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大家好
2019年1月26日
老年健康蓝皮书
中国老年健康研究报告
2018
发布会在北京举行
报告指出
心血管疾病
恶性肿瘤
肺部感染
非胰岛素相关的糖尿病
是中国老年人的主要疾病负担来源
2016 中国老龄化
与健康国家评估报告中也指出
中国老人高血压患病率达66.9%
老年高血压病除了血压升高外
还伴有心 脑 肾等脏器的损害
是一种排除假性或继发性高血压的
全身性疾病
是老年人最常见疾病
和致残 致死的主要原因
因此
识别老年高血压的临床表现特点
和实施治疗护理至关重要
老年高血压是指年龄大等于65岁
在未使用抗高血压药物的情况下
血压持续或非同日三次以上
收缩压大等于140mmHg
和(或)舒张压大等于90mmHg
我们在对老年人进行身体评估时
应识别老年高血压的表现
与中青年有所不同
具体见于以下几个方面
1 收缩压增高
脉压增大
脉压是反映动脉损害程度的重要标志
比收缩压或舒张压
更能预测心血管事件的发生
2 血压波动性大
尤其是收缩压
使老年人容易发生直立性低血压
和餐后低血压
并且恢复的时间长
3 症状少而并发症多
在靶器官明显损害前
半数以上老年高血压病人无症状
因而缺乏足够的重视
导致并发症的发生和病情进展
其中冠心病
脑卒中是最常见且严重的并发症
4 多种疾病并存
使其治疗变得更为复杂
致残 致死率增高
5 直立性低血压
在老年高血压中较多见
尤其常见于降压治疗过程中
因此
我们的治疗护理目标
是将血压调整至适宜水平
避免过度降低血压
现行的多数高血压指南建议
将老年人血压
控制在140/90mmHg以下
80岁以上高龄老人
降压的目标值为
小于150/90mmHg
当老年人血压
大等于140/90mmHg时
即应建议其积极改善生活方式
特别是减轻体重和减少食盐的摄入
血压大等于150/90mmHg
可以考虑启动药物治疗
护理措施方面
主要包括一般护理
用药护理
心理调适和健康指导
在一般护理中
要特别注意直立性低血压的预防和处理
向老年人讲解直立性低血压的表现
可有乏力 头晕 心悸 出汗 恶心
呕吐等不适症状
特别是在联合用药
服首剂药物或加量时应特别注意
一旦发生直立性低血压
应平卧
并且下肢取抬高位
以促进下肢血液回流
平时应避免长时间的站立
尤其是在服药后最初的几个小时
改变姿势
特别是从卧位
坐位到站立时动作宜缓慢
选择在平静休息时服药
并且服药后应休息一段时间
再进行活动
避免用过热的水洗澡或者是蒸汽浴等
不宜大量的饮酒
用药方面
合理的选择降压药
不仅有利于血压的控制
更重要的是可以降低病人
心血管疾病的发病率与致残致死率
减少靶器官损害
以及心血管事件的发生
因此
我们应熟悉老年高血压病人
对不同药物的适应性
以及可能出现的不良反应
例如 低剂量利尿药
特别是噻嗪类
是治疗老年高血压的首选药物
但应注意观察其发生低钾血症
胃肠道反应
高血糖
高尿酸血症等副反应
老年高血压病人的预后
主要取决于血压长期控制情况
以及是否存在靶器官损害
及其严重程度
心理调适与健康指导
同样有助于血压的控制
减少并发症
加强常见病
慢性病的健康管理
和健康促进
是促进健康老龄化
和积极老龄化的具体措施
让我们一起努力吧
谢谢大家
-1.1 Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly
--Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly
--【Vedio Recommendation】 How do we measure life expectancy ?
