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大家好

面对20世纪80年代以后

世界范围内日益严重的人口老龄化问题

国际社会给予了理论和政策上的回应

从1990年世界卫生组织提出的

健康老龄化

到2002年世界卫生组织正式公布的一份报告

《积极老龄化:政策框架》

积极老龄化成为了

应对21世纪人口老龄化问题的

新的理论 政策和发展战略

积极老龄化是指人到老年时

为了提高生活质量

使健康 参与和保障的机会

尽可能发挥最大效应的过程

它容许人们在一生中

能够发挥自己在物质

社会 精神方面的潜力

按照自己的需要 愿望和能力

参与社会

在需要帮助时

能够获得充分的保护 安全和照料

因此

健康是掌握在自己手中的

老年人的日常生活护理

是老年护理学中最基础

也是最必要的内容

在实施过程中

有哪些需要注意的事项呢

首先

应鼓励老年人充分发挥其自理能力

其内涵就是尽可能的维持个体的独立

避免老年人过分依赖他人护理

因此

在拟订护理计划前

要对老年人进行全面评估

特别是要同时关注其丧失的功能

和残存的功能

而在心理方面

则应全面了解其是否存在

过度的依赖思想和心理问题

必须明确包揽一切的做法有害无益

应鼓励老年人最大限度地

发挥残存功能的作用

尽可能使其基本的日常生活能够自理

同时提供一些针对性的精神心理支持

因此

维持和强化老年人的自我照顾能力

消除和减少自我照顾的消极影响因素

在无法自我照顾时

由他人来提供部分

或完全照顾服务

既满足了老年人的生理需要

又充分调动老年人的主动性

尽量让其作为一个独立

自主的个体参与家庭和社会生活

满足其精神需要

其次

要注意保护老年人的安全

有两种常见的心理可能会危及老年人的安全

一 是不服老

二 是不愿麻烦他人

尤其是日常生活中的小事

愿意自己动手

例如有的老年人高估了自己的能力

而独自上厕所

结果难以走回自己的房间甚至发生跌倒

对此要进行有效的健康指导

使老年人正确了解

并承认自己的健康状况和能力

对于有可能出现的危险因素要多加提醒注意

护士应熟悉老年人的生活规律和习惯

及时给予指导和帮助

并特别要注意给予充分的尊重

以尽量减少其因为需要他人照顾

而带来的无用感和无助感

老化的生理性 病理性改变

以及其生活环境所造成的不安全因素

也可能会严重威胁老年人的健康

甚至生命

老年人常见的安全问题有

跌倒 噎 呛 服错药 坠床

交叉感染 用电安全等

护士应意识到其重要性

采取有效措施

保证老年人的安全

例如防止坠床

经过评估有坠床危险的老年人

入睡期间应有专人守护或者是定时的巡视

在睡眠的过程中翻身幅度较大的

或者身材高大的老年人

应在床旁有相应护挡

意识障碍的老年人应加床挡

又例如

防止交叉感染

老年人免疫功能低下

对疾病的抵抗力弱

应注意预防感染

老年人还应注意用电安全

向老年人宣传安全用电知识

在购置新型的电器时

应该评估老年人是否能正确掌握使用方法

以消除安全隐患

对记忆力明显减退的老年人

应尽量选择带有明显温度标志

控温功能或过热

超时断电保护

或者是有鸣叫提醒功能的电器

可以减少因遗忘引发意外

第三

要尊重老年人的个性和隐私

人们常能从自己的个性中发现自我价值

尤其是老年人有丰富的社会经验

从生活经历而来的自我意识很强烈

如果受到侵害

其尊严将被损伤

对老年人个性的关怀

首先是尊重其本性

关怀其人格和尊严

日常生活中部分生活行为

需要在私密空间中开展

为保证老年人的隐私和舒适的生活

有必要为其提供适当的独立空间

老年期个体因老化而健康受损

和患各种慢性疾病的风险增高

因此老年人日常生活护理

应强调帮助老年人维持和恢复基本的生活能力

使其适应日常生活

或者是在健康状态下独立

方便地生活

健康 积极老龄化

谢谢大家

Gerontological Nursing课程列表:

CHAPTER 1: General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-1.1 Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--Human Life Expectancy and Age Classification of the Elderly

--【Vedio Recommendation】 How do we measure life expectancy ?

