4.1.1 内分泌与荷尔蒙_视频在线视频

下面我们就介绍几种主要的激素以及它的功能
Here we will introduce several major hormones and their functions

矢状面 这个是胼胝体 整个外面是大脑皮层
Sagittal plane,this is the corpus callosum,the whole outside is the cerebral cortex

这是小脑 这是脑干间脑
the cerebellum,this is the brainstem mesencephalon

这外面是大脑、脑干、间脑
this outside is the brain,the brainstem,the mesencephalon

这是中脑然后脑干
this is the midbrain and then the brainstem

间脑主要有两部分组成
Then the diencephalon consists of two parts

下面这个就是下丘脑 上面那个是丘脑
the hypothalamus below,the thalamus above

那下丘脑就是一个重要的内分泌腺 调节其他的内分泌腺
and the hypothalamus is an important endocrine gland that regulates other endocrine glands

下面吊着的两个就是垂体
The two hanging below are the pituitary gland

分为前叶后叶
which is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes

把垂体分为两半
and the pituitary gland is divided into two halves

这两半的机制又不一样
The mechanism of the two halves is different

软骨细胞分裂的时候 你的生长激素分泌少了就会是侏儒症
When chondrocyte divides,your growth hormone secretion is less will be dwarfism

如果幼年不停的持续的分泌的话 就会是巨人症
if the continuous secretion of juvenile,it will be gigantism

成年骨骼已经钙化了再分泌生长激素就是肢端肥大症
adult bone has been calcified and re-secreted growth hormone is acromegaly

生长素除了促进生长发育这是主要的功能以外呢还能促进蛋白质的合成
In addition to promoting growth and development,auxin also promotes protein synthesis

促进氨基酸进入细胞 加速DNA和RNA的合成
promote amino acids into cells,accelerate the synthesis of DNA and RNA

促进蛋白质的合成
and promote protein synthesis

刚才我们说这些激素可以透过细胞膜到达细胞质
We just said that these hormones can reach the cytoplasm through the cell membrane

它还可以穿过核孔达到细胞核
and it can also pass through the nuclear pore to reach the nucleus

让这些DNA和RNA的合成加速
so that the synthesis of these DNA and RNA can be accelerated

生成蛋白质 改变这些细胞的生理功能
then the production of proteins,change the physiological function of these cells

第三个主要的功能是促进脂肪分解
The third main function is to promote the decomposition of fat

促进脂肪酸氧化 减少组织的脂肪量
promote the oxidation of fatty acids and reduce the amount of fat in tissues

这个生长激素分泌过多 脂肪分解也过多 就会得酮体症
Too much growth hormone is secreted and too much fat is decomposed,which leads to ketosis

第四个是促糖的利用
The fourth is the utilization of glucose

生长激素可以刺激胰岛素分泌
Growth hormone can stimulate the secretion of insulin

能够加强糖的利用 能够促进胰岛素的分泌
enhance the utilization of sugar and promote the secretion of insulin

它既有促糖作用 也有抑糖作用
It has both the effect of promoting sugar and the effect of inhibiting sugar

生长激素过量会抑制糖的利用 血糖升高
Excessive growth hormone can inhibit the utilization of sugar,increase blood sugar

生长激素过量还会使脂肪酸的氧化过量
and excessive growth hormone can also make the oxidation of fatty acids excessive

抑制糖的氧化 导致垂体性糖尿
inhibit the oxidation of sugar,leading to pituitary glycosuria

那么生长素到底是怎么作用的呢？
So how does auxin work?

生长素到达这个靶器官 生长激素的受体
When auxin reaches this target organ

与这些受体结合就会产生 就能够产生
the receptors of growth hormone bind to these receptors to

一连串的信号介导模式
produce a series of signal-mediated modes,coupling reactions occur

偶联反应产生
and auxin mediators can be produced

这些生长素介质又能使骨骼上面细胞的
These auxin mediators can make the insulin-like growth factor of the cells

这个胰岛素样生长因子有这样的受体
above the skeleton have such a receptor

这个受体可以说是第二信使 又产生偶联反应
which can be said to be the second messenger,and produce the Euclidean reaction

最后生长发育 促进新陈代谢
and finally grow and develop,promoting metabolism

生长素的分泌调节 我们先来看这个图
Auxin secretion regulation,let's first look at this picture

生长素都是在晚上分泌的 睡觉的时候分泌的
auxin is secreted at night,when sleeping

这个是白天 蓝颜色的是晚上
This is daytime, blue is night,

那生长素的分泌调节肯定是在下丘脑的调节
the secretion of auxin must be regulated in the hypothalamus

所有的这些分泌性的分泌都是下丘脑分泌的
all these secretory secretions are secreted by the hypothalamus

