第二章第一节在线视频

同学们好
hello everyone

今天我们开始讲《反垄断法》
today we will talk about the Anti-Monopoly Law

通过前面经济法基本理论的学习
through previous study of the basic theory of economic law

我们可以知道
we can know that

竞争是现代市场经济的灵魂
competition is the soul of modern market economy

在某种程度上
to some extent

现代意义经济法的产生
the emergence of modern economic law

是以维护竞争秩序为目的
is for the purpose of maintaining the order of competition

而竞争秩序的法律保障
while the legal guarantee of competition order

包括
includes

反对限制阻碍竞争
opposing restrictions and obstacles to competition

和反对不正当竞争两个方面
and against unfair competition two aspects

与此相对应
corresponding to this

竞争法分为
competition law is divided into

反垄断法和反不正当竞争法
Anti-Monopoly Law and Anti-Unfair Competition Law

今天
today

我们先来学习反垄断法
let's study Anti-Monopoly Law first

第一节
section 1

反垄断法的基本问题
the basic issues of Anti-Monopoly Law

本节课
in this section

我们主要讲授反垄断法的两个基本问题
we focus on two basic issues of Anti-Monopoly Law

一个是垄断的本质与界定
one is the nature and definition of monopoly

另一个是反垄断法的判断标准
the other is the standard of judgment of Anti-Monopoly Law

何为垄断
the definition of monopoly

是我们学习反垄断法首先要解决的问题
is the first question to be solved

从经济学意义上理解
understanding in an economic sense

垄断有三种含义
monopoly has three meanings

一是最狭义的垄断
first is monopoly in the narrowest sense

即独占
that is Monopoly

例如在某一个市场内
in a particular market, for example

只有一个经营者
there is only one operator

二是狭义的垄断
second is the narrow sense of monopoly

是指除完全竞争之外所有的市场结构
all market structure except perfect competition

包括垄断竞争
including monopolistic competition

寡头和独占
oligopoly and monopoly

例如该种意义上的垄断包括
for example, monopoly in this sense include

某一市场内由少数几个经营者控制
a market controlled by a few operators

也体现为
also embodied as

某一个市场中仅有独家经营者
only one sole operator in a particular market

但无论何种形式
but no matter what form

该种垄断
in essence, this kind of monopoly

本质上表现为垄断结构
is characterized by the structure of monopoly

三是广义的垄断
third monopoly in a broad sense refers to

既指垄断结构
both monopoly structure

也指垄断行为
and monopolistic behavior

垄断结构可以是
the monopoly structure may be

上述第二种
the second kind of monopoly mentioned above

狭义的垄断
in the narrow sense

而垄断行为主要是指
while monopolistic behavior mainly refers to

特定市场内
in a particular market

经营者实施的行为
the behavior of the operators

排除限制市场竞争的
aiming at excluding and restricting market competition

如垄断协议
such as monopoly agreement

滥用市场支配地位
abuse of market dominance

等等
etc

并不是所有的垄断都会受到法律的规制
not all monopolies are regulated by law

法律意义上的垄断
monopoly in the legal sense

通常具备以下几个特征
usually has the following characteristics

一是法律意义上的垄断
first monopoly in the legal sense

仅指垄断行为
refers only to the act of monopoly

不包括垄断结构
exclusive of monopoly structure

二是
second

实施垄断行为的主体
the subject of monopolistic behavior

是经营者或其利益代表者
is the operator or his representative of interest

如行业协会
such as trade associations

三是行为的目的是排除
third the purpose of the behavior is to exclude and

限制竞争
restrict competition

破坏市场公平竞争
destroy fair competition in the market

四是行为具有违法性
fourth the behavior is illegal

即
that is

行为符合
the behavior is in conformity with

法律规定的垄断行为类型
the type of monopolistic behavior defined by law

如垄断协议
such as monopoly agreement

行政垄断等
and administrative monopoly

在此
here

我总结法律意义上垄断的含义为
I sum up the legal meaning of monopoly as follows

垄断是指
monopoly refers to

经营者或其利益代表者
the operator or his representative of interest

滥用市场支配地位
abuse market dominance

或通过协议合并
or through an agreement merge

或其他方式谋求并滥用市场支配地位
or by other means seek and abuse market dominance

并以此排除
and thus exclude

限制竞争
and restrict competition

谋取超额利益
seek excess benefits

依法应予规制的行为
which should be regulated by law

本节第二个大问题是
the second biggest question in this section is

反垄断法的判断标准
the judgment standard of Anti-Monopoly Law

首先是本身违法原则与
the first is illegal per se rule and

合理原则
the principle of reasonableness

本身违法原则是指
illegal per se rule refers to

某些损害竞争的行为
certain acts detrimental to competition

已被司法判例
which have been brought to trial by judicial precedent

确定本身就是违法的
are determined to be illegal

