2.2.1 神经系统功能_视频在线视频

感觉功能可以分为以下几个部分
The sensory function of the nervous system can be divided into the following parts

第一个是接受刺激
The first part is to receive stimuli

所有的外界刺激都会通过神经元变成动作电位或者神经冲动
All external stimuli can be transformed into action potentials or nerve impulses through neurons

通过一个特定路径就传到大脑
which are transmitted to the brain through a specific pathway

这是通过神经元来接受信息
Receiving information through neurons

第二个是这种信息沿着特定通路传到大脑
The second is that information is transmitted to the brain through specific pathways

比如视觉、视觉通路、听觉、听觉通路
such as vision、visual pathways、auditory sense、 auditory pathways

每一条路负责一个特定的感觉输入
Each pathway is responsible for a specific sensory input

互不干扰相互独立
It does not interfere with each other and is independent of each other

所以它都是一个特定通路的
so it is a specific pathway

最后呢 所有的信息都要传输到大脑、脊髓
Finally,all information must be transmitted to the brain and spinal cord

都必须通过中央神经系统来完成 形成感觉
It must be completed through the central nervous system

我们的这种感觉都在大脑来完成
Finally,sensation is formed in the brain

其他的都是为了这种感觉的形成
The rest is for the formation of sensation

来运输信息传递信息的而不加工信息
to transmit information,not process information

这是神经系统的感觉功能
This is the sensory function of the nervous system

第二个就是躯体运动功能
The second bodily movement function

躯体的运动呢是我们可以控制的
the bodily movement is that we can

受自主意识支配 叫作躯体运动
controlled by autonomous consciousness,called bodily movement

我们神经系统对这些躯体有专门的神经来调节
Our nervous system has special nerves to regulate these bodies

待会我们还介绍的另外一种运动
Another kind of movement we will introduce later

那就是自主运动 它自己在运动
is autonomic movement,which is itself in motion

我们先来介绍躯体运动
Let's first introduce the body movement

这两种运动是不太一样的
These two kinds of movements are different

第一个是运动指令的形成
The first is the formation of motion instructions

运动指令既然是指令就是大脑发出的
Since the motion instructions are issued by the brain

发出呢会沿特定的通路由中枢再传到效应器
they will be transmitted from the center to the effector along a specific pathway

它这种通路也是特异性的
This pathway is also specific

这种动作电位神经冲动呢会控制骨骼肌收缩
and this action potential nerve impulse controls skeletal muscle contraction

第三个调节除了对躯体运动的调节
In addition to the regulation of body movement

我们来说是自主运动的调节 或者叫内脏调节
the third regulation is the regulation of autonomic movement,or visceral regulation

对内脏的调节我们也叫作自主运动的调节 通过自主神经系统来完成的
We also call the regulation of autonomic movement through the autonomic nervous system

它分属在不同的神经系统
which belongs to different nervous systems

对四肢躯干的这种调节呢我们说从大脑里面
This regulation of the trunk of the limbs,we say,from the brain

从脊髓里面 有很多神经牵引出来
from the spinal cord,there are many nerves pulled out

对于这些内脏器官的调节
For the regulation of these visceral organs

我们也从大脑和脊髓也会牵出一些神经
we can also draw some nerves from the brain and spinal cord

它负责的功能或者部位不一样
It is responsible for different functions or parts

还可以把自主神经系统进一步的细分
It can also further subdivide the autonomic nervous system

交感神经系统和副交感神经系统
the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

他们这些神经系统呢也都是由颅神经和脊神经控制的
These nervous systems are also controlled by cranial and spinal nerves

我们来再看一看 蓝色的是交感神经系统
Let's take a look again。The blue one is the sympathetic nervous system

黄色的是副交感神经系统
and the yellow one is the parasympathetic nervous system

那我们看 所有的这些内脏器官的调节和控制
We can see that the regulation and control of all these visceral organs

都由交感和副交感来调节控制
are controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic

大家看 离这个眼睛 眨眼我们是可以控制的 是由单独的神经从颅内出来
From this eye,blinking can be controlled by a single nerve coming out of the brain

