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Population Aging课程教案、知识点、字幕

同学们好

今天我们要学习的内容是

《人口老龄化》

2018年1月

全国老龄办等14个部门联合印发

《关于开展人口老龄化国情教育的通知》

文件明确指出

人口老龄化是贯穿我国21世纪的基本国情

积极应对人口老龄化是

国家的一项长期战略任务

近年来

人口老龄化问题

引起了社会各界广泛的关注

那什么是人口老龄化呢

我国人口老龄化的现状和趋势又如何呢

带着这些问题

我们进入今天的课堂

人口老龄化

aging of population

是人口年龄结构的老龄化

它是指老年人口

占总人口的比例不断上升的

一种动态过程

人口老龄化是一种社会现象

世界人口趋向老龄化的直接原因有3个

分别是出生率和死亡率的下降

平均预期寿命的延长

此外

我国人口老龄化出现的原因还包括

新中国成立后

我国先后出现了三次生育高峰

在未来40多年内

它们将演化成为三次老年人口增长高峰

推动60岁及以上老年人口

达到4.87亿的峰值

提到人口老龄化

在这里我要给大家介绍一个

评价人口老龄化程度的重要指标

那就是老年人口系数

old population coefficient

它指的是老年人口在总人口中

所占的百分比

也是老龄化社会的划分的依据

世界卫生组织对老龄化社会的划分有两个标准

从这个表格里我们可以知道

发达国家是把65岁以上人口

占总人口比例的7%以上

定义为老龄化社会

而发展中国家则是将60岁以上

人口占总人口的10%以上

定义为老龄化社会

这是一项联合国发布的数据

从这个数据我们可以看到

1950年

世界上只有49个国家或地区跨入老龄化社会

不足国家总数的1/4

人口老龄化水平最高不过17.2%

2015年

达到94个

其中

43个国家或地区超过20%

跨入老龄社会

还有1个国家达到33.1%

进入高度老龄社会

预计

到本世纪中叶

老龄化社会的国家或地区将增至158个

占国家总数约3/4

其中

9个国家超过40%

为重度老龄社会

48个国家或地区为高度老龄社会

人口老龄化已经不只是全球的平均状态

更是越来越多国家的个性化表现

在这么多老龄化国家中

大家知道世界人口老龄化

最严重的是哪三个国家吗

它们分别是

日本 德国和意大利

上面的数据可知

人口老龄化

是世界人口发展的普遍趋势

那么就全世界范围而言

人口老龄化的现状和趋势又如何

世界人口老龄化的现状和趋势

第一个特点就是人口老龄化的速度加快

大家看图

世界老年人的比例在1950年是8%

在2000年是10%

但预测在2050年将达到21%

可见增长的速度是很快的

而在这样快速增长中

发展中国家老年人口增长地更快

从20世纪60年代开始持续到现在

发展中国家老年人口的增长率

是发达国家的2倍

也是世界人口增长率的2倍

目前

65岁老年人口数量

每月以80万的速度增长

其中66%集中在发展中国家

预计2050年

世界老年人口约有82%的老年人

即超过16亿人

将生活在发展中地区

4亿老年人将生活在发达地区

世界卫生组织发布的2018年版的

《World Health Statisitcs》

显示各个国家人口预期寿命不断延长

其中日本预期寿命可达到84.2岁

这也是人口老龄化的特点之一

世界卫生组织的数据还显示

全球人口平均寿命为71岁

其中女性73岁 男性68岁

可见

女性占老年人口中的多数

最后一大特点是

80岁以上的高龄老人

是老年人口中增长最快的群体

1950-2050年间

平均每年以3.8%的速度增长

大大超过60岁以上人口的平均速度

2015年

全球80岁以上老年人口超过1.24亿

预计至2050年

高龄老人约3.8亿

占老年人总数的1/5

刚才我们了解了世界人口老龄化的趋势和特点

下面我们来看看

我国人口老龄化的现状与趋势

《中国人口老龄化发展趋势预测研究报告》

指出

中国的人口老龄化可以分为三个阶段

从2001年到2020年是快速老龄化阶段

此期老年人口将达到2.48亿

从2021年到2050年是加速老龄化阶段

此期老年人口将超过4亿

从2051年到2100年

是稳定的重度老龄化阶段

老年人口规模将稳定在3亿~4亿

与其他国家相比

我国的人口老龄化社会进展

具有自身的特点

首先是老年人口规模大

国家统计局数据显示

截至2018年底

我国60岁以上老年人口已达2.49亿

其老年人口规模呈现总量扩张的发展态势

除了规模大

我国老年人口还呈现增长快

持续时间长的特点

65岁以上老年人占总人口的比例

从7%提升到14%

发达国家大多用了45年以上的时间

中国只用27年就完成了这个历程

并且将长时期保持较高的递增速度

属于老龄化速度最快国家之列

发达国家在进入老龄化社会时

人均国内生产总值一般在

5000~10000美元之间

目前20000美元左右

2012年

我国人均GDP虽然增长至6188美元

与多数发达国家比较仍然存在较大差距

我国还属于低收入国家

呈现出未富先老

和未备先老的状态

因此

人口老龄化超前于现代化

此外

我国人口老龄化

与高龄化 空巢化

贫困化 少子化等问题伴随

就拿空巢化来说

民政部的数据显示

目前中国城乡空巢家庭超过50%

部分大中城市达到70%

其中农村留守老年人口约4000万人

占农村老年人口的37%

贫困老人2300万

这些伴随的问题

都给应对人口老龄化增加了新的难度

最后

我国老龄化发展不平衡

