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4.4 创造性地解决问题
大家好 我是Rill 欢迎来到我的课堂
在他的演讲释放你的创造中
比尔盖茨表达了他相信创造力
和智慧的力量可以使世界变得更好的信念
创造力和智慧的力量
我渴望那种魔力 你呢
你感觉被一个特别具有挑战性的问题打败了吗
也许你尝试过用不同的方式来思考
但你总是回到同样的解决方案中来
而这正是你已经排除的方法
如果传统思维无法解决你那个挑战性的问题
尝试CPS方案以获得一个新的视角吧
在本课中 我们将探讨如何使用CPS生成创新有效的解决方案
什么是CPS
CPS是Creative problem solving的简称
是指利用你的创造力来开发新的想法和解决问题的方法
创意教育基金会创始人亚历克斯·奥斯本
在1940年首次提出了创造性的问题解决法
同时还提出了术语头脑风暴法
他和锡德·帕恩斯一起开发了奥斯本-帕恩斯创造性问题解决流程
早期的奥斯本-帕恩斯模型启发了许多其他工具
其中一个是2011 CPS学习者模型
也是由创新教育基金会研发的
主要研发人是杰拉德 普乔博士 玛丽·曼斯及其他同事
创造性问题解决法的核心原则
CPS有四个核心原则
下面我们来更详细地探讨每一个问题
发散思维和聚合思维必须平衡
创造力的关键是学习如何识别和平衡
发散性和聚合性的思维(分开进行)
以及知道何时实践这两种思维
把棘手的问题化作疑问提出来
当你将问题和挑战重新表述为具有多种可能性的开放式问题时
更容易找到解决方案
问这些类型的问题会产生大量丰富的信息
而问封闭式问题往往会得到简短的回答
如确认或不同意
问题陈述往往产生有限的回应 或者根本没有回应
推迟或暂停判断
正如亚历克斯·奥斯本从他的头脑风暴工作中学到的那样
早早地判断解决方案往往会扼杀创意的产生
相反 在聚合阶段来判断想法 会有一个适当且必要的时间
注意用 是的 并且而不是不 但是
语言在你产生信息和想法时很重要
是的 并且鼓励人们扩展他们的思想
这在CPS的某些阶段是必要的
使用but (前面加 yes 或 no )则结束对话
并经常否定前面的内容
如何使用这个思维工具
让我们来探讨如何使用CPS学习者模型的四个步骤中的每一步
来产生创新的想法和解决方案
1.澄清
探索愿景
确定你的目标 愿望或挑战
这是至关重要的第一步 因为很容易错误地假设您知道问题所在
但是 您可能遗漏了一些东西或未能完全理解问题
并且界定目标可以使问题变得清晰
收集数据
一旦你确定并理解了问题 你就可以收集关于它的信息
并对它有一个清晰的理解
记下细节 如涉及的人员和内容
所有相关事实以及每个人的感受和意见
提出问题
当你提高了对你所发现的挑战或问题的认识时
问一些能产生解决方案的问题
想想你可能面临的障碍以及它们可能带来的机会
2. 形成概念
探索想法
生成回答步骤1中确定的挑战问题的想法
考虑你以前尝试过的解决方案是很有诱惑力的
而由于我们的思维倾向于回到习惯性的思维模式
习惯性的思维模式阻止我们产生新的想法
然而 这是一个利用你的创造力的机会
在CPS流程的发散思维阶段 头脑风暴和思维导图是探索想法的好方法
3. 开发
制定解决方案
这是CPS的聚合阶段
您开始集中精力评估所有可能的选项并提出解决方案
分析潜在的解决方案是否满足您的需求和标准
并决定您是否能够成功地实施方案
接下来 考虑如何加强它们 并确定哪些是最合适的
4. 实施
制定计划
一旦你选择了最好的解决方案 就是制定行动计划的时候了
首先确定允许您实施所选解决方案的资源和行动
接下来 传达你的计划 确保所有相关人员都理解并接受它
请注意 最初的奥斯本-帕恩斯模型已有了许多修改版
但它们都涉及到一个明确的结构 即识别问题
产生新想法 评估选项 然后制定成功实施的计划
为了充分利用好CPS流程 您需要主动地将想法产生
(发散性思维)与想法分析(聚合性思维)分开
同时做这两件事会扼杀想法并做出有偏见的决定
总之 CPS是一个有用的思维工具
把这个工具应用到你的生活中 你就会找到解决难题的新方法
祝你幸福 祝你成功
谢谢
再见
-1.1 Lexical Chunks Expressing Aims
--1.1 Lexical Chunks Expressing Aims
-1.2 Sentence Patterns for Research
--1.2 Sentence Patterns for Research
-1.3 An Introduction to Essay Writing
--1.3 An Introduction to Essay Writing
-1.4 An Introduction to MOOCs
--1.4 An Introduction to MOOCs
-1.5 Chinese Dragons
-Test 01
-2.1 Lexical Chunks for Dish, Flavor and Cookware
--2.1 Lexical Chunks for Dish, Flavor and Cookware
-2.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Problems
--2.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Problems
-2.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (1): Unity and Support
--2.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (1): Unity and Support
-2.4 The 8 Great Cuisines of China
--2.4 The 8 Great Cuisines of China
-2.5 Chinese Dumplings
-Test 02
-3.1 Lexical Chunks for Mental Health
--3.1 Lexical Chunks for Mental Health
