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Most content of the following table is from Wikipedia . Examples are read by our curriculum developer Fei Yuan.

Rules given in terms of English pronunciation

Pronunciation of initials

Pinyin	IPA	English approximation	Explanation	Example
p	[pʰ]	pay	strongly aspirated p, as in pit	pā pá pà
m	[m]	may	as in English mummy	mā má mǎ mà
f	[f]	fair	as in English fun	fā fá fǎ fà
d	[t]	stop	unaspirated t, as in stop	dā dá dǎ dà
t	[tʰ]	take	strongly aspirated t, as in top	tā tǎ tà
n	[n]	nay	as in English nit	nā ná nǎ nà
l	[l]	lay	as in English love	lā lá lǎ là
g	[k]	skill	unaspirated k, as in skill	gān gǎn gàn
k	[kʰ]	kay	strongly aspirated k, as in kill	kān kǎn kàn
h	[x]	loch	roughly like the Scots ch. English h as in hay or, more closely in some American dialects, hero is an acceptable approximation. The best way to produce this sound is by very slowly making a "k" sound, pausing at the point where there is just restricted air flowing over the back of your tongue (after the release at the beginning of a "k")	hā há hǎ hà
j	[tɕ]	churchyard	No equivalent in English, but similar to an unaspirated "-chy-" sound when said quickly. Like q, but unaspirated. Is similar to the English name of the letter G. Not the s in Asia, despite the common English pronunciation of "Beijing". The sequence "ji" word-initially is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of じ(ジ) ji.	jiā jiá jiǎ jià
q	[tɕʰ]	punch yourself	No equivalent in English. Like punch yourself, with the lips spread wide with ee. Curl the tip of the tongue downwards to stick it at the back of the teeth and strongly aspirate. The sequence "qi" word-initially is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of ち(チ) chi.	qī qí qǐ qì
x	[ɕ]	push yourself	No equivalent in English. Like -sh y-, with the lips spread and the tip of your tongue curled downwards and stuck to the back of teeth when you say ee. The sequence "xi" is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of し(シ) shi.	xī xí xǐ xì
zh	[tʂ]	junk	Rather like ch (a sound between choke, joke, true, and drew, tongue tip curled more upwards). Voiced in a toneless syllable.	zhī zhí zhǐ zhì
ch	[tʂʰ]	church	as in chin, but with a flat tongue; very similar to nurture in American English, but strongly aspirated.	chī chí chǐ chì
sh	[ʂ]	shirt	as in shoe, but with a flat tongue; very similar to marsh in American English	shī shí shǐ shì
r	[ɻ]	ray	Similar to the English r in reduce, but with a flat tongue and lightly fricated.	rén rěn rèn
z	[ts]	reads	unaspirated c, similar to something between suds and cats; as in suds in a toneless syllable	zī zǐ zì
c	[tsʰ]	hats	like the English ts in cats, but strongly aspirated, very similar to the Czech, Polish and Slovak c.	cī cí cǐ cì
s	[s]	say	as in sun	sī sǐ sì
w	[w]	way	as in water.*	wā wá wǎ wà
y	[j],[ɥ]	yea	as in yes. Before a u, pronounce it with rounded lips.*	yā yá yǎ yà