很重视善终

《尚书》上所记载的五福

一曰寿 二曰富 三曰康宁

四曰好德 五曰考终命

五福临门的第五福

考终命即为善终

儒家认为善终是指

安详离世而且饰终以礼

台湾地区著名言情小说家琼瑶

在自己的facebook账户

发布了写给儿子儿媳的公开信

预约自己的美好告别

其中有一个叮咛便是

我已经注记过最后的急救措施

气切 电击 叶克膜

这些全部不要

帮助我没有痛苦的死去

比千方百计的让我痛苦的活着

意义重大

千万不要被生死的迷思给困惑住

2016年1月

台湾地区立法通过《病人自主权利法》

这是亚洲第一部善终法案

它开启了自己善终自己来的新纪元

死亡

不再是禁忌与惧怕

而是生命的凝视与整理

清楚交代 告别挚爱

这也正是我们所提倡的

老年人对待死亡的态度的转变

当然也离不开整个社会对待死亡的态度

相信很多人都看过

《寻梦环游记》这部电影

有别于我们印象中的阴森冰冷

黑暗恐怖

皮克斯为孩子们营造了一个温馨幸福

绚丽夺目的亡灵世界

那里有可爱的骷髅

美丽的烟火表演

甚至还有万寿菊花瓣桥连接人间

已经逝去的亲人可以在亡灵节这天

回到人间探望生者和家人

这部电影给我们传达的思想是

死亡不再是寒冷可怕的黑洞

而是另一段旅程的开始

相较于我们对死亡教育的讳莫如深

墨西哥人真可谓是大张旗鼓了

亡灵节是墨西哥延续至今的传统节日

在亡灵节期间

墨西哥人会封闭一些道路

摆满吃的玩的

全城的人都会参与其中

墨西哥人继承了祖先对待死亡的乐观态度

可以说亡灵节是墨西哥全年里

欢乐氛围最浓厚的一天

墨西哥的一位诗人说过

死亡其实是生命的回照

是生的反面

也是生的补充

而我国的庄子也说过

生也死之徒

死也生之始

生死在他看来是一个循环

生死都只是生命的一个过程

既要正确地对待活

也要乐观诗意地对待死

我们需要科学地对待生命与死亡

树立积极 正向 科学的生死价值观

以上我们介绍了老年人死亡教育的内容

最后

我们通过一个研究来看看在研究实践中

是如何进行死亡教育的

我们可以看到在这项研究中

死亡教育方法采用了自学 短期学习班

科内讲课等

教育内容涵盖了死亡教育的概况

死亡的本质 死亡的过程

宗教与死亡

面对死亡如何调节心理不适等

患者在接受常规基础护理

和控制症状等治疗的同时

接受个体化死亡教育

每位患者接受

每周1~2次针对性的单独死亡教育

每周1次的专题讲座或座谈会

持续4周

干预结果发现

死亡教育能解除患者对死亡的恐惧

担忧和悲观情绪

提高其生活质量

今天我们的课就讲到这里

谢谢

Gerontological Nursing课程列表:

CHAPTER 1: General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-1.1 Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--【Vedio Recommendation】 How do we measure life expectancy ?

-1.2 Population Aging

--Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Report on Ageing and Health: 2015

-1.3 Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Population Ageing Highlights:2019

-1.4 Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--【Book Recommendation】Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice

-1.5 Theories Related to Elderly Care

--1.5.1 Personality Development Theory and Life Review

--1.5.2 Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory

--1.5.3 Self-efficacy and Chronic Disease Management

--【Vedio Recommendation】8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson

--【Literature Recommendation】Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, and Successful Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies

--【Literature Recommendation】Obstacles and Policies of the Social Capital Participates in the Combination of Medical Care and Pension: A Literature Review

-1.6 Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.1 Concepts of Elderly Healthcare, Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.2 Home-based Elderly Care Model

--1.6.3 Institutional Elderly Care Model

--1.6.4 Integrated Medical and Nursing Care Model

--【Vedio Recommendation】Day in the Life of Home Care

--【Website Recommendation】Official Website of the National Institutes of Health

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-【Test】CHAPTER 1

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2: Elderly Health Assessment