下丘脑调节垂体
The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary

垂体的生长激素要么增加要么降低
The growth hormone of the pituitary increases or decreases

最后作用于这个腺垂体
Finally,it acts on the pituitary

腺垂体就分泌生长激素 生长激素促进激素
The pituitary secretes growth hormone,growth hormone promoting hormone

生长激素抑制激素
growth hormone inhibiting hormone

生长激素促进激素就会产生偶联反应
and growth hormone promoting hormone produces a coupling reaction

CAMP然后作用于腺垂体
CAMP then acts on the pituitary gland

既然是生长激素释放激素
Since it is a growth hormone releasing hormone

就使腺垂体释放生长激素
it releases growth hormone from the pituitary gland

同时这些雄激素、雌激素、甲状腺激素也会
At the same time,these androgens、estrogens and thyroid hormones also promote

促进腺垂体分泌激素
the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

所以在青少年的时候长的最快 有性激素、
So the fastest growing teenagers have sex hormones

甲状腺激素强化垂体、分泌生长激素
thyroid hormones that strengthen the pituitary gland and secrete growth hormones

第二个是抑制 生长激素抑制激素
The second is inhibition,growth hormone inhibitory hormone

如果在低血糖的时候 饥饿的时候 运动的时候
If we have hypoglycemia,hunger and exercise

促进生长激素释放激素的分泌
we can promote the secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone

在蛋白质食物含量比较高的时候呢就会分泌生长激素释放激素
and when the protein food content is high, we can secrete growth hormone releasing hormone

下丘脑和垂体是一个层次最高的
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are one of

内分泌调节系统
the highest levels of endocrine regulation system

那么从头上下来就是在喉结两旁
so from the beginning to the end,it is here at the laryngeal junction

就有这个甲状腺
touching both sides of the laryngeal junction has this thyroid gland

我们看 这个红色的东西就是甲状腺
Let's see,this red thing is the thyroid gland

在这里分布有静脉 有动脉
where there are veins and arteries

甲状腺分泌的这些甲状腺素通过血液又可以作用于其他的内分泌腺
Thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland can act on other endocrine glands through the blood

把甲状腺的表面放大就是这样的一个一个细胞
enlarging the surface of the thyroid gland is such a cell is called acinus

这样的一个细胞就叫作腺泡 是合成分泌
such a cell is called acinus,is the basic functional

甲状腺激素的基本功能单位
unit of synthesizing and secreting thyroid hormones

附着在这个甲状腺 这样一个个腺泡就是来分泌甲状腺激素
Attached to this thyroid gland, such an acinus secretes thyroid hormones

我们大致了解一下甲状腺激素的分子结构
Let's get a general idea of the molecular structure of thyroid hormones

前面我们说生长激素是191个氨基酸残基 和两个双硫键
We said earlier that growth hormone is 191 amino acid residues and two disulfide bonds

所有的生长激素都是这样的
All growth hormones are like this

但是甲状腺不一样 它有好几个类型
But the thyroid gland is different, it has several types,

它有四碘甲腺原氨酸 叫T4 三碘甲腺原氨酸 T3 逆三碘甲腺原氨酸 叫rT3
it has tetraiodothyronine,called T4、triiodothyronine,T3、reverse triiodothyronine,called rT3

甲状腺素它不是一种 至少有三种 T4、T3、rT3
Thyroxine is not one,there are at least three T4、T3、rT3

我们来看甲状腺激素的合成与释放
Let's look at the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones

这个看成是一个腺泡 刚刚不是看
This is regarded as an acinus

一个甲状腺上附着着很多腺泡 这个就是一个腺泡
there are many acinus attached to a thyroid.This is an acinus

这个腺泡经过活化之后呢一步步变成了T3、T4
After activation, this acinus becomes T3 and T4 step by step

这个T3、T4经过这些水解酶
The T3 and T4 are released by the lysosome through these enzymes

溶酶体作用释放出去 到血液里面 再经过血液的流动来影响内脏器官的活动
and then flow through the blood to affect the activities of visceral organs

前面这一部分这些 合成然后释放 主要分成两部分 一部分是贮存
The first part,which is synthesized and released,is divided into two parts,one is storage

第二部分是释放
The second part is the release

刚刚我们看这个过程 把甲状腺激素合成以后
Just after we look at this process, after the synthesis of thyroid hormone

存在这个腺泡里面 存活可以存两到三个月
it exists in this acinus and can survive for two to three months

所以当使用抗甲状腺药物 这个甲状腺激素分泌多了
So when we use antithyroid drugs, the thyroid hormone secretes more

用药时间长才能奏效 够它利用的也就2——3个月
and takes a long time to be effective.Only 2-3 months can it be used