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p

[pʰ]

pay

strongly aspirated p, as in pit

pā pá pà

m

[m]

may

as in English mummy

mā má mǎ mà

f

[f]

fair

as in English fun

fā fá fǎ fà

d

[t]

stop

unaspirated t, as in stop

dā dá dǎ dà

t

[tʰ]

take                   

strongly aspirated t, as in top

tā tǎ tà

n

[n]

nay

as in English nit                                             

nā ná nǎ nà

l

[l]

lay

as in English love

lā lá lǎ là

g

[k]

skill

unaspirated k, as in skill

gān gǎn gàn

k

[kʰ]

kay

strongly aspirated k, as in kill

kān kǎn kàn

h

[x]

loch

roughly like the Scots ch. English h as in hay or, more closely in some American dialects, hero is an acceptable approximation. The best way to produce this sound is by very slowly making a "k" sound, pausing at the point where there is just restricted air flowing over the back of your tongue (after the release at the beginning of a "k")

hā há hǎ hà

j

[tɕ]

churchyard

No equivalent in English, but similar to an unaspirated "-chy-" sound when said quickly. Like q, but unaspirated. Is similar to the English name of the letter G. Not the s in Asia, despite the common English pronunciation of "Beijing". The sequence "ji" word-initially is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of じ(ジ) ji.

 jiā jiá jiǎ jià

q

[tɕʰ]

punch yourself

No equivalent in English. Like punch yourself, with the lips spread wide with ee. Curl the tip of the tongue downwards to stick it at the back of the teeth and strongly aspirate. The sequence "qi" word-initially is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of ち(チ) chi.

qī qí qǐ qì

x

[ɕ]

push yourself

No equivalent in English. Like -sh y-, with the lips spread and the tip of your tongue curled downwards and stuck to the back of teeth when you say ee. The sequence "xi" is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of し(シ) shi.

xī xí xǐ xì

zh

[tʂ]

junk

Rather like ch (a sound between choke, joke, true, and drew, tongue tip curled more upwards). Voiced in a toneless syllable.

zhī zhí zhǐ zhì

ch

[tʂʰ]

church

as in chin, but with a flat tongue; very similar to nurture in American English, but strongly aspirated.

chī chí chǐ chì

sh

[ʂ]

shirt

as in shoe, but with a flat tongue; very similar to marsh in American English

shī shí shǐ shì

r

[ɻ]

ray

Similar to the English r in reduce, but with a flat tongue and lightly fricated.

rén rěn rèn

z

[ts]

reads

unaspirated c, similar to something between suds and cats; as in suds in a toneless syllable

zī zǐ zì

c

[tsʰ]

hats

like the English ts in cats, but strongly aspirated, very similar to the Czech, Polish and Slovak c.

cī cí cǐ cì

s

[s]

say

as in sun

sī sǐ sì

w

[w]

way

as in water.*

wā wá wǎ wà

y

[j],[ɥ]

yea

as in yes. Before a u, pronounce it with rounded lips.*

yā yá yǎ yà