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大家好
这一讲主要学习慢性肾衰竭的治疗和护理
慢性肾衰竭治疗原则是
治疗原发病
积极防治各种加重疾病进展的危险因素
保护肾功能 减少并发症
具体措施
1 治疗原发病
及肾功能恶化可逆因素
积极治疗引起慢性肾衰竭的各种原发病
如高血压 糖尿病肾病 狼疮性肾炎等
纠正某些可逆因素
如循环血容量不足
尿路梗阻 感染 心力衰竭等
以延缓或防治肾功能减退
保护残存的肾单位
2 营养治疗
(1) 合理的饮食可以缓解尿毒症症状
延缓健存肾单位的破坏速度
具体的饮食需个体化
可给予优质低蛋白饮食
如鸡蛋 牛奶和瘦肉等优质蛋白质
蛋白质 一般为0.6-0.8g/(kg.d)
同时 给予足量热卡
一般为30~35千卡/(kg.d)以及富含维生素饮食
(2) 低蛋白饮食时
需补充必需氨基酸或α-酮酸
以改善营养状况
减轻肾脏负担
减轻尿毒症毒素蓄积
3 控制高血压和肾小球内高压力
常用ACEI或ARB CCB 袢利尿剂及β受体阻滞剂药物
联合应用ACEI或ARB
这类药物在有效降压
同时可降低肾小球内压
减轻蛋白尿
血压控制目标:<130/80mmHg
慢性肾脏病(CKD)5期病人可控制在140/90mmHg以下
4 治疗贫血
当Hb低于100g/L时
可以用重组人类促红细胞生成素 皮下注射
治疗靶目标 血红蛋白110~120g/L
治疗期间
同时补充铁剂 叶酸等造血原料
5 纠正水 电解质和酸碱失衡
(1) 水钠平衡失调
水肿者应限盐 限水
使用利尿剂
水肿明显时可加大利尿剂使用剂量
严重水钠潴留
急性左心衰竭者
行透析治疗
脱水患者
补液量为前一日尿量加500ml
(2) 高血钾症 限制钾盐摄入
同时
用葡萄糖酸钙20ml或NaHCO3100ml静推
RI静点 透析治疗
代谢性酸中毒 口服或静注NaHCO3
钙磷代谢失调和肾性骨营养不良
一方面限制磷的摄入
另一方面补充骨化三醇和钙剂
如口服活性维生素D3 碳酸钙或葡萄糖酸钙
6 其他对症治疗
有感染者 应用敏感且肾毒性小的抗生素控制感染
皮肤瘙痒 可外用炉甘石洗剂或乳化油剂涂抹
7 中医中药治疗
传统中医中药结合西医疗法
有助于缓解病情 保护肾功能
8 替代治疗
包括血液透析 腹膜透析和肾移植
第二个方面 我们来谈谈护理
常见的护理诊断有
1 营养失调 低于机体需要量
与食欲减退 消化吸收功能紊乱
长期限制蛋白质摄入等因素有关
2 潜在并发症 水 电解质 酸碱平衡失调
3 有皮肤完整性受损的危险
与皮肤水肿 瘙痒 凝血机制异常
机体抵抗力下降有关
4 有感染的危险
与机体免疫功能低下
白细胞功能异常 透析等有关
如何进行护理呢
关于它的护理措施 下面重点讲三个方面内容
1.饮食护理
科学合理饮食
在慢性肾衰竭的治疗中具有重要意义
合理的营养膳食调配
不仅能减少体内氮代谢产物的积聚
及(减少)体内蛋白质的分解
维持氮平衡
还能在维持营养 增强免疫力
延缓病情发展
提高生存率等方面有积极的作用
给的热量要足够
一般为30~35kcal/kg.d
摄入热量中碳水化合物占70%
蛋白质的供给应为优质低蛋白饮食
优质蛋白质有鸡蛋 牛奶 瘦肉 鱼类等
蛋白质的摄入量依患者肾小球滤过率而定
当肾小球滤过率≥60ml/min或糖尿病肾病伴尿蛋白时
蛋白质摄入量应为0.8g/kg.d(50g)
当肾小球滤过率<60ml/min或糖尿病肾病伴尿蛋白的时候
蛋白质摄入量应为0.6g/kg.d(35g)
当肾小球滤过率<25ml/min的时候
蛋白质摄入量应为0.4g/kg.d(25g)
还有其他的要求
低盐 钠盐一般不超过6g/d
如果有水肿 高血压 少尿者 钠盐摄入量不超过5g/d.
