经济发展的决定因素在线视频

同学们好
Hello classmates

我是国际工商学院的张洪烈老师
I am Zhang Honglie from the International Business School

今天的课程我们来学习

今天的课程我们来学习
In today's lass we will study

国际商务中经济发展中的

国际商务中经济发展中的
the content of national differences

国家差异的内容
in economic development in international business

上一章我们讨论了
In the previous chapter we described

各国因

各国因
how countries

政治体制
differ with regard to their

经济体制和法律体系的不同

经济体制和法律体系的不同
political systems economic systems

而产生的差异
and legal systems

这一章呢 我们在这个基础上
In this chapter we will

来阐述

来阐述
explain

来阐述

政治经济的这些差异
how these differences

如何影响一个国家的经济发展水平

如何影响一个国家的经济发展水平
influence the level of economic development of a nation

同时进一步分析
We also look at

经济发展的决定因素
what determines level of

经济发展的决定因素
economic development of a nation

经济转型的本质
the nature of economic transformation

以及政治经济变革的意义

以及政治经济变革的意义
and the implications changing of political economy

这三个方面的主题
three topics

过去的三十年里面呢
In the past three decades

出现了一种倾向于
there has been a trend toward

民主政府 市场经济改革

民主政府 市场经济改革
democratic government market economic reforms

和更有效保护知识产权的

和更有效保护知识产权的
and a more effective legal system for protecting

和更有效保护知识产权的

法律体系的趋势
intellectual property rights

总体来说
Generally speaking

这个趋势有助于
this trend will help

促进世界经济更快地发展
promote the faster development of the world economy

也有助于创造一个
and also help create a

更加良好的国际商务环境
better international business environment

本章的最后一节呢
The last section of this chapter

将在综合这些内容的基础上
will discuss how political

来探讨政治经济的差异
and economic differences affect the benefits

如何影响在不同国家经商的时候
costs and risks of doing business in different countries

我们的收益 成本和风险
based on these contents

首先呢 我们来谈一下
First let's talk about

经济进步的决定因素
the determinants of economic progress

前提是了解
The premise is to understand

不同国家的经济发展水平
that there are huge differences in the level

存在巨大的差异
of economic development of different countries

所以我们需要找到一些
so we need to find some

衡量经济发展的标准
standards to measure economic development

来评价每个国家经济活动的情况
to evaluate the economic activities of each country

在经济学中
In economics

我们主要运用
we mainly use

国民总收入也就是GNI指标

国民总收入也就是GNI指标
the gross national income GNI

来衡量国家经济发展的水平
as indicator to measure the level of national economic development

为了对不同国家
In order to compare

经济发展水平进行比较
the economic development level of different countries

我们使用人均国民总收入
We use gross national income per capita

就是
namely

GNI per capital指标
GNI per capital index

为了消除不同国家生活成本的差异
In order to eliminate the differences

为了消除不同国家生活成本的差异
in the cost of living in different countries

我们呢又使用购买力平价方法
we use the purchasing power parity PPP method

对上述指标来进行调整
to adjust the above indicators

利用参照购买力平价调整过的指标
Using the indicators adjusted with reference

利用参照购买力平价调整过的指标
to the purchasing power parity

利用参照购买力平价调整过的指标

可以对不同国家的生活水平来进行
we can be done on the living standards of different countries

比较直接的比较
more direct comparison

比较直接的比较

国内生产总值
Gross domestic product

也就是我们通常说的GDP
That's what we usually call GDP

也是衡量经济规模常用的指标
also a commonly used

