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大家好
这一讲我们就来学习
心力衰竭
心力衰竭属于心脏重症
由于发病率 死亡率高以及
治疗费用高 已经成为严重的
医疗问题和社会问题
根据全球各地的流行病学
调查显示 每5个人中就有1位
在一生当中的某个阶段
发生心力衰竭
通常老年人比较常见
所以 当一个国家步入
老龄化社会 心力衰竭的人口
就会越来越多
另外 随着医疗水平的不断
提升 很多急性心脏病发作
都能获得救治 但最终
也将发展为心力衰竭
那么 什么是心力衰竭呢?
心力衰竭是由于
任何心脏结构或功能异常
导致心室充盈和 或
射血能力受损而引起的
一组临床综合征
心脏是不断跳动的肌肉
可将富含氧气和
养分的血液通过循环系统
泵到全身各处
心脏内部分为四个腔室
负责收集血液
然后再将血液
从心输送到肺脏和身体
有几种疾病可能
损害心脏有效
循环血液的能力
缺损或生病的心肌或
瓣膜 可能导致心脏无法
维持适当的血液循环
冠状动脉心脏病 高血压
动脉狭窄或阻塞可能使
血管有效输送血液的
能力受损 因而增加
心脏的工作负担
上述任何疾病可能使
心脏变得肥大且
功能受损
日渐衰竭的心脏最终将无法
把已输送回心脏的血液
泵入到身体 造成
心脏腔室和
静脉系统内的压力增加
导致液体积聚在身体组织
这种逐渐恶化的一连串事件
称为充血性心力衰竭 简称CHF.
随着CHF的病情进展
患者的腿部和足部经常
发生肿胀或水肿 液体也可能
积聚在肺脏 造成呼吸困难
最后心力衰竭可能影响
肾脏功能 使身体累积
更多液体 导致
日渐衰竭的心脏负担更重
CHF是一种会缩短预期寿命的
慢性疾病 合并有严重瓣膜病变的
患者可能需要接受外科治疗
心力衰竭
分类方法有多种。
按解剖部位
可分为左心衰竭
右心衰竭和全心衰竭
按发病缓急
心衰可分为
急性心衰和慢性心衰
按生理功能
心衰可分为
收缩性心衰和舒张性心衰。
临床最常见的是慢性心衰
下面让我们来
介绍慢性心力衰竭
慢性心力衰竭
有什么病因呢?
慢性心力衰竭的
基本病因有以下几点
1.原发性心肌损害
包括缺血性心肌损害或心肌梗死
各种类型的心肌炎及心肌病
心肌代谢障碍等
2.心脏负荷过重
1 压力负荷 即后负荷 过重:
常见于高血压 主动脉瓣狭窄
肺动脉高压
肺动脉瓣狭窄等
2 容量负荷 即前负荷 过重
见于心脏瓣膜关闭不全
左 右心或动静脉分流性
先天性心血管病
现在我们来看一下
诱因有哪些
在有基础心脏病的患者中
约80%~90%患者
心衰症状由一些增加
心脏负荷的因素所诱发
常见诱因如下:
1.感染是心力衰竭
最常见的诱因
尤以呼吸道感染多见
其次为感染性心内膜炎
2.心律失常:房颤是诱发
心力衰最重要的因素
3.心理压力过大
过度劳累或情绪激动等
4.妊娠后期及分娩过程
5.血容量增加:
如摄入钠盐过多
静脉输入液体过多 过快等
6.其他 包括治疗不当或
原有心脏病变加重
或并发其他疾病
现在我们来看看
慢性心衰的临床表现
Exertions dyspnea
Orthopnea
Nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea
Cough, expectoration, hemoptysis
Fatigue, dizziness, palpitation
首先看左心衰竭
以肺淤血及
心排血量降低为主
呼吸困难:不同程度的呼吸困难
是左心衰竭最主要的症状
可分为劳力性呼吸困难
端坐呼吸 夜间阵发性呼吸困难
咳嗽 咳痰 咯血:
咳嗽 咳痰是肺泡和
支气管黏膜淤血所致
开始常于夜间发生
坐位或立位时
咳嗽可减轻
痰为白色浆液性泡沫状
偶见痰中带血丝
乏力 疲倦 头晕 心悸
因心排血量降低
器官 组织灌注不足
及代偿性心率加快所致
少尿及肾功能损害症状
严重的左心衰竭
血液进行再分配时
首先是肾的血流量明显减少
患者可出现少尿
长期慢性的肾血流量减少
可出现血尿素氮
肌酐升高并可有
肾功能不全的相应症状
我们来看看左心衰的体征
一般体征:脉搏增快
交替脉 呼吸浅粗
血压下降等
肺部湿性啰音
是左心衰的主要体征
以双肺底部多见
湿啰音的多少及
分布范围的大小 常与肺淤血
及呼吸困难的严重程度有关
甚至可伴有哮鸣音
心脏体征
慢性左心衰的患者
一般均有心脏扩大
心尖搏动向左下移位
左室肥厚者有
心尖抬举样搏动 心率加快
出现舒张期奔马律
肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进
交替脉 等
loss of appetite
nausea, vomiting
abdominal distension
right upper abdomen
Fatigue, dyspnea
现在我们来看看右心衰的表现
以体静脉淤血表现为主
主要包括:1消化道症状
胃肠道及肝脏淤血
引起食欲不振 恶心
呕吐 腹胀等
是右心衰
最常见的症状
肝脏淤血可
出现右上腹疼痛
呼吸困难:继发于左心衰的
右心衰可出现呼吸困难
单纯性右心衰主要由
分流性先天性心脏病
或肺部疾患所致 均有
明显的疲乏 呼吸困难等表现
右心衰有哪些体征呢?