主要表现为

农村比城市先老

东部比西部先老

老龄化进程出现阶段性不平衡等问题

例如

上海市于1979年进入老龄化社会

是我国最早进入老龄化的地区

而西部地区刚刚进入老龄化社会

东西部相差30多年

课后同学们

可以登录相关网站

如全国老龄工作委员会办公室

进一步了解相关法规政策

今天我们的课就讲到这里

谢谢

老年护理学(Gerontological Nursing)课程列表:

CHAPTER 1: General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-1.1 Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--【Vedio Recommendation】 How do we measure life expectancy ?

-1.2 Population Aging

--Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Report on Ageing and Health: 2015

-1.3 Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Population Ageing Highlights:2019

-1.4 Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--【Book Recommendation】Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice

-1.5 Theories Related to Elderly Care

--1.5.1 Personality Development Theory and Life Review

--1.5.2 Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory

--1.5.3 Self-efficacy and Chronic Disease Management

--【Vedio Recommendation】8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson

--【Literature Recommendation】Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, and Successful Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies

--【Literature Recommendation】Obstacles and Policies of the Social Capital Participates in the Combination of Medical Care and Pension: A Literature Review

-1.6 Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.1 Concepts of Elderly Healthcare, Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.2 Home-based Elderly Care Model

--1.6.3 Institutional Elderly Care Model

--1.6.4 Integrated Medical and Nursing Care Model

--【Vedio Recommendation】Day in the Life of Home Care

--【Website Recommendation】Official Website of the National Institutes of Health

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-【Test】CHAPTER 1

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2: Elderly Health Assessment

-2.1 Aging Changes in the Elderly

--2.1.1 Aging of the Respiratory System

--2.1.2 Aging of the Cardiovascular System

--2.1.3 Aging of the Digestive System

--2.1.4 Aging of the Urinary System

--2.1.5 Aging of the Endocrine System

--2.1.6 Aging of the Motor System

--2.1.7 Aging of the Nervous System

--2.1.8 Aging of the Sensory System

--【Literature Recommendation】Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology

-2.2 Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Instruments to evaluate mental well-being in old age: a systematic review