-2.1 Aging Changes in the Elderly

--2.1.1 Aging of the Respiratory System

--2.1.2 Aging of the Cardiovascular System

--2.1.3 Aging of the Digestive System

--2.1.4 Aging of the Urinary System

--2.1.5 Aging of the Endocrine System

--2.1.6 Aging of the Motor System

--2.1.7 Aging of the Nervous System

--2.1.8 Aging of the Sensory System

--【Literature Recommendation】Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology

-2.2 Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Instruments to evaluate mental well-being in old age: a systematic review

-2.3 Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

--Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

-2.4 Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale

-2.5 Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

--Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

-2.6 Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Age-friendliness of living environments from the older person’s viewpoint: development of the Age-friendly Environment Assessment Tool

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(1)

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(2)

-【Test】CHAPTER 2

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER3: Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health care

-3.1 Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

--Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

-3.2 Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

--Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

-3.3 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly

--3.3.1 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (1)

--3.3.2 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (2)

--【Book Recommendation】Development Through the Lifespan

-3.4 Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.1 Overview of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.2 Clinical Symptoms of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.3 Caring for Elderly Patients with Depression

--【Website Recommendation】

--【Documentary Recommendation】Depression:Out of the Shadows

--【Literature Recommendation】Management of depression in older adults:A review depression in older people

-3.5 Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.1 Identification of Dementia Symptoms in the Elderly

--3.5.2 Intelligence Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.3 Safety Care of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--【Website Recommendation】The Global Voice on Demaentia

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 3

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER4: Elderly Daily Care

-4.1 Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

--Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

-4.2 General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.1 Characteristics and General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.2 Skin Itching and Its Management in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Dermatology

-4.3 Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Design Methods of Functional Clothing for the Elderly

-4.4 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--4.4.1 Nutritional Needs of the Elderly and Influencing Factors of these Needs

--4.4.2 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】Nutrition Care of the Older Adult: a Handbook for Dietetics

--【Website Recommendation】Nutrition for older persons

-4.5 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--4.5.1 Sleep Characteristics of the Elderly

--4.5.2 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Sleep and Sleep Problems

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Sleep Medicine

-4.6 Exercises Guidance for the Elderly

--4.6.1 Evaluation of Exercise Intensity in the Elderly

--4.6.2 Precautions Elderly Undertaking Exercises

--【Website Recommendation】American College of Sport Medicine

--【Book Recommendation】Handbook of Activities for the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Daily Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 4

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER5:Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-5.1 Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】How Drugs Work In the Elderly

-5.2 Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

--Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

-5.3 The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults

-5.4 Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Drug-related falls in older patients: implicated drugs, consequences, and possible prevention strategies

-5.5 Medication Compliance in the Elderly

--Medication Compliance in the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 5

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER6:Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-6.1 Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Elderly Falls

--6.1.2 Risk Factors for Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.3 Prevention of Falls in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】CDC STEADI(Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Tool Kit)

-6.2 Dysphagia in the Elderly

--Dysphagia in the Elderly

-6.3 Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

--Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

-6.4 Constipation in the Elderly

--Constipation in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Chronic Constipation in the Elderly Patient: Updates in Evaluation and Management

-6.5 Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

-6.6 Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies

--Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies - emaciation

-6.7 Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Senior Eye Exams

-6.8 Senile Deafness

--Senile Deafness

-6.9 Elderly Delirium

--Elderly Delirium

-6.10 Elderly Frailty

--Elderly Frailty

--【Literature Recommendation】Frailty in elderly people/Frailty in older people

-6.11 Pneumonia in the Elderly

--Pneumonia in the Elderly

-6.12 Hypertension in the Elderly

--Hypertension in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension

-6.13 Stroke in the Elderly

--Stroke in the Elderly

-6.14 Stable Angina in the Elderly

--Stable Angina in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-【Test】CHAPTER 6

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER7 Hospice Care for the Elderly

-7.1 Concept of Hospice Care

--Concept of Hospice Care

--【Website Recommendation】 Definition of Palliative Care,WHO

-7.2 Death Education

--7.2.1 Death Education (1)

--7.2.2 Death Education (2)

--【Book Recommendation】The Meaning of Death by Herman Feife

-7.3 Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--【Journal Recommendation】

-7.4 Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

-7.5 Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

-7.6 Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association,HPNA

-7.7 Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】On Death and Dying ,by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

-7.8 Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】I Wasn't Ready to Say Goodbye,by Noel·Brook,Blair·Pamela

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Hospice Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 7

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 7

FINAL EXAM

-Final Exam

7.2.2 Death Education (2)笔记与讨论

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