-1.2 Population Aging

--Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Report on Ageing and Health: 2015

-1.3 Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--Influence and Countermeasures of Population Aging

--【Literature Recommendation】World Population Ageing Highlights:2019

-1.4 Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--Goals and Principles of Elderly Care

--【Book Recommendation】Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice

-1.5 Theories Related to Elderly Care

--1.5.1 Personality Development Theory and Life Review

--1.5.2 Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory

--1.5.3 Self-efficacy and Chronic Disease Management

--【Vedio Recommendation】8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson

--【Literature Recommendation】Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, and Successful Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies

--【Literature Recommendation】Obstacles and Policies of the Social Capital Participates in the Combination of Medical Care and Pension: A Literature Review

-1.6 Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.1 Concepts of Elderly Healthcare, Elderly Support and Elderly Care

--1.6.2 Home-based Elderly Care Model

--1.6.3 Institutional Elderly Care Model

--1.6.4 Integrated Medical and Nursing Care Model

--【Vedio Recommendation】Day in the Life of Home Care

--【Website Recommendation】Official Website of the National Institutes of Health

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】General Introduction to Geronological Nursing

-【Test】CHAPTER 1

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2: Elderly Health Assessment

-2.1 Aging Changes in the Elderly

--2.1.1 Aging of the Respiratory System

--2.1.2 Aging of the Cardiovascular System

--2.1.3 Aging of the Digestive System

--2.1.4 Aging of the Urinary System

--2.1.5 Aging of the Endocrine System

--2.1.6 Aging of the Motor System

--2.1.7 Aging of the Nervous System

--2.1.8 Aging of the Sensory System

--【Literature Recommendation】Exercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging

--【Book Recommendation】Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology

-2.2 Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--Comprehensive Health Assessment of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Instruments to evaluate mental well-being in old age: a systematic review

-2.3 Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

--Principles of Elderly Health Assessment

-2.4 Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--Assessment of the Functional Status of the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale

-2.5 Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

--Assessment of Cognitive Function in the Elderly

-2.6 Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--Assessment and Adjustment of the Living Environment for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Age-friendliness of living environments from the older person’s viewpoint: development of the Age-friendly Environment Assessment Tool

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(1)

--【Concept Map】Elderly Health Assessment(2)

-【Test】CHAPTER 2

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER3: Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health care

-3.1 Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

--Overview of the Psychological Characteristics of the Elderly

-3.2 Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

--Influencing Factors of Psychological Changes in the Elderly

-3.3 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly

--3.3.1 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (1)

--3.3.2 Common Psychological Issues and Their Management in the Elderly (2)

--【Book Recommendation】Development Through the Lifespan

-3.4 Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.1 Overview of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.2 Clinical Symptoms of Depression in the Elderly

--3.4.3 Caring for Elderly Patients with Depression

--【Website Recommendation】

--【Documentary Recommendation】Depression:Out of the Shadows

--【Literature Recommendation】Management of depression in older adults:A review depression in older people

-3.5 Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.1 Identification of Dementia Symptoms in the Elderly

--3.5.2 Intelligence Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--3.5.3 Safety Care of Elderly Patients with Dementia

--【Website Recommendation】The Global Voice on Demaentia

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Mental Health and Mental Health Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 3

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER4: Elderly Daily Care

-4.1 Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

--Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly

-4.2 General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.1 Characteristics and General Care of Elderly Skin

--4.2.2 Skin Itching and Its Management in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Dermatology