也是衡量经济规模常用的指标
indicator to measure economic scale

GNI数据和PPP调整
GNI data and PPP adjustments

只是对发展所做的一个静态描述
just a static description of development

例如 从数据上看
For example only based on the data

中国比美国要穷一些
China is poorer than the United States

但数据无法告诉我们
but the data cannot tell us

中国是否正在缩小差距
whether China is closing the gap

要评估这一点
To assess this

我们就需要考察不同国家的
We need to look at different countries

growth rate of gross domestic product

国内生产总值它的增长率
growth rate of gross domestic product

也就是GDP的增长率
That is the growth rate of GDP

尽管中国和印度还是发展中国家
Although China and India are still developing countries

但是这两个国家的经济绝对量
the absolute size of the economies of the two countries

已经非常大
is already very large

经济增长速度也远远超过
their economic growth rates have far exceeded that of

很多的发达国家
many developed countries

它们已经成为
They have become

国际企业产品的一个非常巨大的市场
huge market for the products of international enterprises

中国在2010年超越日本
China surpassed Japan in 2010

成为全球仅次于美国的第二大经济体
to become the world's second largest

成为全球仅次于美国的第二大经济体
economy after the United States.

如果中国和美国都维持
If both China and the United States maintain their

各自目前的经济增长速度
current economic growth rates

那么在未来十年间
then in the next ten years

中国将成为世界上最大的经济体
China will become the world's largest economy

按目前的趋势
According to current trends

印度也将加入世界最大经济体的行列
India will also join the ranks of the world's largest economy

考虑到这种潜在市场
Considering this potential market

许多国际企业正在尝试
Many international companies are trying

在这些市场当中建立他们的
In these markets to establish

未来的发展据点
their future developme base

另外 联合国采纳了

另外 联合国采纳了
In addition the United Nations adopted

另外 联合国采纳了

诺贝尔经济学奖获得者
Nobel Prize winner in Economics

阿玛蒂亚.森的主张
Amartyasen's claim

建立了人文发展指数
established the Human Development Index

来衡量不同国家人们的生活质量
to measure the quality of life of

来衡量不同国家人们的生活质量
people in different countries

包括三个基本衡量指标
The HDI is based on three measures

期望寿命
life expectancy at birth

接受教育的权益
education attainment

基于PPP估算的平均收入能否
whether the average income

基于PPP估算的平均收入能否
estimated based on the PPP can

满足这个国家人民的基本生活需求

满足这个国家人民的基本生活需求
meet the basic living needs of life in a country

人文发展指数
The HDI

从0到1来计分
is scored from 0 to 1

低于0.5属于低人文发展水平
Less than 0.5 is a low level of human development

0.5-0.8属于中等
0.5-0.8 is medium

0.8以上属于高人文发展水平
Above 0.8 is a high level of human development

在了解对世界经济发展水平的
After understanding the

测量标准和发展状况之后
measurement standards and development status of

测量标准和发展状况之后
the world economic development level

我们来聊一聊
let's talk about

世界经济进步的动力
the driving force of world economic progress

以及如何通过加强
And how to strengthen

产权保护来推动经济增长
Property rights protection to promote economic growth

经济学家普遍认同创新和创业活动
Economists generally agree that innovation

经济学家普遍认同创新和创业活动
and entrepreneurial activities are

是长期经济增长的动力
the driving force of long-term economic growth

持这种观点的人给创新下的定义
People who hold this view define innovation

比较宽泛
Relatively broad

创新不仅仅包括我们通常说的新产品
Innovation doesn't just include what we usually call new products

