全球机构和全球化的推动力在线视频

同学们好
Hello,

我是国际工商学院的张洪烈老师
I am Zhang Honglie from the International Business School.

接下来我们要学习的内容是全球机构和全球化的推动力
The next thing we are going to learn is the emergence

接下来我们要学习的内容是全球机构和全球化的推动力
of global institutions and drivers of globalization.

市场全球化和生产全球化使得国家和企业面对的挑战越来越多
Market globalization and production globalization have

市场全球化和生产全球化使得国家和企业面对的挑战越来越多
made countries and enterprises face more and more challenges.

因此 许多重要的全球机构应运而生
Therefore, many important global institutions have emerged

在管理 规范和监督全球市场
to play an important role in the management

以及推动制定多国协议中发挥重要作用
regulation and supervision of the global market

以及推动制定多国协议中发挥重要作用
and the promotion of multinational agreements.

这些机构包括世界贸易组织（WTO） 国际货币基金（IMF）
These institutions include the World Trade

这些机构包括世界贸易组织（WTO） 国际货币基金（IMF）
Organization (WTO) the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

世界银行（World Bank） 联合国（UN）和二十国集团（G20）
the World Bank the United Nations (UN) and the Group of Twenty (G20).

这些机构大多是在第二次世界大战后期
Most of these institutions were established in a isolated market

在相互割裂的市场环境中诞生的
environment in the latter part of World War II.

它们是全球化的产物 同时也推动了全球化的深入发展
They are the results of globalization and at the

它们是全球化的产物 同时也推动了全球化的深入发展
same time promote the in-depth development of globalization.

第一个给大家介绍的是世界贸易组织
The first one to introduce to you is the World Trade Organization (WTO)

它主要负责监管世界贸易秩序和确保各国遵守WTO各成员签署的贸易协定
which is mainly responsible for monitoring the world trading system and ensuring

它主要负责监管世界贸易秩序和确保各国遵守WTO各成员签署的贸易协定
that countries adhere to the rules laid down in the trade treaties signed by WTO members.

截止2020年5月
As of May 2020

WTO的成员国有164个 占世界贸易总量的98%
there are 164 WTO members accounting for 98% of the world's total trade

这让WTO不仅活动范围广而且有着巨大的影响力
thereby giving the organization enormous scope and influence.

纵观其整个历史 包括它的前身《关贸总协定》
over its entire history and that of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade before it

WTO促进了跨国贸易 降低了贸易和投资壁垒
the WTO has promoted cross-border trade and lowered trade and investment barriers.

正因如此
For this reason

各成员国坚持寻求创造一个更为开放
member states insist on seeking to create a more open global business system

不为各国间的贸易与投资壁垒所累的全球商务系统
that is unencumbered by trade and investment barriers between countries.

如果没有世界贸易组织这样的机构
Without an institution such as the World Trade Organization

globalization of markets and globalization of p

市场全球化和生产全球化恐怕难以为继
globalization of markets and globalization of p

市场全球化和生产全球化恐怕难以为继
roduction is unlikely to have proceeded as far as it has.

不过 提到WTO时 正如我们在本章和第7章中将提到的
However when it comes to WTO as we will mention in this chapter and Chapter 7

也会有反对的声音指责世界贸易组织篡夺了各国的主权
there will also be critics charge that the WTO is usurping

也会有反对的声音指责世界贸易组织篡夺了各国的主权
the national sovereignty of individual nation-states.

接下来 谈一谈世界经济方面比较重要的两个国际机构
Next we are going to talk about two important international institutions in the world economy

国际货币基金组织和世界银行
Next we are going to talk about two important

国际货币基金组织和世界银行
international institutions in the world economy

它们是姐妹机构
They are sister institutions

是由44个国家于1944年在新罕布什尔州 布雷顿森林会议上创建的
and were created by 44 countries at the Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in 1944.

IMF的任务是维持国际货币系统的秩序
The task of the IMF is to maintain the order of the international monetary system;

世界银行的任务是促进经济发展
the task of the World Bank is to promote economic development.

60多年来 两个机构在全球经济舞台上发挥了巨大的作用
For more than 60 years the two institutions have played a huge role on the global economic stage.

在这两个姊妹机构中 世界银行引起的争议较少
Among these two sister institutions the World Bank has caused less controversy.

它的工作重点在于向一些资金短缺的国家发放低息货款
Its focus is on issuing low-interest loans to some countries

以资助它们的重大基础设施投资项目
that are short of funds to finance their major infrastructure investment projects

例如 修建建水坝和道路系统
such as building dams and road systems.

当一些国家的经济出现混乱 货币大幅贬值时
When the economies of some countries are in chaos and their currencies depreciate sharply

IMF通常被视为它们可求助的最后的贷款者
the IMF is usually regarded as the last lender they can turn to.

