11.2 澳大利亚——政治、经济与文化在线视频

11.2

Government, Economy and Culture
政府、经济与文化

First, we will look at it government.
首先，我们来看看政府

Similar to that of Canada,
与加拿大类似

the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia
澳大利亚联邦政府

is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
是一个联邦议会君主立宪制国家

The Queen of Britain is the apex of Australia.
英国女王是国家最高首领

The Queen is represented in Australia
在澳大利亚

by the Governor-General at the federal level,
女王由联邦总督代表

who by convention act on the advice
按照惯例

of her ministers.
总督根据女王的的建议行事

While the leader of the government
而政府的领导人

is the Prime Minister.
是总理

The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia
澳大利亚联邦政府

is divided into three branches.
分为三个层面

The legislature branch
立法机构

comprises a bicameral parliament,
由两院制议会

the Senate, and the House of Representatives.
即参议院和众议院组成

and the executive is the Federal Executive Council,
执行机构是联邦执行委员会

which in practice gives legal effect
该机构使内阁的决定

to the decisions of the cabinet,
具有法律效力

comprising the prime minister 
内阁由总理和内阁部长组成

and ministers of state
为总督提供

who advise the Governor-General.
咨询意见

the current Prime Minister of Australia
澳大利亚的现任总理是

is Scott Morrison,
斯科特·莫里森

and he is also the Leader of the Liberal Party.
他也是自由党的领袖

Economy
经济

Now, let's check out its economy.
现在，让我们来看看它的经济

Australia is a wealthy country.
澳大利亚是一个富裕的国家

The economy of Australia
澳大利亚经济

is one of the largest mixed market economies
是世界上最大的

in the world,
混合市场经济体之一

with a GDP of USD 1.42 trillion as of 2018.
截至2018年其GDP为1.42万亿美元

it generates its income from various sources
它的收入来自各种来源

including mining-related exports,
包括与采矿有关的出口

telecommunications,
电信

banking and manufacturing.
银行和制造业

Australia is the world's 14th largest economy
在2019年，澳大利亚是

in 2019.
世界第14大经济体

It has a market economy,
它的经济是市场经济

a relatively high GDP per capita,
人均GDP相对较高

and a relatively low rate of poverty.
贫困率相对较低

The Australian economy is dominated
澳大利亚经济以

by its service sector,
服务业为主

comprising 68% of GDP.
占国内生产总值的68%

The mining sector represents 7%.
矿业占7%

Economic growth is largely dependent
经济增长在很大程度上取决于

on the mining sector
矿业

and agricultural sector
和农业

with the products to be exported
产品主要出口

mainly to the East Asian market.
到东亚市场

Despite the recent decline
尽管该国最近的

of the mining boom in the country,
矿业发展有所缓慢

the Australian economy has remained resilient
但澳大利亚经济保持了弹性

and stable.
和稳定

An emphasis on exporting commodities
自21世纪初以来

rather than manufactured goods
大宗商品(而非制成品)

