新大陆与殖民地在线视频

It is not known how long humans have wandered
直到现在也不知道人类在这一大片

the expanse of land that came to be known as America.
被称为美国的土地上生活了多久

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The earliest identified inhabitants,
最早的被证实的居住者是

those now recognized as American Indians,
美洲印第安人

are believed to have entered the North American continent
据说他们是通过一条被冰雪覆盖的

through an icy Siberian passageway that once existed
西伯利亚通道进入北美大陆的

between northeastern Asia
这条通道曾经存在于亚洲东北部

and the region now called Alaska.
和现在称为阿拉斯加的地区之间

Many archeologists believe Viking ships
许多考古学家认为

explored the far northeastern coast of North America
维京海盗船在公元1000年左右

around the year 1000 A.D.
到达过北美洲的东北海岸

In terms of recorded history,
根据记载的历史

the story of the American nation and its culture
美国民族及其文化的故事

begins with the 1492 discovery
始于1492年 意大利探险家

of the New World by Italian explorer
克里斯托弗・哥伦布

Christopher Columbus.
发现新大陆之后

Columbus was a mapmaker who believed that
哥伦布是一个地图绘制者 他相信

Europeans could reach the Orient more efficiently
欧洲人可以通过水路更快到达东方

by ocean travel than across land.
而不是陆地

Two hundred years earlier,
两百年前

another Italian explorer, Marco Polo,
另一位意大利探险家马可波罗

had taken the eastward,
则沿陆路东行

overland route to Asia,
穿过亚洲

returning with spices and other exotic items.
带回了香料等具有异国风情的玩意儿

Christopher Columbus believed that
克里斯多弗・哥伦布相信

God directed him to set forth on a westward journey
上帝指引他向西探索

across the Atlantic Ocean.
横跨大西洋

In a journal, he wrote,
他在日记里写道

“It was the Lord
“正是上帝

who put into my mind
告诉我

the fact that it would be possible to sail
从这里航行到东西印度群岛

from here to the Indies.…
是有可能的…

There is no question that
毫无疑问

the inspiration was from the Holy Spirit,
我的想法来自圣灵

because he comforted me
因为他用

with rays of marvelous illumination
圣经的启迪光芒

from the Holy Scriptures.”
使我感到内心的宁静

Columbus’personal vision was limited to finding
哥伦布原本只是想找到

a water-route to India.
通往印度的水路

The actual outcome had far greater impact on mankind
但实际结果这对人类的影响

than he could ever imagine.
比他想象的要大得多

On August 3rd, 1492,
1492年8月3日

Christopher Columbus’ fleet of three ships
哥伦布的三艘船从

set sail from the Spanish port of Palos .
西班牙帕洛斯港启航

Eighty-seven men onboard，
船上有八十七个人

three ships traveled for more than two months across
三艘船在一个看似没有尽头大西洋上

a seemingly endless Atlantic Ocean.
航行了两个多月

At a point where hope of success had virtually vanished,
就在希望将要消失

and with the crew threatening mutiny
船员威胁企图叛变

land was finally sighted.
陆地终于出现在他们面前

On October 12th, 1492,
1492年10月12日

Christopher Columbus set foot upon the beach
哥伦布踏上一个

of a Caribbean island
加勒比海的海滩

in what was later known as the Bahamas.
后来这里被称为巴哈马群岛

Planting a cross in the soil,
哥伦布把一个十字架插在岛上土壤里

he named the island San Salvador,
他将这个岛命名为"圣萨尔瓦多

meaning “Holy Savior.”
意即"救世主"

