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Citation and reference

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Citation vs Reference 

As citation and reference are two important terms used in research methodology, the difference between these two terms have to be understood clearly. Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source. It is generally an abbreviated alphanumeric expression found in the pages of a thesis or a dissertation. The primary motive of citation is to exhibit your intellectual honesty. On the other hand, reference consists of the act of referring. Reference appears at the bottom of a page as a footnote as well as a list at the end of the thesis or the paper you are writing. 

What is Citation?

A citation is how you quote the source of the ideas within the body of the research paper. Citation is included at the places wherever you quote from different authors. Normally, you put the citation at the end of the sentence within brackets. Inside this bracket, the author’s name, year the book was published or the page in which this particular extraction appeared are included. What exactly comes inside this bracket is a decision made by the format you follow in writing the paper. Different formats have different styles for citation. You can see that from the following examples.

APA – ‘Her blood warmed the earth (Martin, 2014).’ 

MLA – ‘Her blood warmed the earth (Martin 263).’ 

The very purpose of citation lies in the fact that you are willfully acknowledging the writer of the work from whom you have borrowed a quotation.

What is Reference?

Reference consists of the act of referring. As a researcher, you refer to some books and journals while writing the thesis or dissertation. As a matter of fact, you would include some references in the pages of your thesis in the form of footnotes. The footnotes contain the reference passages taken from the relevant books and journals from which you quote them. At the end of each chapter, you would give the corresponding books and journals from which you have picked the quotations mentioned in the footnotes. These are references. However, you do not have footnotes in APA style. You only have a list called ‘References’ at the end. Also, when it comes to the end list that gives references, there are small changes between those lists in different styles too. This list of reference is normally known as the Bibliography. In APA, this list is known, as mentioned earlier, as ‘References.’ In MLA, the list is named ‘Works Cited.’ Also, APA reference list only contains the sources you have actually cited in the text. In other lists of reference, normally the sources that were only consulted are also included. Here are some examples of the way reference appears in these end lists. 

APA:

References

Martin, G.B. (2014). The Stormy Night. New York: Cyclone Publishers.

MLA:

Works Cited

Martin, G.B. The Stormy Night. New York: Cyclone Publishers,2014.

Citation vs Reference 

Usually, references are included at the end of every chapter of a thesis or towards the end of the thesis. The purpose of reference is only to let the reader of the thesis know the various books from which you have quoted, from the list at the end or footnotes. 

What is the difference between Citation and Reference? 

It is customary to write the references in the preparation of research papers and dissertations. It is important to note that both reference and citation contribute to the making of a thesis. Both are equally important but in different senses. A reader of a thesis gets to know about the authors and the subject while going through the reference and the citation. Remember, the format of the citation and reference is decided according to the format of the paper you are following. 

• A citation is how you quote the source of the ideas within the body of the research paper. Reference is the sources you have used to write the sources. These sources can include both included and consulted sources. However, in APA, only included sources come under the reference list. 

• List of reference that appears at the end of an APA paper is known as References. List of reference that appears at the end of a MLA paper is known as Works Cited. Citation is known as citation in any format.

• Usually, references are included at the end of every chapter of a thesis or towards the end of the thesis. On the other hand, citation is included at the places wherever you quote from different authors.

• The very purpose of citation lies in the fact that you are willfully acknowledging the writer of the work from whom you have borrowed a quotation. On the other hand, the purpose of reference is only to let the reader of the thesis know the various books from which you have quoted, from the list at the end or footnotes.

 

下一节:Reference and Citation Format

返回《通用学术英语（技能篇）》慕课在线视频列表

通用学术英语（技能篇）课程列表：

Unit 1 How to Write an Argumentative Essay？/如何写议论文？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 1 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Material（补充材料）

--Induction and deduction

--Sample Writing

--Video--Logic Fallacy

Unit 2 How to Paraphrase?/如何转述？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 2 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Material（补充材料）

--Paraphase

Unit 3 How to Write an Essay by Classification？/如何用分类法写文章？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 3 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Sample Essays in Lecture

--Sample writing

--Classification of AI

Unit 4 Macrostructure of Academic Lecture/学术讲座的结构

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 4 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Video--How plants defend themselves

--Script of the above video

--Video--Three minute thesis presentation

Unit 5 How to Write a Definition?/如何下定义？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 5 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Material（补充材料）

--Video--short-term and long-term memory

--what is love?

--Script of the above video

--Definition essay

Unit 6 How to Describe a Concept?/如何口头描述一个概念？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit6 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Video--what is verbal irony?

--script of verbal irony

--The Spirit of Jinggangshan （井冈山精神）

Unit 7 How to Write an Essay by Comparison and Contrast？/如何写对比比较类文章？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 7 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Material（补充材料）

--Sample writing

--Empathy or Sympathy

--Comparison of two scientists

Unit 8 How to Raise Questions like Socrates?/如何像苏格拉底一样提问？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 8 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Video--Standardized test

--Script of the above video

--Socratic Questioning

Unit 9 How to Write a Cause-and-Effect Essay?/如何用因果法写文章？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 9 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Sample writing

--Cause and effect essay

--Fishbone Diagram

Unit 10 How to Present a Graph?/如何口头描述一个图表？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 10 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Video--how to describe diagrams?

--IELTS writing

Unit 11 Process Writing/流程图的写法

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 11 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Sample writing (IELTS writing)

--Sample writing in lecture

Unit 12 Listening Between the Lines/听言外之意

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 12 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Video--dude 1

--Video---dude 2

Unit 13 How to Write a Summary?/如何写总结？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 13 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Sample writing

--Video---how to write a summary

Unit 14 Taking Notes in Lecture Listening/听讲座记笔记

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 14 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Five note-taking methods

--Extra exercise

--Video--how best listening to lectures

Unit 15 A Reading Method--SQ3R/一种阅读方法的介绍--SQ3R

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 15 DIscussion

-Supplementary Material（补充材料）

--What is SQ3R?

Unit 16 How to Distinguish Fact and Opinion?/如何区分事实和观点？

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 16 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Material（补充材料）

--Fact and Opinion

Unit 17 Basic Structure of a Research Article/研究论文的基本结构

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Unit 17 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Paper in lecture

--How to structure research articles?

Unit 18 Citations and References/文献引用

-Video Course

--Video（教学视频）

-Discussion Question

--Uni 18 Discussion

-Exercises

--Exercises--作业

-Supplementary Materials（补充材料）

--Citation and reference

--Reference and Citation Format

Final Exam

-期末考试

--期末考试--作业

Citation and reference笔记与讨论

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