-1.2 Population Aging
--【Literature Recommendation】World Report on Ageing and Health: 2015
-1.3 Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging
--Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging
--【Literature Recommendation】World Population Ageing Highlights:2019
-1.4 Goals and Principles of Elderly Care
--Goals and Principles of Elderly Care
--【Book Recommendation】Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice
-1.5 Theories Related to Elderly Care
--1.5.1 Personality Development Theory and Life Review
--1.5.2 Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory
--1.5.3 Self-efficacy and Chronic Disease Management
--【Vedio Recommendation】8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson
--【Literature Recommendation】Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, and Successful Aging
--【Book Recommendation】Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies
-1.6 Elderly Support and Elderly Care
--1.6.1 Concepts of Elderly Healthcare, Elderly Support and Elderly Care
--1.6.2 Home-based Elderly Care Model
--1.6.3 Institutional Elderly Care Model
--1.6.4 Integrated Medical and Nursing Care Model
--【Vedio Recommendation】Day in the Life of Home Care
--【Website Recommendation】Official Website of the National Institutes of Health
-Concept Map
--【Concept Map】General Introduction to Geronological Nursing
-【Test】CHAPTER 1
-2.1 Aging Changes in the Elderly
--2.1.1 Aging of the Respiratory System
--2.1.2 Aging of the Cardiovascular System
--2.1.3 Aging of the Digestive System
--2.1.4 Aging of the Urinary System
--2.1.5 Aging of the Endocrine System
--2.1.6 Aging of the Motor System
--2.1.7 Aging of the Nervous System
--2.1.8 Aging of the Sensory System
--【Literature Recommendation】Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging
--【Book Recommendation】Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology
-2.2 Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly
--Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly
--【Literature Recommendation】Instruments to evaluate mental well-being in old age: a systematic review
-2.3 Principles of Elderly Health Assessment
--Principles of Elderly Health Assessment
-2.4 Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly
--Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly
--【Literature Recommendation】The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale
-2.5 Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly
--Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly
-2.6 Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly
--Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly
-Concept Map
--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(1)
--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(2)
-【Test】CHAPTER 2
-3.1 Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly
--Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly
-3.2 Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly
--Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly
-3.3 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly
--3.3.1 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (1)
--3.3.2 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (2)
--【Book Recommendation】Development Through the Lifespan
-3.4 Depression in the Elderly
--3.4.1 Overview of Depression in the Elderly
--3.4.2 Clinical Symptoms of Depression in the Elderly
--3.4.3 Caring for Elderly Patients with Depression
--【Documentary Recommendation】Depression:Out of the Shadows
-3.5 Elderly Patients with Dementia
--3.5.1 Identification of Dementia Symptoms in the Elderly
--3.5.2 Intelligence Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Dementia
--3.5.3 Safety Care of Elderly Patients with Dementia
--【Website Recommendation】The Global Voice on Demaentia
-Concept Map
--【Concept Map】Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health Care
-【Test】CHAPTER 3
-4.1 Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly
--Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly
-4.2 General Care of Elderly Skin
--4.2.1 Characteristics and General Care of Elderly Skin
--4.2.2 Skin Itching and Its Management in the Elderly
--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Dermatology
-4.3 Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly
--Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly
--【Literature Recommendation】The Design Methods of Functional Clothing for the Elderly
-4.4 Dietary Care for the Elderly
--4.4.1 Nutritional Needs of the Elderly and Influencing Factors of these Needs
--4.4.2 Dietary Care for the Elderly
--【Book Recommendation】Nutrition Care of the Older Adult: a Handbook for Dietetics
--【Website Recommendation】Nutrition for older persons
-4.5 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly
--4.5.1 Sleep Characteristics of the Elderly
--4.5.2 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly
--【Book Recommendation】An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Sleep and Sleep Problems
--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Sleep Medicine
-4.6 Exercises Guidance for the Elderly
--4.6.1 Evaluation of Exercise Intensity in the Elderly
--4.6.2 Precautions Elderly Undertaking Exercises
--【Website Recommendation】American College of Sport Medicine
--【Book Recommendation】Handbook of Activities for the Elderly
-Concept Map
--【Concept Map】Elderly Daily Care
-【Test】CHAPTER 4
-5.1 Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly
--Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly
--【Website Recommendation】How Drugs Work In the Elderly
-5.2 Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly
--Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly
-5.3 The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly
--The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly
-5.4 Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly
--Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly
-5.5 Medication Compliance in the Elderly
--Medication Compliance in the Elderly
-Concept Map
--【Concept Map】Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly
-【Test】CHAPTER 5
-6.1 Falls in the Elderly
--6.1.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Elderly Falls
--6.1.2 Risk Factors for Falls in the Elderly
--6.1.3 Prevention of Falls in the Elderly
--【Website Recommendation】CDC STEADI(Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Tool Kit)
-6.2 Dysphagia in the Elderly
-6.3 Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly
--Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly
-6.4 Constipation in the Elderly
-6.5 Dry Mouth in the Elderly
--【Website Recommendation】Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
-6.6 Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies
--Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies - emaciation
-6.7 Visual Impairment in the Elderly
--Visual Impairment in the Elderly
--【Website Recommendation】Senior Eye Exams
-6.8 Senile Deafness
-6.9 Elderly Delirium
-6.10 Elderly Frailty
--【Literature Recommendation】Frailty in elderly people/Frailty in older people
-6.11 Pneumonia in the Elderly
-6.12 Hypertension in the Elderly
--【Literature Recommendation】2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension
-6.13 Stroke in the Elderly
-6.14 Stable Angina in the Elderly
--Stable Angina in the Elderly
-Concept Map
--【Concept Map】Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases
-【Test】CHAPTER 6
-7.1 Concept of Hospice Care
--【Website Recommendation】 Definition of Palliative Care,WHO
-7.2 Death Education
--【Book Recommendation】The Meaning of Death by Herman Feife
-7.3 Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly
--Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly
-7.4 Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly
--Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly
-7.5 Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly
--Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly
-7.6 Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly
--Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly
--【Website Recommendation】The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association,HPNA
-7.7 Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly
--Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly
--【Book Recommendation】On Death and Dying ,by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
-7.8 Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly
--Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly
--【Book Recommendation】I Wasn't Ready to Say Goodbye,by Noel·Brook,Blair·Pamela
-Concept Map
--【Concept Map】Hospice Care for the Elderly
-【Test】CHAPTER 7