而且呢还包括了新的生产工艺
also includes new production processes

新的组织结构
new organizations

新的管理模式和新的发展战略
New management mode and new development strategy

例如 玩具反斗城的战略
For example the strategy of Toys “R” Us is

就是建立大型的
to build large

仓储式的玩具商店
Warehouse style toy store

通过大量的广告宣传
Through a lot of advertising

和价格折扣来出售商品
And price discounts to sell goods

这就是一种创新
This is innovation

因为玩具反斗城是第一家
because it is the first

采用这种战略的公司
Companies adopting this strategy

同样 亚马逊线上零售
Similarly Amazon online retail

规模市场的发展也被视为一大创新
market is also regarded as a major innovation

通常 创业者首先
Usually, entrepreneurs first

Will innovate products and production processes

将创新产品和生产工艺
Will innovate products and production processes

商业化
Commercialization

这些创业活动给经济注入强大的活力
These entrepreneurial activities inject

这些创业活动给经济注入强大的活力
strong vitality into the economy

例如 美国经济在相当程度上受益于
For example, the U.S. economy

例如 美国经济在相当程度上受益于
has benefited to a considerable extent

高水平的创业活动
High level entrepreneurial activities

这些活动使得产品和工艺迅速更新
These activities enable rapid product and process updates

例如
firms such as

谷歌 脸书 亚马逊 思科
Google Facebook Amazon Cisco systems

戴尔 微软以及甲骨文公司等等
Dell Microsoft and Oracle

都是创业者个人利用新技术的优势
It's all the advantages of entrepreneurs using new technology

而建立起来的
Established

创造了巨大的经济价值
It has created great economic value

因此 我们可以推断
Therefore we can conclude

一个国家的经济要长期持续地增长
that if a country’s economy

一个国家的经济要长期持续地增长
is to sustain long-run economic growth

那么一个能推动持续生产产品
Then one can promote the

那么一个能推动持续生产产品
continuous production of products

和工艺创新
and technological innovation

以及创业活动的商务环境
and the business environment

以及创业活动的商务环境
for entrepreneurial activities

是不可或缺的
is indispensable

上述结论很自然地引出一个
The above conclusion naturally leads

更深层次的问题
to a further question

那就是要使一个国家的商务环境
To make a country's business

有助于创新和创业活动
contribute to innovation and entrepreneurship

需要什么样的条件
What kind of conditions are needed

很多人强调市场经济的优势
Many people emphasize the

很多人强调市场经济的优势
advantages of market economy

他们认为 自由化的市场经济
They believe that a market economy

比计划经济和混合经济更鼓励创新
creates greater incentives for innovation

比计划经济和混合经济更鼓励创新
more than a command economy and a mixed economy

在市场经济当中
In a market economy

任何人都能够自由地
Anyone can be free

对某一个新的创意
For a new idea

来尝试商业性的运作
To try commercial operation

同样 现有企业也可自主地
Similarly existing companies are free to

通过创新来改善它的经营模式
improve their operations through innovation

一旦成功 个人创业者和现有的企业
Once successful both individual

一旦成功 个人创业者和现有的企业
entrepreneurs and existing companies

都将获得高额的回报
will Obtain high returns

因此 市场经济体制蕴涵着
therefore the market economy system contains

对创新的巨大刺激力
enormous incentives to develop innovations

此外
In addition

推进创新 创业活动和经济增长的
Promoting innovation and entrepreneurship

推进创新 创业活动和经济增长的
activities and economic growth

营商环境
business environment

还包括对产权强有力的法律保护
also includes strong legal protection of property rights

如果没有强有力的产权保护
If there is no strong protection of property rights

企业和个人从创新中得来的利益
the interests of enterprises and individuals from innovation

就有可能被窃取
may be expropriated

著名的秘鲁发展经济学家
Famous Peruvian development economist

德索托认为
De Soto believes that

在正确界定产权并对其实施保护前
Before properly defining and protecting property rights

大多数发展中国家
Most developing countries

并没有亨受到资本主义的好处
He did not benefit from capitalism

德索托的观点很有意思
De Soto’s point of view is very interesting

因为他提出问题的关键
because the key to his question

不在于没收的风险
is not the risk of expropriatio

而在于财产的所有者
But the owner of the property

长期以来无法
has been unable

获得拥有财产的合法地位
obtain the legal status of the property for a long time

中国于2007年10月实施的
Implemented in October 2007 in China

《物权法》
Property Law

承认民营企业享有
It is recognized that private enterprises enjoy

与国有企业同样的物权
the same property rights as state-owned enterprises

那么 为经济发展带来了有力保障
has brought strong guarantee for economic development

好的 今天的课程就到这里就结束了
Okay today’s class is over here

感谢大家的观看
thank you for watching