Because Columbus was convinced
因为哥伦布确信

he had reached the Indies,
他已经到达印度

he referred to the island’s brown-skinned inhabitants
于是称岛上棕色皮肤的人们

as Indians.
为印第安人

Christopher Columbus never realized that
哥伦布从未意识到

the land he discovered was not Asia.
他发现的土地并不是亚洲

In the end, the New World would not bear his name.
所以最后新大陆没有以他的名字命名

That honor went to an Italian adventurer,
这个荣誉属于一位意大利冒险家

Amerigo Vespucci.
亚美利哥・维斯普奇

In 1497,
在1497年

Vespucci was first to assert that
韦斯普奇首先宣称

the New World was not Asia,
新世界不是亚洲

but rather an entirely different continent altogether.
而是一个完全不同的大陆

In the decade that followed,
在接下来的十年里

other explorations substantiated his claim,
其他的探索证实了他的说法

and in honor of Amerigo Vespucci,
为了纪念亚美利哥・维斯普奇

German map-maker named the region “America”.
德国地图绘制者将该地区命名为“美国”

Part 2 Colonies
第2部分殖民地

It was no light matter
在17世纪初

for the English to cross three thousand miles of water
对于英国人来说 穿越三千英里的水域

and found homes in the American wilderness
在美洲的荒野中建立家园

at the beginning of the 17th century.
并不容易

Ships, tools, and supplies
船只 工具和用品

called for huge outlays of money.
需要花费一大笔的钱

Store had to be furnished in quantities
仓库必须储量充足

sufficient to sustain the life of the settlers
足以维持定居者的生活

until they could gather harvest of their own.
直到他们能够自给自足

Soldiers were required to defense
士兵们保卫家园

and mariners for the exploration of inland waters.
海军探寻内陆水域

Altogether such an enterprise demanded capital
总而言之 这样的企业需要的资本

larger than the ordinary merchant
比普通商人或绅士

or gentleman could amass
所能积聚的资金还要多

and involved risks
而且涉及无法想象

more imminent than he dared to assume.
的高风险

It was the corporation that furnished the capital
一开始正是公司提供了资本和

and leadership in the beginning.
领导班子

Many European countries established colonies
许多欧洲国家在北美建立了

in North America.
殖民地

Encouraged by English businessmen and adventurers,
1605年9月 在英国商人和冒险家的鼓舞下

King James，King of England, in September 1605,
英国国王詹姆斯

granted a charter to two business groups committed
授予了两个致力于开拓弗吉尼亚殖民地的

to colonizing Virginia.
商业团体特许状

The London Company was licensed
根据国王的授权

to settle southern Virginia,
伦敦公司在弗吉尼亚南部定居

while the Plymouth Company was licensed
而普利茅斯公司则进入

for northern Virginia.
弗吉尼亚北部

It was not difficult to recruit volunteers
招募志愿者参加冒险活动

for the risky endeavor.
并不难

England enacted new enclosure laws to remove
英国颁布了新的圈地法

poor squatters trespassing on private farms,
阻止穷人非法侵入私人农场

so that more sheep could be raised
从而农户可以饲养更多的羊

to meet increasing demands for wool.
以满足日益增长的羊毛需求

With nothing to lose,
一无所有的棚户者

many squatters accepted the risky endeavor
接受了在美国定居的

settling in America.?
冒险尝试

Some dreamed of finding gold,
一些人梦想像西班牙征服者一样

like the Spanish Conquistadors,
找到黄金

while others planned import-export ventures,
而另一些人则计划贸易投资

exchanging English manufactured goods for animal furs
用英国生产的商品交换动物皮毛

and Indian-made objects.
和印度制造的物品

Those companies were in fact
这些公司实际上是国王

a little government set up by the king.
设立的一个小政府

When the members of the corporation remained in England,
当公司的成员留在英国时

as in the case of the Virginia Company,
例如弗吉尼亚公司

they operated through agents sent to the colony.
他们通过派遣殖民地的员工来保持公司运作

When they came over the seas themselves
当他们自己越过海洋

and settled in America,
来到美国定居时

as in the case of Massachusetts,
就像在马萨诸塞州一样