例如 它在过去的20年中一再贷款给那些遭遇麻烦的政府
For example in the past 20 years it has repeatedly loaned to governments in trouble

包括阿根廷 墨西哥 俄罗斯 韩国 泰国和土耳其等
including Argentina Mexico Russia South Korea Thailand and Turkey.

IMF在帮助一些国家应对2008年的
The IMF has also played an proactive role in helping s

全球金融危机中也发挥了积极的作用
ome countries cope with the 2008 global financial crisis. However

但是 IMF的贷款常常有附带条件
IMF loans often have conditions attached

例如要求贷款国采取特定的经济政策
such as requiring lending countries to adopt specific economic policies t

以扭转混乱的局面 使经济回归稳定并增长
o reverse the chaotic situation and return the economy to stability and growth.

这些 条件 产生了极大的争议
and return the economy to stability and growth.

有些批评家指责IMF推荐的政策常常是不合时宜的
Some critics accused the IMF of recommending policies that are often out of date.

也有人认为IMF这样做就像WTO一样
Others believe that the IMF does this like the WTO.

这种强制的附加条件剥夺了借款国家的主权
Such mandatory additional conditions deprive the borrowing country of sovereignty.

还有一个国际机构大家比较熟悉 就是联合国
There is another international organization that

还有一个国际机构大家比较熟悉 就是联合国
everyone is familiar with and that is the United Nations.

它成立于1945年10月24日
It was established on October 24 1945

由51个国家承诺通过国际合作和集体的安全防卫措施来维护和平
by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through

由51个国家承诺通过国际合作和集体的安全防卫措施来维护和平
international cooperation and collective security measures.

目前成员国总数达到了193个
Today memberships now totals 193 countries.

当一个国家或地区成为联合国成员时
When states becomes members of the United Nations

就意味着它们同意履行联合国宪章规定的义务
it means that they agree to accept their obligations under the United Nations Charter

该宪章是一部规定国际关系基本准则的公约
which is an international treaty that establishes basic principles of international relations.

其中制定了联合国的四项宗旨
According to the charter the United Nations has four purposes:

to maintain international peace and security;

维护国际和平与安全 发展各国友好关系
to maintain international peace and security;

维护国际和平与安全 发展各国友好关系
to develop friendly relations among countries;

共同解决国际问题和促进尊重人权
to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights;

成为协调各国行动的中心
and to become a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

另外 联合国还有一项中心任务
In addition the United Nations has a central task to

促进提高生活水平 充分就业和经济与社会的进步发展
promote higher standards of living full employment

促进提高生活水平 充分就业和经济与社会的进步发展
and conditions of economic and social progress

归根到底是为了创造一个充满活力的全球经济
all issues that are central to create a vibrant global economy.

联合国系统中70％的工作都致力于完成这一任务
As much as 70% of the work in the United Nations

联合国系统中70％的工作都致力于完成这一任务
system is dedicated to accomplishing this task.

为此 联合国与其他国际机构如世界银行密切合作
To do so the United Nations works closely with

为此 联合国与其他国际机构如世界银行密切合作
other international institutions such as the World Bank.

其指导工作的信念是:消除贫困和提高各地人们的生活水平
Guiding the work is the belief that eradicating poverty

其指导工作的信念是:消除贫困和提高各地人们的生活水平
and improving the well-being of people everywhere

是维持世界和平创造条件所必需的步骤
are necessary steps in creating conditions for lasting world peace.

另一个常出现在新闻中的机构是G20 也叫做20国集团
Another organization that often appears in the news

另一个常出现在新闻中的机构是G20 也叫做20国集团
is the Group of twenty also known as the G20.

G20成立于1999年
The G20 was established in 1999

由19个世界上最大的经济体的财政部部长和央行行长
and is composed of the finance ministers and central

由19个世界上最大的经济体的财政部部长和央行行长
bank governors of the 19 largest economies in the world

加上来自欧盟和欧洲央行的代表组成
plus representatives from the European Union and the European Central Bank.

G20国家的GDP占全球的90％ 占全球国际贸易的80％
The GDP of G20 countries accounts for 90% of the world

G20国家的GDP占全球的90％ 占全球国际贸易的80％
and 80% of global international trade.

G20成立的最初目的是为应付发展中国家的金融危机制定协调的政策
The original purpose of the G20 was to formulate coordinated

G20成立的最初目的是为应付发展中国家的金融危机制定协调的政策
policies to deal with the financial crisis in developing countries.

2008-2009年间
From 2008 to 2009

it became a summit forum and an important force in response

它成为峰会论坛 也是应对2008全球金融危机的重要力量
it became a summit forum and an important force in response

它成为峰会论坛 也是应对2008全球金融危机的重要力量
to the 2008 global financial crisis that started in America and then rapidly spread around the world.