同时要低磷 磷摄入量<600mg/d
同时
要补充水溶性维生素B C
和叶酸 补充微量元素 如铁 锌等
也要改善食欲
适当增加活动量 改善就餐环境
食物尽量色香味俱全
可依据患者口味适当添加醋 番茄汁 柠檬汁等调料
用餐前后清洁口腔 以增加食欲
2 第二个护理要点是防控感染
(1) 第一个点要预防感染
①将患者安置在单人病房
定期通风 空气消毒
②限制人员探视
③加强生活护理
尤其是口腔护理 会阴护理
④卧床病人需定时翻身
指导有效咳嗽
⑤各项检查及治疗应严格无菌操作
特别是有留置静脉导管和导尿管时
应严格执行操作规程
同时避免不必要的侵入性检查与治疗
⑥患者外去时需戴口罩
同时避免去人群密集的地方
(2) 第二个点是要检测感染征象
①严密观察体温
超过37.5℃时提示有感染存在
评估患者有无寒战 乏力 食欲下降 咳嗽 咳痰
肺部湿罗音 尿路刺激征
白细胞计数增高等
留取血液 痰液 尿液标本送检
3 血液净化治疗的护理
慢性肾衰竭患者终末期
需要进行血液净化治疗
具体的操作及护理请看视频
关于慢性肾衰竭就学习到这里
-Introduction to Medical Nursing
--Introduction to Medical Nursing
--Introduction to Medical Nursing
-Chapter 1 Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
--Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
--Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
--Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Pneumonia
--Overview of pneumonia
--Streptococcal Pneumonia
--Other types of pneumonia
--The quality and color of sputum
--Care of Patients with Pneumonia
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Lung Abscess
--Introduction of lung abscess
--Introduction of lung abscess
--Treatment and nursing of lung abscess
--Treatment and care of nursing abscess
--Care of Patients with Lung Abscess
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
--Etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (I)
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (I)
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (II)
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (II)
--Treatment and nursing of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Treatment and nursing of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Care of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
--Care of patients with chronic bronchitis
--Care of patients with chronic bronchitis
--Care of patients with chronic bronchitis
--Introduction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Introduction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Oxygen
--Care of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Bronchial Asthma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
--Clinical manifestation of bronchial asthma
--Clinical manifestation of bronchial asthma
--Treatment and nursing of bronchial asthma
--Treatment and nursing of bronchial asthma
--Care of Patients with Bronchial Asthma
-Chapter 7 Care of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease
--Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Treatment and nursing of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Treatment and nursing of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Care of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease
-Chapter 8 Care of Patients with Primary Bronchogenic Carcinoma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination
--Clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination
--Treatment and nursing of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Treatment and nursing of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Care of Patients with Primary Bronchogenic Carcinoma
-Chapter 9 Care of Patients with Pleural Effusion
--Etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations
--Etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations
--Treatment and nursing of pleural effusion
--Treatment and nursing of pleural effusion
--Determination of the nature of pleural effusion
--Care of Patients with Pleural Effusion
-Chapter 10 Care of Patients with Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
--Etiology and pathogenesis of respiratory failure
--Etiology and pathogenesis of respiratory failure
--Treatment and nursing of respiratory failure patients
--Treatment and nursing of respiratory failure patients
--Care of Patients with Respiratory Failure
--Introduction of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Introduction of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Treatment and nursing of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Treatment and nursing of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Care of Patients with Respiratory Failure
--Care of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
-Unit Test: Respiratory System
-Unit Assignment: Respiratory System
-Chapter 1 Care of Patients with Cardiovascular System Diseases
--Overview of Cardiovascular System
--Overview of Cardiovascular System
--Overview of Cardiovascular System
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Heart Failure
--Overview of heart failure
--Chronic heart failure (1)
--Chronic heart failure (2)
--Acute heart failure
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Arrhythmia
--Overview of arrhythmia
--Sick sinus syndrome
--Supraventricular tachycardia
--Supraventricular tachycardia
--Atrial fibrillation
--Ventricular tachycardia
--Atrioventricular block
--Nursing care of patients with arrhythmia
--Nursing care of patients with arrhythmia
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
--Overview of coronary heart disease
--Overview of coronary heart disease
--Stable angina pectoris
--Unstable angina pectoris
--Acute myocardial infarction (1)
--Acute myocardial infarction (1)
--Acute myocardial infarction (2)
--Acute myocardial infarction (2)
--Acute myocardial infarction (3)
--Acute myocardial infarction (3)
--Difference between angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Hypertension
--Primary hypertension (1)
--Primary hypertension (2)
--Safe nursing for patients with hypertension
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Myocardial Diseases
--Myocardial Diseases (1)
--Myocardial Diseases (2)
--Myocardial Diseases (3)
-Unit Assignment: Cardiovascular System
-Chapter 1 Overview of Digestive System
--Overview of digestive system(I)
--Overview of digestive system(I)
--Overview of digestive system(II)
--Overview of digestive system(II)
--Overview of Digestive System
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Peptic Ulcer
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of peptic ulcer
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of peptic ulce
--Treatment and nursing of peptic ulcer
--Treatment and nursing of peptic ulcer
--Care of Patients with Peptic Ulcer
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of hepatic cirrhosis
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of hepatic cir
--Treatment and nursing of hepatic cirrhosis
--Treatment and nursing of hepatic cirrhosis
--Care of Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy
--Etiology and pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy
--Etiology and pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopath
--Clinical manifestation,treatment and nursing of hepatic encephalopathy
--Clinical manifestation,treatment and nursing of he
-- Care of Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(I)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(I)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(II)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(II)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(Ⅲ)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(Ⅲ)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
--Care of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
-Unit Test: Digestive System
-Unit Assignment: Digestive System
-Chapter 1 Overview of Urinary System
--Overview of Urinary System
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Acute Glomerulonephritis
-- Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
--Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
--Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
--Chronic Glomerulonephritis
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome
--Nephrotic Syndrome
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Unit Assignment: Urinary System
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
-Chapter 1 Overview of Hematologic System
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (I)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (I)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (II)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (II)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (I)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (II)
-Chapter 2 Overview of Anemia
--Overview of Anemia
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia
--Overview,etiology and pathogenesis,clinical manifestation,auxiliary examination and diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia
--Treatment and nursing of iron deficiency anemia
--Treatment and nursing of iron deficiency anemia
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Aplastic Anemia
--Definition, etiology,clinical manifestation,auxiliary examination and diagnosis of aplastic anemia
--Definition, etiology,clinical manifestation,auxiliary examination and diagnosis of aplastic anemia
--Treatment and nursing of aplastic anemia
--Treatment and nursing of aplastic anemia
--Care of Patients with Aplastic Anemia
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Hemolytic Anemia
--Nursing of patients with hemolytic anemia
--Nursing of patients with hemolytic anemia
--Care of Patients with Hemolytic Anemia
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Diseases
--Overview of hemorrhagic diseases
--Overview of hemorrhagic diseases
--Nursing of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
--Nursing of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
--Nursing of patients with anaphylactoid purpura
--Nursing of patients with anaphylactoid purpura
--Overview of hemorrhagic diseases
--Nursing of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
--Nursing of patients with anaphylactoid purpura
-Chapter 7 Care of Patients with Leukemia
--Definition, etiology and classification of leukemia
--Definition, etiology and classification of leukemia
--Definition and clinical manifestation of acute leukemia
--Definition and clinical manifestation of acute leukemia
--Auxiliary examination of acute leukemia
--Auxiliary examination of acute leukemia
--Nursing of acute leukemia(I)
--Nursing of acute leukemia(II)
--Nursing of acute leukemia
--Definition ,clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination of chronic myeloid leukemia
--Definition ,clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination of chronic myeloid leukemia
--Treatment and nursing ofchronic myeloid leukemia
--Treatment and nursing ofchronic myeloid leukemia
--Care of Patients with Leukemia
-Chapter 8 Care of Patients with Lymphoma
--Definition ,clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination,treatment and nursing of lymphoma
--Definition ,clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination,treatment and nursing of lymphoma
--Care of Patients with Lymphoma
-Unit Test: Hematologic System
-Unit Assignment: Hematologic System
-Chapter1 Overview of Endocrine ystem
--Overview of Endocrine System
--Overview of Endocrine System
--Overview of Endocrine System
-Chapter2 Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism 1
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism 1
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism 2
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism2
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism
-Chapter3 Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 1
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 1
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 2
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 2
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism
-Chapter4 Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus1
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 1
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus2
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 2
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 3
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 3
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 4
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 4
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 5
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 5
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
-Unit Review: Endocrine System
--Unit Assignment: Endocrine System
--Unit Test: Endocrine System
-Chapter 1 Overview of Infectious Diseases
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 1
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 1
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 1
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 2
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 2
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 2
--Overview of Infectious Diseases
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 1
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 1
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 1
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 2
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 2
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 2
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 3
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 3
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 3
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 4
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 4
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 4
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 2
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Rabies
--Care of Patients with Rabies 1
--Care of Patients with Rabies 1
--Care of Patients with Rabies 1
--Care of Patients with Rabies 2
--Care of Patients with Rabies 2
--Care of Patients with Rabies 2
--Care of Patients with Rabies
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B
-Chapter 7 Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
-Chapter 8 Care of Patients with Cholera
--Care of Patients with Cholera
--Care of Patients with Cholera
--Care for patients with cholera
-Chapter 9 Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
--Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
--Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
--Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
-Chapter 10 Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 1
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 1
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 2
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 2
--Care for patients with schistosome
-Chapter 11 Care of Patients with COVID-19
--Care of Patients with COVID-19
--Care of Patients with COVID-19
-Chapter 12 Psychological Coping Modes to the Epidemic of COVID-19
--Psychological Coping Modes to the Epidemic of COVID-19
--Psychological Coping Modes to the Epidemic of COVID-19
-Unit Test: Infectious Diseases
--Unit Test: infective disease
-Unit Assignment: Infectious Diseases
--Unit Assignment: Infectious Diseases
-Chapter 1 Overview of Nervous System Diseases
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(I)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(I)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(I)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(II)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(II)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(II)
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
--Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
--Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
--Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Cerebrovascular Diseases (Episode 1)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases (I)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases (I)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases (I)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases(II)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases(II)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases(II)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(I)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(II)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(II)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(II)
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Cerebrovascular Diseases (Episode 2)
--Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
--Transient Ischemic Attack
--Cerebral Thrombosis(I)
--Cerebral Thrombosis(II)
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Epilepsy
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(I)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(I)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(II)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(II)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(I)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(I)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(II)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(II)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease
-Unit Assignment: Nervous System
--Unit Assignment: Nervous System