但是瞳孔的放大缩小你是无法控制的
but the enlargement and reduction of the pupil

是由交感神经和副交感神经控制的
can be controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

交感神经它是从腰的这些神经分出来
The sympathetic nerve is separated from the lumbar nerves

副交感神经是直接从颅内分出来
and the sympathetic nerve is separated directly from the brain

我们先看这个副交感神经 就是黄色的这些
Let's first look at this parasympathetic nerve, which is yellow

它在中间还有一个神经元 交换
It has a neuron in the middle

这个神经元他们会进行化学传导
This neuron will conduct chemical conduction

释放神经递质 接受神经递质
release neurotransmitters,receive neurotransmitters

神经冲动呢直接传到心脏
and nerve impulses will be transmitted directly to the heart

我们把神经元的前面叫前肢
We call the front of the neuron the forelimb

我们看这个副交感神经前肢很短 后肢则很长
We see that the parasympathetic forelimb is very short and the hind limb is very long

但是交感神经相反
But instead of sympathetic nerve

所有的这些内脏器官全部都是由交感和副交感神经来进行控制、调节
all these visceral organs are controlled and regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

那它的分布呢有几个特征
Its distribution has several characteristics

第一个是外周神经节环神经元
The first one is peripheral ganglion ring neurons

交感、副交感长短不一样
The length of sympathetic parasympathy is different

交感呢是节前短 节后很长
The length of sympathetic parasympathy is short before ganglion and long after ganglion

副交感呢是节前很长 节后很短
The length of parasympathetic is long before ganglion and very short after ganglion

第三个是中枢不一样
The third is that the central nervous system is different

交感中枢位于脊髓的中部
The sympathetic center is located in the central part of the spinal cord

副交感就位于中枢的两端
while the parasympathetic nerve is located at both ends of the central nervous system

比如颅神经
such as the cranial nerve

交感神经它都在中部
The parasympathetic nerve is located in the central part

副交感都在两端
and the parasympathetic nerve is located at both ends

所以交感和副交感的神经它的中枢是脊髓
So the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves,whose central nervous system is the spinal cord

处理控制它的这些运动
it can process and control these movements

心脏跳动 不需要大脑去加工
The heart beats and does not need the brain to process

心脏的跳动是由这些脊髓
The beating of the heart is controlled by these spinal cord

腰的第一二三四节
the first two or three or four segments of the waist

和脑干的副交感神经控制
and the parasympathetic nerve of the brainstem

但是它的副交感神经是在中央 中央神经系统脊髓来完成
but its parasympathetic nerve is performed in the central and central nervous system spinal cord

这些自主运动都是比较规律的 它的复杂程度不高的
These autonomic movements are relatively regular and its complexity is not high

这些任务分配给脑干啊脊髓去完成 把更高级的任务来给大脑解决
These tasks are assigned to the brainstem,the spinal cord, and higher tasks to the brain

我们把交感和副交感神经的功能做一个区分
We make a distinction between the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

我们每一个系统不管是循环系统、呼吸系统、消化系统这些
Each of our systems, whether circulatory system,respiratory system or digestive system,

它既有交感神经来控制也由副交感神经来控制
is controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

但他们之间是怎么控制的呢
But how do they control each other?

交感神经都是活动增强的 比如心跳加快 血管收缩
Sympathetic nerves are all active,such as faster heartbeat、sonstrict blood vessels

那么副交感神经呢就和它相反的 心跳减慢 血管舒张
then the parasympathetic nerve is the opposite,slow heartbeat,vasodilation

副交感神经都是用来储存能量的 交感神经呢是用来消耗能量的
arasympathetic nerve is used to store energy.Sympathetic nerve is used to consume energy

一个比如我心跳加快 太快了呢 副交感神经就把它降下来
For example, when my heart beats fast,the parasympathetic nerve drops it

两个人共同配合协调 来完成这些自主活动
The two nerves cooperate and coordinate to complete these autonomous activities