加拿大——地理和城市在线视频

Unit 9 Canada

9.1 Geography and History
9.1 地理与历史

Hi,happy to see you again.
嗨，很高兴再次见到你

After our journey to the US and the UK,
在英美之旅后

we still have several countries to visit.
我们还有几个国家要学习

And in this unit,
在这一讲

we are going to learn about a country sharing border
我们将学习一个与美国

with the US,
分享边界的国家

you know what it is?
你能猜到是什么国家吗？

Yes, Canada.
是的，它就是加拿大

First, we will look at the geography
首先，我们将看看这个国家的地理

and major cities of this country.
和主要城市

Canada is a country in the northern half
加拿大是北美北部

of North America.
的一个国家

It occupies much of the continent of North America,
它占据了北美大陆的大部分地区

sharing land borders with the United States
南边

to the south,
与美国接壤

and the US state of Alaska to the northwest.
西北是美国的阿拉斯加州

And it extends from the Atlantic
它从大西洋延伸到太平洋

to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean.
向北延伸到北冰洋

There are ten provinces and three territories,
它拥有十个省和三个属地

with a total area of 9.98 million square kilometres,
国土面积为998万平方公里

making it the world's second-largest country
是世界国土面积第二大国家

by total area and the fourth-largest country
陆地面积居世界

by land area.
第四位

Canada has a numerous lake which cover 7.6%
加拿大有众多的湖泊

of its landmass.
占其陆地面积的7.6%

Among them, the Great lakes on the border
其中，加拿大与美国

between Canada and the U.S.
交界的五大湖

are the largest group of freshwater lakes
是世界上最大的

in the world.
淡水湖群

The famous Niagara Falls are shared
著名的尼亚加拉大瀑布

by both Canada and the States.
为加拿大和美国共同拥用

The majority of the country
该国大部分地区

has a cold or severely cold winter climate,
冬季寒冷或严寒

but southerly areas are warm in summer.
但南部地区夏季温暖

Canada is sparsely populated,
加拿大地广人稀

the majority of its land territory
大部分土地被森林、

being dominated by forest and tundra
苔原和落基

and the Rocky Mountains.
山脉占据

About four-fifths of the country's population
该国3700万人口中

of 37 million people is urbanized
约五分之四人口已实现城市化

and live near the southern border.
生活在南部边境附近

Canada is a federation composed
加拿大联邦由十个省

of ten provinces and three territories.
和三个属地组成

In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions:
而这些区域又可分为四个主要区域：

Western Canada,
加拿大西部

Central Canada,
加拿大中部

Atlantic Canada,
加拿大大西洋

and Northern Canada.
和加拿大北部

Provinces have more autonomy than territories,
各省的自治权比属地更大

having responsibility for social programs
省独立负责医疗、教育

such as health care, education, and welfare.
和福利等社会事项

The often mentioned provinces
经常被提到的省份

are British Columbia,
是不列颠哥伦比亚省

Ontario and Quebec.
安大略省和魁北克省。

Its capital is Ottawa,
它的首都是渥太华

though it is the political center of the country,
虽然它是该国的政治中心

it is only the fourth largest among the cities.
但它只是其中第四大城市

It is a municipality within the province of Ontario.
它是安大略省的一个自治市

Toronto is the largest city in Canada.
多伦多是加拿大最大的城市。

It is the most populous city,
它是人口最多的城市

and is the provincial capital of Ontario.
也是安大略省的省会

In the 2016 census,
在2016年的人口普查中

Toronto had a population of 2.73 million
多伦多有273万人口

making it the fourth most populated city
是北美城市人口密度

in North America.
排名第四

As an established global city,
多伦多作为一个历史悠久的国际城市

Toronto is an international centre of business,
是国际商业、金融、

finance, arts, and culture,
艺术和文化中心

and widely recognized as one of the
被公认为世界上

most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities
最具多元文化和国际性的

in the world.
城市之一

Montreal is the second largest city
蒙特利尔是魁北克省的

in the province of Quebec.
第二大城市

It is often said to be
据说它是继巴黎之后

one of the largest French-speaking city
世界上最大

in the world after Paris.
的法语城市之一

In 1969 French was made equal
1969年，加拿大政府把法语

to English throughout
等同于英语

the Canadian national government.
认定为官方语言

A recent survey reported that
最近的一项调查报告称

in the Greater Montreal Area,
在大蒙特利尔地区

65.8% of the population speaks French at home,
65.8%的人在家里说法语
　　

compared to 15.3% who speak English.
而讲英语的人只有15.3%

Although it is a French-speaking cities,
虽然这是一个讲法语的城市

most residents are bilingual.