-3.2 Three Most Common Types of Sentence-skills Errors in Writing
--3.2 Three Most Common Types of Sentence-skills Errors in Writing
-3.3 Point and Support in Essay Writing
--3.3 Point and Support in Essay Writing
-3.4 The Relationship Between Health and Stress
--3.4 The Relationship Between Health and Stress
-3.5 Acupuncture and Other TCM Therapies
--3.5 Acupuncture and Other TCM Therapies
-Test 03
-4.1 Lexical Chunks for Giving Opinions
--4.1 Lexical Chunks for Giving Opinions
-4.2 Dependent-Word Fragments
--4.2 Dependent-Word Fragments
-4.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (2): Coherence and Sentence Skills
--4.3 Four Bases for Revising Essays (2): Coherence and Sentence Skills
-4.4 Creative Problem Solving
--4.4 Creative Problem Solving
-4.5 Chinese Kung Fu
-Test 04
-5.0 Introduction: Bilingual Education
--5.0 Introduction: Bilingual Education
-5.1 Prefixes Related to Numbers
--5.1 Lexical Learning by Introducing Prefixes Related to Numbers
-5.2 Sentence Patterns for Giving Definitions
--5.2 Sentence Patterns for Giving Definitions
-5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing
--5.3 How to Give Definitions in Essay Writing
-5.4 The Importance of Language Learning
--5.4 The Importance of Language Learning
-5.5 Chinese Characters
-Test 05
-6.0 Introduction: Love and Marriage
--6.0 Introduction: Love and Marriage
-6.1 Lexical Chunks: Cultural Words Related to Chinese Weddings
--6.1 Lexical Chunks: Cultural Words Related to Chinese Weddings
-6.2 Sentence Pattern: Should Passive Voice be Encouraged in Writing?
--6.2 Sentence Pattern: Should Passive Voice be Encouraged in Writing?
-6.3 How to Write a Supported Opinion Paragraph?
--6.3 How to Write a Supported Opinion Paragraph?
-6.4 Which is Your Idea of Marriage, Love-oriented or Money-oriented?
--6.4 Which is Your Idea of Marriage, Love-oriented or Money-oriented?
-6.5 Chinese Chopsticks
-Test 06
-7.0 Introduction: Budget
-7.1 Lexical Chunks: The Key Word “Deposit”
--7.1 Lexical Chunks: The Key Word “Deposit”
-7.2 Sentence Patterns on Expressing Purposes
--7.2 Sentence Patterns on How to Express Purposes
-7.3 Zooming in Expository Texts
--7.3 Reading and Scaffolding Expository Texts
-7.4 Spend Less? Earn More? Which Is the Better Path?
--7.4 Spend Less? Earn More? Which Is the Better Path?
-7.5 Chinese Seal
-Test 07
-8.1 Lexical Chunks for Space Exploration
--8.1 Lexical Chunks for Space Exploration
-8.2 Sentence Pattern: There be
--8.2 Sentence Pattern: There be
-8.3 Superordinate and Subordinate in Writing
--8.3 Superordinate and Subordinate in Writing
-8.4 Critical Thinking: Why Do We Explore Space?