-2.3 Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

--Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

-2.4 Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale

-2.5 Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

--Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

-2.6 Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Age-friendliness of living environments from the older person’s viewpoint: development of the Age-friendly Environment Assessment Tool

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(1)

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(2)

-【Test】CHAPTER 2

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER3: Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health care

-3.1 Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

--Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

-3.2 Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

--Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

-3.3 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly

--3.3.1 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (1)

--3.3.2 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (2)

--【Book Recommendation】Development Through the Lifespan

-3.4 Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.1 Overview of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.2 Clinical Symptoms of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.3 Caring for Elderly Patients with Depression

--【Website Recommendation】

--【Documentary Recommendation】Depression:Out of the Shadows

--【Literature Recommendation】Management of depression in older adults:A review depression in older people

-3.5 Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.1 Identification of Dementia Symptoms in the Elderly

--3.5.2 Intelligence Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.3 Safety Care of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--【Website Recommendation】The Global Voice on Demaentia

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 3

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER4: Elderly Daily Care

-4.1 Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

--Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

-4.2 General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.1 Characteristics and General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.2 Skin Itching and Its Management in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Dermatology

-4.3 Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Design Methods of Functional Clothing for the Elderly

-4.4 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--4.4.1 Nutritional Needs of the Elderly and Influencing Factors of these Needs

--4.4.2 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】Nutrition Care of the Older Adult: a Handbook for Dietetics

--【Website Recommendation】Nutrition for older persons

-4.5 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--4.5.1 Sleep Characteristics of the Elderly

--4.5.2 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Sleep and Sleep Problems

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Sleep Medicine

-4.6 Exercises Guidance for the Elderly

--4.6.1 Evaluation of Exercise Intensity in the Elderly

--4.6.2 Precautions Elderly Undertaking Exercises

--【Website Recommendation】American College of Sport Medicine

--【Book Recommendation】Handbook of Activities for the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Daily Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 4

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER5:Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-5.1 Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】How Drugs Work In the Elderly

-5.2 Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

--Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

-5.3 The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults

-5.4 Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Drug-related falls in older patients: implicated drugs, consequences, and possible prevention strategies

-5.5 Medication Compliance in the Elderly

--Medication Compliance in the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 5

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER6:Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-6.1 Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Elderly Falls

--6.1.2 Risk Factors for Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.3 Prevention of Falls in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】CDC STEADI(Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Tool Kit)

-6.2 Dysphagia in the Elderly

--Dysphagia in the Elderly

-6.3 Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

--Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

-6.4 Constipation in the Elderly

--Constipation in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Chronic Constipation in the Elderly Patient: Updates in Evaluation and Management

-6.5 Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

-6.6 Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies

--Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies - emaciation

-6.7 Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Senior Eye Exams

-6.8 Senile Deafness

--Senile Deafness

-6.9 Elderly Delirium

--Elderly Delirium

-6.10 Elderly Frailty

--Elderly Frailty

--【Literature Recommendation】Frailty in elderly people/Frailty in older people

-6.11 Pneumonia in the Elderly

--Pneumonia in the Elderly

-6.12 Hypertension in the Elderly

--Hypertension in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension

-6.13 Stroke in the Elderly

--Stroke in the Elderly

-6.14 Stable Angina in the Elderly

--Stable Angina in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-【Test】CHAPTER 6

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER7 Hospice Care for the Elderly

-7.1 Concept of Hospice Care

--Concept of Hospice Care

--【Website Recommendation】 Definition of Palliative Care,WHO

-7.2 Death Education

--7.2.1 Death Education (1)

--7.2.2 Death Education (2)

--【Book Recommendation】The Meaning of Death by Herman Feife

-7.3 Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--【Journal Recommendation】

-7.4 Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

-7.5 Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

-7.6 Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association,HPNA

-7.7 Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】On Death and Dying ,by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

-7.8 Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】I Wasn't Ready to Say Goodbye,by Noel·Brook,Blair·Pamela

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Hospice Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 7

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 7

Population Aging笔记与讨论

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