但大多数居民都是双语的

Many speak a third language.
许多人甚至会三种语言。

The third largest city is Vancouver,
第三大城市是温哥华

which is familiar to many Chinese.
许多中国人都熟悉它

It is ethnically diverse,
它是不列颠哥伦比亚省的一个城市

with 52% of city residents
它是一座种族多样化的城市

and 43% of metropolitan residents
有52%的城市居民和43%的

having a first language other than English,
城市居民的第一语言并非英语

and it has the second largest Chinatown
而且它拥有仅次于旧金山

in North America after San Francisco.
的北美洲第二大唐人街

Now, let's see how this country was founded.
现在，让我们看看这个国家是如何建立起来的

Canada is a relatively young country.
加拿大是一个相对年轻的国家

The name Canada is said to have derived
加拿大这个名字据说来源于

from the Huron word “Kanata”,
休伦语中的“卡纳塔”

meaning “a village or settlement”.
意思是“一个村庄或定居点”

Before the European discovery,
在被欧洲发现之前

Canada was populated by Indian
加拿大居住着印第安人

and Inuit tribes.
和因纽特人部落

It was first visited by Europeans around 1000,
大约公元1000年，当维京人短暂地在这里停留过后

when the Vikings briefly had a settlement.
欧洲人第一次来到这里。

In 1497, Italian sea captain,
1497年，意大利船长

John Cabot sailed from England and discovered
约翰·卡博特从英国启航

the eastern shores of Canada,
发现了加拿大的东岸

which he claimed as Newfoundland.
他称之为纽芬兰

Later, the French exploration
后来，由雅克·卡地亚领导的

led by Jacques Cartier visited
法国探险队探访了

what is today Quebec City and Montreal.
今天的魁北克市和蒙特利尔

Beginning in the 16th century,
从16世纪开始

British and French claims were made on the area.
英国和法国对该地区宣称了主权

The colony of Canada was first established
加拿大殖民地由法国人

by the French in 1537.
于1537年建立

Then colonies of Britain were set up.
后来英国也相继建立了殖民地

After the American Revolutionary War,
美国独立战争结束后

about 40,000 Americans
大约4万

who remained loyal to Britain migrated
宣称忠于英国皇室的美国人离开美国

from the newly independent country to Canada.
移民到加拿大

Then in 1791
然后在1791年

the British parliament passed another act,
英国议会通过了另一项法案

which divided the Lawrence River Valley
将劳伦斯河谷

into two parts,
分为两部分

Upper and Lower Canada.
即上加拿大和下加拿大

As a consequence of various conflicts,
由于各种冲突

the United Kingdom gained
英国在英属北美

and lost territories within British North America
获得又失去了领土

until it was left, in the late 18th century.
并在18世纪末撤离加拿大

In 1812, the American War broke out.
1812年，美国战争爆发

the Americans invaded British Canada
美国人入侵了不列颠加拿大

but were repulsed.
但遭到反击

In 1867 July 1st,
1867年7月1日

the Constitution Act came into effect.
《宪法法案》生效

It united the three separate colonies
它将加拿大、新苏格兰和新不伦瑞克省

of the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia,
的三个单独的殖民地

and New Brunswick into a single Dominion
结合在一起

within the British Empire called Canada.
成立为大英帝国的加拿大的自治领土

And July 1 became the Canada Day,
七月一日成为了加拿大日

the national day of Canada.
加拿大的国庆日

In 1931,
1931年

Canada achieved near total independence
加拿大通过1931年的威斯敏斯特法令

from the UK with the Statute of Westminster 1931,
几乎完全独立于英国

and full sovereignty was attained
1982年的加拿大法令取消了

when the Canada Act 1982 removed
对联合王国议会最后的

the last remaining ties of legal dependence
法律依赖关系

on the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
从而加拿大获得了完全主权

With the co-existing English and French cultures,
由于英法文化共存

there had been constant conflicts
两个群体之间

between the groups.
经常发生冲突

Then in the second half of the 20th century,
20世纪下半叶

some citizens of the French-speaking province
魁北克法语省的部分公民

of Quebec have sought independence,
寻求独立

but two referendums have been defeated,
但两次全民投票均被否决

and there was a 50.6%
有50.6%的人

of people against independence.
反对独立

In practice, the country's official name
实际上，这个国家的官方名称

is simply Canada.
就是加拿大

It has been argued
有人认为

that the country's official name still
该国的官方名称应如

is The Dominion of Canada,
《英国北美法》所述

as mentioned in the British North America Act.
为加拿大自治领土

However, starting
然而

in the 1950s the federal government began
从20世纪50年代开始

to gradually phase out the use of
联邦政府开始逐步在官方文本中

the word "Dominion" in official texts
回避使用“自治领土”一词

and instead simply refer to the nation as "Canada."
仅将这个国家称为“加拿大”。