接下来我们看一下全球化的推动力
Drivers of Globalization

国际机构的成立为全球化创造了良好的环境
The establishment of international institutions has created a good environment for globalization.

同时在进一步全球化趋势的背后
At the same time behind the further globalization trend

有两个宏观因素对全球化成本的降低起到了积极作用
there are two macro factors that have played a positive role in reducing the cost of globalization.

一是第二次世界大战结束后
One is the reduction of barriers to the free flow of goods

商品 服务和资本自由流动的障碍减少
services and capital after the Second World War

从而使得贸易与投资壁垒的减少
thereby reducing barriers to trade and investment;

二是技术变革
the second is technological change

特别是近年来通信 信息处理和运输技术的迅猛发展
especially the rapid development of communications information

特别是近年来通信 信息处理和运输技术的迅猛发展
processing and transportation technologies in recent years.

接下来 我们将详细探讨一下这两个全球化的重要驱动力
Next we will discuss these two important driving forces of globalization in detail.

20世纪二三十年代
In the 1920s and 1930s

世界上许多国家对国际贸易和对外直接投资构筑起强大的壁垒
many countries in the world built strong barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment.

主要方式是对进口的商品收取高额关税
The main method is to charge high tariffs on imported goods.

这种关税的主要目的是保护国内工业免遭外国的竞争
The main purpose of such tariffs is to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

然而 这种 损人利己 的敌对贸易政策的后果是贸易壁垒不断升级
However the consequence of such a hostile trade policy o

然而 这种 损人利己 的敌对贸易政策的后果是贸易壁垒不断升级
f “beggar thy neighbor” was the escalation of trade barriers

最终导致了30年代的经济大萧条
which eventually led to the Great Depression of the 1930s.

第二次世界大战后
After the Second World War

西方发达工业国家吸取教训
Western advanced industrial countries learned their lesson

承诺将消除各国间妨碍商品 服务和资本自由流动的壁垒
and promised to eliminate barriers to the free flow of goods services and capital between countries.

《关贸总协定》和WTO的成立正是这一目标的体现
The establishment of the "General Agreement on Tariffs

《关贸总协定》和WTO的成立正是这一目标的体现
and Trade" and the WTO is a manifestation of this goal.

不但减少了商品和服务自由流动的障碍 关税税率大幅下降
Not only has it reduced the obstacles to the free flow of goods

不但减少了商品和服务自由流动的障碍 关税税率大幅下降
and services the tariff rate has dropped significantly

同时为专利 商标和版权提供强有力的保护
and at the same time it has provided strong protection for patents trademarks and copyrights.

这有效减少了国家间的贸易摩擦
This effectively reduces trade frictions between countries

削减了跨境贸易的成本
and cuts the cost of cross-border trade.

比如 大部分工业国将制造业产品的关税从二战后的20%以上 削减到3.9%
For example after World War II most industrial countries cut tariffs

比如 大部分工业国将制造业产品的关税从二战后的20%以上 削减到3.9%
on manufactured products from more than 20% to 3.9%.

但是 跨国贸易和投资壁垒不会完全消失
However barriers to cross-border trade and investment will not completely disappear.

面对外国竞争者
In the face of foreign competitors

世界各国要求 保护 的呼声时有耳闻 美国也不例外
calls from countries around the world for “protection”

世界各国要求 保护 的呼声时有耳闻 美国也不例外
are heard from time to time and the United States is no exception.

许多发达国家的政治人物对削减贸易壁垒的态度尚不明确
Many politicians in developed countries have unclear attitudes towards reducing trade barriers

例如2008年的金融危机和当今美国政府实施的
such as the 2008 financial crisis and the implementation of the US government today.

贸易保护主义都为全球化带来了负面影响
All trade protectionism has brought a negative impact on globalization.

技术变革的作用
The Role of Technological Change

另外一个全球化的重要推动力是技术的革新
Another important driving force of globalization is technological innovation.

技术进步不断降低国际贸易的物理成本
Technological advances have continuously reduced the costs of international trade

促进了更大范围的商品流动
and promoted a wider range of commodity flows.

这方面重要的技术创新包含世界各国在通信
Important technological innovations in this area

这方面重要的技术创新包含世界各国在通信
include the rapid development of communications

信息处理和运输技术上取得长足的发展
information processing and transportation technologies in various countries around the world

例如 集装箱的发明和普及使用 宽体大飞机的发明
such as the invention and popularization of containers the invention of wide-body aircraft

互联网技术的广泛应用等
and the widespread application of Internet technology.

好的 今天的课程到这里就结束了
Okay today's class is over here

感谢大家的观看
thank you for watching.