they became the direct government of the country
他们成为他们所占有的国家的

they possessed.
直辖政府

The stockholders in that instance
在这种公司里

became the voters and the governor,
股东变成了投票人和管理者

the chief magistrate.
以及首席法官

By 1733,
直到1733年

English settlers had occupied 13 colonies
英国殖民者占领了大西洋沿岸的

along the Atlantic coast.
13个殖民地

Four of the thirteen colonies owed their origins
其中四个来源于

to the trading corporation.
贸易公司

Elsewhere in North America,
在北美的其他地方

the French controlled Canada and Louisiana.
法国控制了加拿大和路易斯安那州

After the Seven Years’ War,
七年战争之后

England gained control of Canada
1763年 英国控制了加拿大和

and all of North America east of the Mississippi in 1763.
北美洲密西西比河以东的所有地区

A second agency
第二个

which figured largely in the settlement of America
主要参与解决美国问题的机构是

was the religious brotherhood, or congregation,
宗教兄弟会 或称集会

of men bonds of a common religious faith.
由共同宗教信仰的人们组成

In 1620,
在1620年

the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for Virginia
首批清教徒乘坐在一艘名叫五月花的船

on a ship called the Mayflower.
去往弗吉尼亚

They had been persecuted in England
他们因为拒绝遵守

because they refused to abide by
英国教会的规定

the rules of the Church of England.
在英国受到迫害

They finally landed in what is now Plymouth,
最终他们在现在的马萨诸塞州普利茅斯

Massachusetts.
登陆

“We are knit together
在上帝最神圣的约定中

as a body in the most sacred covenant of the Lord…
我们牢牢连接在一起成为一体

by virtue of which we hold ourselves strictly tied
我们所有的善行都是

to all care of each other’s good and of the whole.”
紧紧束缚在一起的

wrote John Robinson,
约翰・罗宾逊写道

a leader among the Pilgrims
他是清教徒中的一位领袖

who found their tiny colony of Plymouth in 1620.
在1620年建立他们的小殖民地普利茅斯

The Mayflower Compact,
美国历史上著名的《五月花契约》

so famous in the American history,

was but a written and signed agreement,
不过是一份书面协议

incorporating the spirit of obedience to the common good,
但却包含了服从共同利益的精神

which served as a guide to self-government
在普利茅斯1691年被马萨诸塞州吞并之前

until Plymouth was annexed to Massachusetts in 1691.
它一直是自治的指南

It was vital to note that
值得注意的是

American colonization differed from that of the ancients.
美国殖民化与前人不同

The Greeks usually carried with them affection
希腊人一般都怀着对

for the government they left behind
遗留下来的政府的热爱

and sacred fire from the altar of the parent city;
从母城的祭坛上点燃圣火

but thousands of the immigrants who came to America
但是成千上万来到美国的移民

disliked compacts of government
不喜欢政府的条约

for themselves and set up altars of their own.
于是建立自己的祭坛

They sought not only new soil to till
他们不仅追求新的土地

but political and religious liberty
而且还为他们自己和他们的孩子

for themselves and their children.
争取全新的政治和宗教自由

Did you know?
你知道吗？

The Native Indians:
印第安人：

The terms Native Americans
美洲原住民的称呼

use to refer to themselves
因地区和世代而异

vary regionally and generationally,

with many older Native Americans self-identifying as
许多年长的美国人自称

"Indians" or "American Indians",
“印第安人”或“美洲印第安人”

while younger Native Americans often identify as
而年轻的本土美国人通常自称

"Indigenous" or "Aboriginal."
“原住民”或“土著”

The Mayflower:
五月花

There were 102 passengers.
共有102名乘客

And the voyage took nearly two months.
这次航行花了将近两个月

This voyage has become an iconic story
这次航行已成为美国历史上一些

in some of the earliest annals of American history,
最早的编年史上的一个标志性故事

with its story of death
它讲述了发生在

and of survival in the harsh?
严酷的新英格兰冬季

New England winter environment.
死亡和生存的故事