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Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly课程教案、知识点、字幕

大家好

2019年4月2日

国家卫生健康委发出通知

提出在全国实施老年人心理关爱项目

2019年至2020年

将在全国选取1600个城市社区

320个农村行政村开展项目工作

各项目点将对常住65岁及以上老年人

以集中或入户的形式开展心理健康评估

了解老年人常见心理问题

有很多因素可能影响老年人的心理

致使部分老年人出现一些心理问题

认识老年人心理变化的影响因素

才能有的放矢地采取措施开展心理关爱

老年人心理变化的影响因素

主要有以下七个方面

首先

随着年龄的增加

各种生理功能减退出现老化现象

如神经组织

尤其是脑细胞逐渐发生萎缩并减少

神经递质功能减退

导致精神活动减弱

反应迟钝

记忆力减退

尤其表现在近期记忆方面

视力及听力也逐渐减退

感知觉随之降低

第二 由于社会地位的改变

可使一些老年人发生种种心理上的变化

如孤独感 自卑 抑郁 烦躁等

第三 离退休后

老年人主要活动场所由工作单位转为家庭

家庭成员之间的关系

对老年人影响很大

如子女对老人的态度

代沟产生的矛盾

相互间的沟通理解程度等等

对老年人的心理也会产生影响

第四个方面

为了维持人体组织与细胞的正常生理活动

老年人需要足够的营养

如蛋白质 糖 脂肪 水 盐类 微量元素

维生素等都是必需的营养物质

当营养不足时

尤其是神经组织及细胞缺乏营养时

常常出现精神不振 乏力 记忆力减退

对外界事物不感兴趣

甚至发生抑郁及其他精神神经症状

第五 体力及脑力过劳

均会使记忆减退 精神不振

乏力 思想不易集中甚至

产生错觉 幻觉等异常心理

第六个方面 也有研究表明

绝大多数老年人存在入睡困难

觉醒次数多与早醒等睡眠问题

严重者导致睡眠障碍

容易引起注意力不能集中

记忆力下降 烦躁 焦虑 易怒

抑郁甚至引发心理障碍和精神疾病

再者

有些疾病会影响老年人的心理状态

如脑动脉硬化

导致脑组织供血不足

脑功能减退

促使记忆力减退加重

晚期甚至会发生老年期痴呆等

脑卒中等会使老年人卧床不起

生活不能自理

以致于产生悲观 孤独等心理状态

因此

应积极防治各种疾病

以使老年人保持一个良好的心态

个体发展贯穿于人的一生

老年期也是在发展

由于自身和外部因素的影响

老年人心理发展存在以下主要矛盾

角色转变与社会适应的矛盾

老有所为与身心衰老的矛盾

老有所养与经济保障不充分的矛盾

安享天伦之乐与空巢家庭的矛盾

安度晚年与生活变故的矛盾

其中

角色适应问题

是老年人离退休伴随的矛盾

离退休本身是一种正常的角色变迁

但不同职业群体的人

对离退休的心理感受是不同的

具有较高价值观念

和理想追求的老年人

通常在离退休之后

都不甘于清闲

他们渴望在有生之年

能够再为社会多做一些工作

退而不休 老有所为

但是他们的身心健康状况并不理想

使得这些老年人在志向与衰老之间形成了矛盾

老有所养与经济保障不充分的矛盾

既是社会矛盾

也是社会心理矛盾

家庭是老年人生活的主要场所

是其情感和精神的重要寄托

但目前家庭结构小型化

城市进程加快以及传统家庭观念的改变

都造成了空巢老年人数量的快速增长

导致老年人深感孤独 寂寞

有的还会发生抑郁自杀

其中

要特别提到生活事件对老年人心理的影响

生活事件是指人们在日常生活中

遇到的各种各样的社会生活的变动

生活事件对心身健康的影响

日益受到人们的重视

业已促进了医学模式的转变

许多研究报告了生活事件与某些疾病的发生

发展或转归之间的相互关系

例如

据统计

在失去配偶的人中

在一 两年内相继死去的人数

是夫妇都存在者的7倍

白发人送黑发人

晚年丧子也是人生一大恸事

夫妻争吵

婆媳不和等家庭不和睦

经济困窘和意外事件等

对老年人的心灵打击也十分严重

老年人的心理健康水平

是老年人生活质量和生命质量的重要表现

因此维护和促进老年人心理健康迫在眉睫

我们可以帮助老年人正确认识和评价衰老

健康和死亡

培养他们对生活的兴趣

做好离退休的心理调节

鼓励老年人适当用脑

妥善处理家庭关系

注重日常生活中的心理保健

例如培养广泛的兴趣爱好

培养良好的生活习惯

坚持适量运动等

还可以通过营造良好的社会支持系统

以及必要时

开展心理咨询和心理治疗等措施

维护和促进老年人的心理健康

谢谢大家

Gerontological Nursing课程列表:

CHAPTER 1: General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-1.1 Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--【Vedio Recommendation】 How do we measure life expectancy ?

