How to learn pathology well在线视频

Hello everyone

After we understand what pathology is and what position does it occupy in medicine

Now let's talk about some aspects of learning pathology well

Pathology is divided into general theory and each theory

The so-called general theory refers to the common law of the same kind of diseases

We only consider the basic causes of the lesion not the particularity of the location.

It is the basis for learning each theories

If we take inflammation as an example

The inflammation involves these three basic lesions called degeneration exudation and hyperplasia

Then what is degeneration

What is exudation

What is hyperplasia

We will study this in a later overview of inflammation

Lobar pneumonia is caused by bacteria

And encephalitis is caused by a virus

Rheumatism is caused by allergy

Whether it's an allergic bacterial virus it causes a common lesion in different parts of the body called inflammation

In lobular pneumonia although it is exudative predominantly inflammatory it contains both degeneration and hyperplasia

In the encephalitis lesions although it is characterized by degeneration it also involves exudation and hyperplasia.

Rheumatism is a kind of pathological change that gives priority to by proliferative inflammation but it has exudate and degeneration at the same time

So degeneration hyperplasia and exudation these three lesions are the most basic pathological changes of inflammation

So eath theory is to elucidate the particularity of diseases of the same kind in different parts

Again let's take inflammation for an example

There are many types of inflammation

We take the fibrin exudation inflammation for an example

Fibrinous exudative inflammation can occur in mucosal serous membrane and other parts

For example if it occur in pleura

Fibrinous exudative pleurisy is characterized by exudation

The mainly symptoms is chest pain especially at the end of the inspiratory period occurs the needle-like pain

It's a fibrinous pleurisy

In the colon there can be pseudomembranous inflammation showing exudation cellulosic exudation

In clinical there will be an acute mucous pus and blood stool which is a change in dysentery

Changes in diarrhea caused by bacteria

And in the lungs it's also a fibrous exudate that causes difficulty breathing and the symptoms of lobular pneumonia

Again cellulosic exudation

In the pleural colon the lungs the symptoms are different

Each have their own characteristics

And that's what we're going to do in each theories

Some peculiarities of diseases of the same kind in different places

This is each theories

So how do you describe the organ or tissue

How do we describe organ tissue when we study pathology

Let's first look at the general observations

We will describe in detail the size shape color texture and surface

Its weighs

Where is the lesion located in the organ

How is it related to the surrounding normal tissues and organs and so on

take an example

A tumor occur at the end of the finger

This is a highly malignant melanoma

How do we describe such a specimen

My description could go like this

The semicircular ridge at the tip of one finger is about a centimeter in diameter black dull surface rupture hemorrhage

The tumor extends inconspicuously to the finger

This gives a more detailed description of the melanoma at the end of the finger

So what about the solid organ

The order of description of solid organ is generally from the outside in

Let's take a model of a normal kidney and a diseased kidney

The size of the diseased kidney decreases the mass decreases the texture hardens the surface matte the grayish white is fine and granular

In addition to the kidney liver heart spleen and so on are all solid organs

The solid organs are described from the outside in

So how to describe the cavity viscera

The general way of describing is from the inside out

For example what we see is a pattern diagram

This is the ascending colon of the ileocecal appendix and the transverse colon of the small intestine

We studied their lesions

How do you describe a mass at the top of the appendix

The distance from the root of the appendix can be described as follows

Three centimeters of the ascending colon cavity show a pale dry hemorrhagic surface with a prominent mass

The mass was a circular invasion of the intestinal wall

The upper and lower penetration ranges up to 10 cm

The wall of the intestine thickens and stiffens

That means the tumor has entered the wall of the intestine

Colonic bag which on the surface are disappeared

Serous are grey

That suggests it may be infiltrating

Now how do you describe it in the microscope

Normally when we get a slice we look at it visually

It depends on whether the density and color of the tissue are uniform

It's either blue or red

If it is red there may be more blood

If it is blue they probably have more nucleus

And then look at it in the low power field

What organ does this tissue come from

Is there an envelope around the tissue

What is the relationship between the organization and the surrounding normal organization

Where is the lesion

How big is the lesion and so on

Then take a closer look at it in high power field

What characteristics do the lesions have

For example a lipoma

When we look at it in high power field you can't see the lesions

Because it has on difference with the normal fat

Only in low power field a complete capsule can be seen

That's how you know it's a lipoma

Because fat can be anywhere in the body

Fat anywhere in our body does not have a complete capsule around it

Only lipomas have an capsule to wrap the fat up

So in low power field

We can see the capsule

The capsule is not visible anywhere at high magnification

So low power field is very important

So how do you learn pathology well

We need to combine the three and manage the four

The three combination is the general theory and each theory must be combined to study

General theory is the study of general laws

Each theory is the study of particularity

So in the process of learning to do general and each theory of the combination

The second is the combination of theory and observational specimens

Finally the combination of pathological changes and clinical manifestations

Above is the concrete content that grasps 3 union well

There are four relationships to be managed

To deal with the special and the general relationship

To deal with the relationship between the part and the whole

If we see a suppurative inflammation in the back of the hand

You don't just look at the local inflammation of the hand

At the same time we also need to see the overall performance of the characteristics

If it's a suppurative inflammation

The human body may appear increased body temperature

Leukocytes heighten wait for systemic toxicemia or bacteremia symptom

So we have to deal with the relationship between the part and the whole

The other thing to do is to deal with the changes that are happening under the microscope and the changes that are happening in the whole

Like the kidney problem we just talked about

Why is its surface grainy

There are bumps and dents in the grain form

Be sure to see under the microscope what the bulge is what the dent is

That is to say to combine the observation of the microscope with the whole

Structure and function are linked

Therefore only by doing well these three combinations and dealing with four relations can we learn pathology well

The teaching activities of pathology in this semester mainly include the following aspects

First we will carry out a teacher-student association

The association may hold twice each semester

At the beginning of the school year and in the middle of the school year

The main purpose of the teacher-student association is to achieve full interaction between teaching and learning

Full exchange of teaching experience

What do students expect from their teachers

Solve problems in study through communication

This is the main content of the teacher-student association

Second carry out pathology knowledge competition every semester

Through this knowledge contest we will solve the problems we encounter in theory and clinical practiceFuzzy problem

Identify some awareness issues

The third is to lead students to clinical pathology department for internship

How do we diagnose patients in our clinical pathology department

How does the clinical pathology department determine this procedure and the extent of excision

Fourth we need the extracurricular pathology research activity group of histopathology to carry out seminars

The research group worked with the teachers to discuss problems related to pathology

This is the main teaching activity of the semester

That's all for today

I wish you all happy to learn

I wish you all good academic results

Thank you