--8.4 Critical Thinking: Why Do We Explore Space?
-8.5 Chinese Era
-Test 08
-9.1 Lexical Chunks for Immigration
--9.1 Lexical Chunks for Immigration
-9.2 Sentence Logic: Negation
--9.2 Sentence Logic: Negation
-9.3 Exemplification in Writing
--9.3 Exemplification in Writing
-9.4 Critical Thinking: Pros and Cons of Multiculturalism
--9.4 Critical Thinking: Pros and Cons of Multiculturalism
-9.5 Chinese Silk
-Test 09
-10.1 Lexical Chunks for Disasters
--10.1 Lexical Chunks for Disasters
-10.2 Sentence Writing: Inanimate Subject
--10.2 Sentence Writing: Inanimate Subject
-10.3 Essay Writing: A Drawing Opening
--10.3 Essay Writing: A Drawing Opening
-10.4 Critical Thinking: Humanity Vs Nature
--10.4 Critical Thinking: Humanity Vs Nature
-10.5 Chinese Classical Garden
--10.5 Chinese Classical Garden
-Test 10
-11.0 Introduction: Reading habits
--11.0 Introduction: Reading habits
-11.1 Lexical Chunks for Favorite Readings
--11.1 Lexical Chunks for Favorite Readings
-11.2 Sentence Patterns for Sharing Reading Experience
--11.2 Sentence Patterns for Sharing Reading Experience
-11.3 From Assumption to Opinion in Essay Writing
--11.3 From Assumption to Opinion in Essay Writing
-11.4 Appreciation of “On Studies” by Francis Bacon
--11.4 Appreciation of “On Studies” by Francis Bacon
-11.5 Four Treasures of the Study
--11.5 Four Treasures of the Study
-Test 11
-12.1 Lexical Chunks for Paraphrasing Advantages & Disadvantages
--12.1 Lexical Chunks for Paraphrasing Advantages & Disadvantages
-12.2 Sentence Patterns for Agreement & Disagreement
--12.2 Sentence Patterns for Agreement & Disagreement
-12.3 Presenting Different Ideas in Essay Writing
--12.3 Presenting Different Ideas in Essay Writing
-12.4 Debating: Lingua Franca--Beneficial or Detrimental?
--12.4 Debating: Lingua Franca--Beneficial or Detrimental?
-12.5 Chinese Antithetical Couplets
--12.5 Chinese Antithetical Couplets
-Test 12
-13.0 Introduction: Unforgettable Events
--13.0 Introduction: Unforgettable Events
-13.1 Lexical Learning by Analyzing Prefix and Suffix
--13.1 Lexical Learning by Analyzing Prefix and Suffix
-13.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Unforgettable Events
--13.2 Sentence Patterns for Describing Unforgettable Events
-13.3 Flashback in Story Writing
--13.3 Flashback When Writing a Story
-13.4 Interpreting Competitive Culture
--13.4 Interpreting Competitive Culture
-13.5 Chinese Weiqi
-Test 13
-14.1 How do you feel about extreme sports? List your reasons.
--14.1 Lexical Chunks for Extreme Sports
-14.2 How to Use Parallelism
-14.3 How to Write a Concluding Paragraph
--14.3 How to Write a Concluding Paragraph
-14.4 Taking Risks
-14.5 Peking Opera
-Test 14
-15.1 Lexical Chunks for the Relationship between Happiness and Happiness Genes
--15.1 Lexical Chunks for the Relationship between Happiness and Happiness Genes
-15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases
--15.2 How to Expand the Basic Sentence with Participles and Participle Phrases
-15.3 Comparison and Contrast
--15.3 Comparison and Contrast
-15.4 The Road to Happiness
-15.5 Chinese Taoism
-Test 15
-16.1 Lexical Chunks for the Linguistic Difference between Men and Women
--16.1 Lexical Chunks for the Linguistic Difference between Men and Women
-16.2 How to Vary Sentences by Using Adverb Modifiers
--16.2 How to Vary Sentences by Using Adverb Modifiers
-16.3 How to Write an Introductory Paragraph
--16.3 How to Write an Introductory Paragraph
-16.4 How to Avoid Misunderstanding between Men and Women
--16.4 How to Avoid Misunderstanding between Men and Women
-16.5 Chinese Idioms
-Test 16
-Final Test