-1.2 Population Aging

--Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Report on Ageing and Health: 2015

-1.3 Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Population Ageing Highlights:2019

-1.4 Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--【Book Recommendation】Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice

-1.5 Theories Related to Elderly Care

--1.5.1 Personality Development Theory and Life Review

--1.5.2 Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory

--1.5.3 Self-efficacy and Chronic Disease Management

--【Vedio Recommendation】8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson

--【Literature Recommendation】Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, and Successful Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies

--【Literature Recommendation】Obstacles and Policies of the Social Capital Participates in the Combination of Medical Care and Pension: A Literature Review

-1.6 Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.1 Concepts of Elderly Healthcare, Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.2 Home-based Elderly Care Model

--1.6.3 Institutional Elderly Care Model

--1.6.4 Integrated Medical and Nursing Care Model

--【Vedio Recommendation】Day in the Life of Home Care

--【Website Recommendation】Official Website of the National Institutes of Health

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-【Test】CHAPTER 1

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2: Elderly Health Assessment

-2.1 Aging Changes in the Elderly

--2.1.1 Aging of the Respiratory System

--2.1.2 Aging of the Cardiovascular System

--2.1.3 Aging of the Digestive System

--2.1.4 Aging of the Urinary System

--2.1.5 Aging of the Endocrine System

--2.1.6 Aging of the Motor System

--2.1.7 Aging of the Nervous System

--2.1.8 Aging of the Sensory System

--【Literature Recommendation】Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology

-2.2 Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Instruments to evaluate mental well-being in old age: a systematic review

-2.3 Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

--Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

-2.4 Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale

-2.5 Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

--Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

-2.6 Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Age-friendliness of living environments from the older person’s viewpoint: development of the Age-friendly Environment Assessment Tool

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(1)

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(2)

-【Test】CHAPTER 2

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER3: Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health care

-3.1 Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

--Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

-3.2 Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

--Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

-3.3 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly

--3.3.1 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (1)

--3.3.2 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (2)

--【Book Recommendation】Development Through the Lifespan

-3.4 Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.1 Overview of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.2 Clinical Symptoms of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.3 Caring for Elderly Patients with Depression

--【Website Recommendation】

--【Documentary Recommendation】Depression:Out of the Shadows

--【Literature Recommendation】Management of depression in older adults:A review depression in older people

-3.5 Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.1 Identification of Dementia Symptoms in the Elderly

--3.5.2 Intelligence Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.3 Safety Care of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--【Website Recommendation】The Global Voice on Demaentia

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 3

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER4: Elderly Daily Care

-4.1 Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

--Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

-4.2 General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.1 Characteristics and General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.2 Skin Itching and Its Management in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Dermatology

-4.3 Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Design Methods of Functional Clothing for the Elderly

-4.4 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--4.4.1 Nutritional Needs of the Elderly and Influencing Factors of these Needs

--4.4.2 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】Nutrition Care of the Older Adult: a Handbook for Dietetics

--【Website Recommendation】Nutrition for older persons

-4.5 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--4.5.1 Sleep Characteristics of the Elderly

--4.5.2 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Sleep and Sleep Problems

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Sleep Medicine

-4.6 Exercises Guidance for the Elderly

--4.6.1 Evaluation of Exercise Intensity in the Elderly

--4.6.2 Precautions Elderly Undertaking Exercises

--【Website Recommendation】American College of Sport Medicine

--【Book Recommendation】Handbook of Activities for the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Daily Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 4

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER5:Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-5.1 Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】How Drugs Work In the Elderly

-5.2 Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

--Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

-5.3 The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults

-5.4 Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Drug-related falls in older patients: implicated drugs, consequences, and possible prevention strategies

-5.5 Medication Compliance in the Elderly

--Medication Compliance in the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 5

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER6:Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-6.1 Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Elderly Falls

--6.1.2 Risk Factors for Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.3 Prevention of Falls in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】CDC STEADI(Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Tool Kit)

-6.2 Dysphagia in the Elderly

--Dysphagia in the Elderly

-6.3 Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

--Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

-6.4 Constipation in the Elderly

--Constipation in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Chronic Constipation in the Elderly Patient: Updates in Evaluation and Management

-6.5 Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

-6.6 Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies

--Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies - emaciation

-6.7 Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Senior Eye Exams

-6.8 Senile Deafness

--Senile Deafness

-6.9 Elderly Delirium

--Elderly Delirium

-6.10 Elderly Frailty

--Elderly Frailty

--【Literature Recommendation】Frailty in elderly people/Frailty in older people

-6.11 Pneumonia in the Elderly

--Pneumonia in the Elderly

-6.12 Hypertension in the Elderly

--Hypertension in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension

-6.13 Stroke in the Elderly

--Stroke in the Elderly

-6.14 Stable Angina in the Elderly

--Stable Angina in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-【Test】CHAPTER 6

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER7 Hospice Care for the Elderly

-7.1 Concept of Hospice Care

--Concept of Hospice Care

--【Website Recommendation】 Definition of Palliative Care,WHO

-7.2 Death Education

--7.2.1 Death Education (1)

--7.2.2 Death Education (2)

--【Book Recommendation】The Meaning of Death by Herman Feife

-7.3 Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--【Journal Recommendation】

-7.4 Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

-7.5 Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

-7.6 Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association,HPNA

-7.7 Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】On Death and Dying ,by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

-7.8 Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】I Wasn't Ready to Say Goodbye,by Noel·Brook,Blair·Pamela

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Hospice Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 7

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 7

FINAL EXAM

-Final Exam

Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly笔记与讨论

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