has underpinned
推动了

a significant increase in Australia's terms
澳大利亚

of trade since the start of the 21st century.
贸易的大幅增长

Australia is a major exporter
澳大利亚是

of agricultural products,
农业的主要出口国

particularly beef, wheat and wool,
特别是牛肉、小麦和羊毛等农产品

minerals and energy,
以及如天然气和煤等

such as natural gas and coal.
的矿物和能源

Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter
澳大利亚是世界第四大

of wine.
葡萄酒出口国

Then,its largest export markets are
它最大的出口市场是

Japan, China and the US.
日本，中国和美国

The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation.
澳元是国家的货币

Society and culture
社会和文化

After briefly introducing the economy of Australia.
在简单介绍了澳大利亚经济情况后

We are going to look at the
我们将去看看

everyday life and culture of the Australians.
澳大利亚人的日常生活和文化

Who are the Australians?
澳大利亚人是谁？

Until the Second World War,
在第二次世界大战之前

a vast majority of settlers
绝大多数定居者和移民

and immigrants came from the British Isles,
来自不列颠群岛

and a majority of Australians have some British
大多数澳大利亚人或多或少都会有英国

or Irish ancestry.
或爱尔兰血统

Following World War II
第二次世界大战期后

and through to 2000,
一直到2000年

almost 5.9 million of the total population
将近590万人口以新移民的身份

settled in the country as new immigrants.
定居在这个国家

It means that
这意味着

nearly two out of every seven Australians
每七个澳大利亚人中

were born in another country.
就有两个出生在另一个国家

Although Australia has no official language,
尽管澳大利亚没有官方语言

English has always been entrenched
但英语一直是

as the de facto national language.
事实上的民族语言

Australian English is different from British
澳大利亚英语不同于英式英语

and American English in that
和美式英语之处在于

it loves to invent new words,
它喜欢发明新词

they have created a lot of rhyming slang,
澳大利人创造了许多押韵俚语

for instance,
例如

kangaroos loose in the top paddock,
牧场脱缰的袋鼠

Like, He's got kangaroos loose
就像这句话里的

in the top paddock,
他有一只在牧场脱缰的袋鼠

it means He is Intellectually inadequate.
这句话的意思是他不够聪明

And they use diminutive a lot.
他们还经常用小词

In Australia,
在澳大利亚

it is very common to hear words like
听到像arvo这样的词

arvo being used instead of afternoon.
而不是afternoon，是很常见的

In all, about 5,000 diminutives
在澳大利亚英语中

have been identified in Australian English.
总共发现了大约5，000个小词

At times, this can make it
这可能有时

almost impossible to understand
会人们觉得不可理喻

and quite offensive to speakers accustomed
而且对习惯于礼节的人来说也是

to formality.
相当冒犯的

It reflects Australia's identity
它反映了澳大利亚

conflicts born out of its penal history.
源于罪犯流放地的历史和现今身份的冲突

In the following clip,
接下来这个短片里

the man's accent and words
这位兄弟的口音和用词

can give you a brief idea
能让你对澳大利亚英语

of the Australian English.
有个大致的感觉

As for the culture there,
至于那里的文化

Australia's diverse, multi-ethnic population
澳大利亚多元的、多民族

has significantly influenced their culture.
的人口对他们的文化产生了很大的影响

Australian culture
澳大利亚文化

represents a combination of all the customs
代表了所有习俗和传统的结合

and traditions of the cultures across worldwide
以及居住在这里的

who had resided here.
世界各地的人们的文化

These were European
这些都是欧洲和原住民

and aboriginal culture legacy
的文化遗产

which had greatly inhibited the Australian culture
澳大利亚文化

and at present the current Australian culture
正是这些文化

represents that fusion only.
的融合产物

Egalitarianism, informality
平等主义、非正式性

and an irreverent sense of humour
和不敬的幽默感

characterize Australian culture.
是澳大利亚文化的特点

Australians are mad about sport,
澳大利亚人热衷于体育

and it forms a major part of Australian culture.
体育是澳大利亚文化的主要组成部分

Cricket is the major sport in summer
板球是夏季的主要运动

and Australian rules football in winter.
冬季人们热衷足球。

Holidays in Australia
澳大利亚的假日

Meanwhile,
同时

Australia is an ideal place for tourists.
澳大利亚也是游客的理想去处

The landscape of Australia
澳大利亚的景观

deviates from dry to tropical rain forest
从干燥的沙漠到热带雨林到海滩

to all the beaches.
对所有的旅行者来说

To all the travelers,
只要他们想去澳大利亚

anytime they want to visit Australia 
任何时间

is a good time.
都是好时机

Now, we are going to check out
现在，我们将看看

two of the top tourists attractions in Australia.
澳大利亚的两个最有人气的旅游景点。

Great Barrier Reef
大堡礁

The Great Barrier Reef is a site
大堡礁位于澳大利亚东北海岸

of remarkable variety
是一个富含多样性

and beauty on the north-east coast of Australia.
和美丽的地方

It contains the world's
它拥有世界上最大的

largest collection of coral reefs
珊瑚礁

and many species of fish.
和许多种类的鱼类

It also holds great scientific interest
它也是具备着科学研究价值

as the habitat of species
这里是

such as the sea cow, and the large green turtle.
海牛和绿海龟等物种的栖息地

The Great Barrier Reef
大堡礁

is of superlative natural beauty
在水面上和水下都有着极致的自然美

above and below the water,
它是地球上

and it provides
最壮观

some of the most spectacular scenery on earth.
的风景之一

It is one of a few living structures
它是少数几个能从太空

visible from space.
看见的生物结构之一

You can swim, snorkel,
你可以在这片大自然的杰作中

dive and sail this living masterpiece.
游泳，潜水和航行。

Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock,
乌鲁鲁，又称艾尔斯岩

is located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park
位于北部地区南部的乌鲁鲁-卡塔·图塔国家公园

in the south of the Northern Territory.
它是世界上

It is the largest monolith in the world.
最大的一块巨石

It is notable for appearing to change colors
它的特别之处在于

as different light strikes it
在一天和一年的不同时间

at different times of the day and year.
和不同的光线照射下

And it is also regarded as a sacred place
它会呈现出不同的颜色

by the Australian Aborigines.
它被澳大利亚土著视为圣地

Australia is very beautiful with its
澳大利亚的

respective scenery,
风景很美

but there is always something more
但是这个国家总有更多的东西

about this country that you can do there.
可以让你去挖掘

Alright, that's all for today's lesson.
好了，今天的课到此为止

I hope you will find more about Australia
当你有机会在将来去澳大利亚的时候

when you have a chance to visit it in the future.
希望你能发现更多关于它的有趣事情

Wish you well, see you.
祝你一切顺利，再见！

Did you know?
你知道吗？

HELLO? ANYBODY THERE?
哈喽，有人吗？

Due to sheer size and the uninhabitable desert
由于幅员辽阔和无法居住的沙漠气候

climate dominating much of the continent,
占据了该大陆大部分地区

Australia is the ninth least-densely
澳大利亚在世界人口密度最低的国家中

populated nation in the world.
排名第九

CHALLENGE ACCEPTED
接受挑战吗？

Australia has more than 10,000 beaches.
澳大利亚有10,000多个海滩

You could visit a different beach every day
你可以每天访问一个不同的海滩

for over 27 years
27年也不会重复

and not manage to see them all.
而且还不一定能看完

THEY INVENTED UGGS—OR DID THEY?

Ugg boots are claimed by Australia
他们发明了UGG靴子，真的吗？

with some saying they've been worn
有人说自20世纪20年代以来

in rural Australia since the 1920s.
澳大利亚农村地区的人们一直穿这种鞋。

The popular brand UGG Australia
然而，广受欢迎的品牌

is actually an American company, however.
UGG澳大利亚实际上是一家美国公司。

AUSTRALIA'S HIDDEN GEM
澳大利亚隐藏的宝石

Australia's national gemstone is opal.
澳大利亚的国家宝石是澳宝

The country produces 97% of the world's supply,
该国生产了世界上97%的澳宝

the majority of which
其中大部分

comes from Southern Australia
来自南澳大利亚