-4.3 Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--Clothing Hygiene for the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The Design Methods of Functional Clothing for the Elderly

-4.4 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--4.4.1 Nutritional Needs of the Elderly and Influencing Factors of these Needs

--4.4.2 Dietary Care for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】Nutrition Care of the Older Adult: a Handbook for Dietetics

--【Website Recommendation】Nutrition for older persons

-4.5 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--4.5.1 Sleep Characteristics of the Elderly

--4.5.2 Sleep Guidance for the Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Sleep and Sleep Problems

--【Website Recommendation】American Academy of Sleep Medicine

-4.6 Exercises Guidance for the Elderly

--4.6.1 Evaluation of Exercise Intensity in the Elderly

--4.6.2 Precautions Elderly Undertaking Exercises

--【Website Recommendation】American College of Sport Medicine

--【Book Recommendation】Handbook of Activities for the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Elderly Daily Care

-【Test】CHAPTER 4

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER5:Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-5.1 Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--Characteristics of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】How Drugs Work In the Elderly

-5.2 Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

--Common Adverse Drug Reactions and Their Causes in the Elderly

-5.3 The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--The Principles of the Use of Medications in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】The American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults

-5.4 Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Drug-related falls in older patients: implicated drugs, consequences, and possible prevention strategies

-5.5 Medication Compliance in the Elderly

--Medication Compliance in the Elderly

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Medication Safety and Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 5

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER6:Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-6.1 Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Elderly Falls

--6.1.2 Risk Factors for Falls in the Elderly

--6.1.3 Prevention of Falls in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】CDC STEADI(Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Tool Kit)

-6.2 Dysphagia in the Elderly

--Dysphagia in the Elderly

-6.3 Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

--Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

-6.4 Constipation in the Elderly

--Constipation in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】Chronic Constipation in the Elderly Patient: Updates in Evaluation and Management

-6.5 Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--Dry Mouth in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

-6.6 Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies

--Elderly Nutritional Deficiencies - emaciation

-6.7 Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--Visual Impairment in the Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】Senior Eye Exams

-6.8 Senile Deafness

--Senile Deafness

-6.9 Elderly Delirium

--Elderly Delirium

-6.10 Elderly Frailty

--Elderly Frailty

--【Literature Recommendation】Frailty in elderly people/Frailty in older people

-6.11 Pneumonia in the Elderly

--Pneumonia in the Elderly

-6.12 Hypertension in the Elderly

--Hypertension in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension

-6.13 Stroke in the Elderly

--Stroke in the Elderly

-6.14 Stable Angina in the Elderly

--Stable Angina in the Elderly

--【Literature Recommendation】2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Nursing Care for the Elderly with Common Health Problems and Diseases

-【Test】CHAPTER 6

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER7 Hospice Care for the Elderly

-7.1 Concept of Hospice Care

--Concept of Hospice Care

--【Website Recommendation】 Definition of Palliative Care,WHO

-7.2 Death Education

--7.2.1 Death Education (1)

--7.2.2 Death Education (2)

--【Book Recommendation】The Meaning of Death by Herman Feife

-7.3 Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Pain in the Dying Elderly

--【Journal Recommendation】

-7.4 Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Major Bleeding in the Dying Elderly

-7.5 Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Delirium in the Dying Elderly

-7.6 Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--Nursing for Dyspnea in the Dying Elderly

--【Website Recommendation】The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association,HPNA

-7.7 Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--Psychological Problems and Nursing in the Dying Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】On Death and Dying ,by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

-7.8 Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--Grief Counseling for the Widowed Elderly

--【Book Recommendation】I Wasn't Ready to Say Goodbye,by Noel·Brook,Blair·Pamela

-Concept Map

--【Concept Map】Hospice Care for the Elderly

-【Test】CHAPTER 7

-【Case Discussion】CHAPTER 7

FINAL EXAM

-Final Exam

Precautions for Daily Care of the Elderly笔记与讨论

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