无需通过对其他因素的考虑去判断
there is no need to judge by consideration of other factors

合理原则是指
the principle of reasonableness refers to

某些对竞争的限制比较模糊的行为
whether certain vague restrictions on competition

是否构成违法
constitute illegality

必须在慎重考察
a judgment must be made after careful consideration of

企业行为的意图
the business intention

行为方式及
its behavior style

行为后果等因素之后方能作出判断
and the behavioral consequences

即对行为实质损害的审查
after review of substantive behavioral damage

普遍认为
it is generally believed that

1890年美国谢尔曼法第1条
Article 1 of the Sherman Act of 1890

即是本身违法行为的起源
is the origin of illegal per se rule

1911年的
in 1911

标准石油公司诉美国案
Standard Oil Company suing USA

则是被认为合理原则的起源
is regarded as origin of the principle of reasonableness

那是因为谢尔曼法
that's because the Sherman Act

只是禁止那些
only prohibits actions that

不合理限制竞争的行为
unreasonably restrict competition

在任何情况下
in any case

除了
except

必须适用本身违法的情形之外
circumstances in which illegal per se rule must be applied

其他类型的共谋行为
other types of collusion

虽可能限制竞争
although they may restrict competition

但同时也对竞争经济发展
for the development of competitive economy

具有积极的作用
they also have a positive effect

可以适用合理原则
the principle of reasonableness can be applied

因此
therefore

本身违法原则主要适用于
the principle of illegal per se rule applies mainly to

影响恶劣的垄断行为
monopolistic practices that have a bad impact.

比如价格垄断协议
such as price monopoly agreement

因垄断具有两面性
because monopoly has two sides

所以
that's why

其他垄断行为更多的适用
other monopolistic behaviors are more applicable to

合理原则
the principle of reasonableness

从我国目前反垄断法的制度设计上看
China's system design of current Anti-Monopoly Law

采取的是合理原则
adopts the principle of reasonableness

即体现在反垄断法第13条
it is embodied in Article 13 of the Anti-Monopoly Law

14条和第15条
as well as in Articles 14 and 15

从反垄断法法律适用的角度来看
from the perspective of Anti-Monopoly Law application

本身违法原则与合理原则
illegal per se rule and principle of reasonableness

主要用于
are mainly used for

对垄断协议的法律规制
the legal regulation of monopoly agreement

其次是结构主义与行为主义
secondly structuralism and behaviorism

结构主义是指为了控制行业集中度
structuralism refers to a monopoly control system

而对行业集中状态进行规范的
that through regulating the state of industry concentration

垄断控制制度
control industry concentration

在结构主义框架下
within the framework of structuralism

一个行业的结构
structure of an industry

应该是一种
is supposed to be one structure

能够使有效竞争能
that enables effective competition

按其设想内在地进行的结构
carried out intrinsically as envisaged

行为主义是指
behaviorism refers to a monopoly control system

针对竞争者的行为
that based on the behavior against a competitor

而不是根据市场结构
rather than according to the structure of the market

而建立的一些促进竞争的规则
some rules are set up to promote competition

即着眼于规范
and which focuses on regulating

占市场支配地位企业的
the market-dominant business’

限制竞争行为的垄断控制制度
behavior of restricting competition

两者比较而言
comparatively speaking

结构主义关注的是
structuralism focuses on

某一特定市场上有几个经营者
how many operators are in a particular market

是否有足够的供给者
and if there are adequate suppliers

所以结构主义关注市场结构
so structuralism pays attention to market structure

而行为主义关注的是经营者行为
while behaviorism focuses on the behavior of operators

在反垄断法的适用当中
in the application of Anti-Monopoly Law

结构主义的制裁方法
structuralist sanctions are

主要是对市场结构进行解割
mainly about deconstructing market structures

行为主义的制裁方法
behaviorist sanctions are

主要是勒令停止
mainly about ordering a stop

赔偿损失
indemnifying for a loss

从两者的适用上考察
from the application of the two

结构主义是非常态的
structuralism is abnormal

具有毁灭性
and devastating

而行为主义是一种常态化的
while behaviorism is a normal

垄断控制方法
monopoly control method

具有修补性
can be mended

从我国目前《反垄断法》的制度设计上看
China's system design of current Anti-Monopoly Law

采取的是以行为主义为原则
adopts the approach that is based on behaviorism

以结构主义为例外的方法
and with structuralism as an exception

从反垄断法律的适用角度看
from the perspective of Anti-Monopoly Law application

结构主义与行为主义
structuralism and behaviorism

主要用于
are used primarily for

对滥用市场支配地位行为的法律规制
legal regulation of market dominance abuse

好
ok

同学们
everyone

今天的课就讲到这
so much for today

再见
goodbye