1 水肿:首先出现于身体
最低部位 对称性
凹陷性 可伴有胸腔积液
2 颈静脉征:颈静脉充盈
怒张是右心衰时的主要体征
肝颈静脉返流征阳性
则更具特征性
3 肝脏肿大:肝脏
因淤血肿大常伴压痛
持续慢性右心衰
可致心源性肝硬化
晚期可出现黄疸
肝功能受损及大量腹水
4 心脏体征:除
基础心脏病的相应体征之外
右心衰时可因右心室
显著扩大而出现
三尖瓣关闭不全
三尖瓣区可有
收缩期吹风样杂音
全心衰: 主要是右心衰继发于
左心衰而形成的全心衰
有一点需注意
当右心衰出现之后
右心排血量减少
因此 阵发性呼吸困难等
肺淤血症状反而有所减轻
如:扩张型心肌病
表现为左 右心同时衰竭者
肺淤血症状
往往不很严重
左心衰的表现主要为
心排血量减少的
相关症状和体征
这一讲介绍了心衰的
概念 发生机制
病因和临床表现
心衰如何进行严重程度分级,
如何诊断 治疗 请听下一讲
-Introduction to Medical Nursing
--Introduction to Medical Nursing
--Introduction to Medical Nursing
-Chapter 1 Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
--Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
--Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
--Overview of Respiratory System Diseases
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Pneumonia
--Overview of pneumonia
--Streptococcal Pneumonia
--Other types of pneumonia
--The quality and color of sputum
--Care of Patients with Pneumonia
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Lung Abscess
--Introduction of lung abscess
--Introduction of lung abscess
--Treatment and nursing of lung abscess
--Treatment and care of nursing abscess
--Care of Patients with Lung Abscess
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
--Etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (I)
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (I)
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (II)
--Clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis (II)
--Treatment and nursing of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Treatment and nursing of pulmonary tuberculosis
--Care of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
--Care of patients with chronic bronchitis
--Care of patients with chronic bronchitis
--Care of patients with chronic bronchitis
--Introduction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Introduction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
--Oxygen
--Care of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Bronchial Asthma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
--Clinical manifestation of bronchial asthma
--Clinical manifestation of bronchial asthma
--Treatment and nursing of bronchial asthma
--Treatment and nursing of bronchial asthma
--Care of Patients with Bronchial Asthma
-Chapter 7 Care of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease
--Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Treatment and nursing of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Treatment and nursing of chronic pulmonary heart disease
--Care of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease
-Chapter 8 Care of Patients with Primary Bronchogenic Carcinoma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Etiology and pathogenesis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination
--Clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination
--Treatment and nursing of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Treatment and nursing of primary bronchogenic carcinoma
--Care of Patients with Primary Bronchogenic Carcinoma
-Chapter 9 Care of Patients with Pleural Effusion
--Etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations
--Etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations
--Treatment and nursing of pleural effusion
--Treatment and nursing of pleural effusion
--Determination of the nature of pleural effusion
--Care of Patients with Pleural Effusion
-Chapter 10 Care of Patients with Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
--Etiology and pathogenesis of respiratory failure
--Etiology and pathogenesis of respiratory failure
--Treatment and nursing of respiratory failure patients
--Treatment and nursing of respiratory failure patients
--Care of Patients with Respiratory Failure
--Introduction of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Introduction of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Treatment and nursing of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Treatment and nursing of acute respiratory distress syndrome
--Care of Patients with Respiratory Failure
--Care of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
-Unit Test: Respiratory System
-Unit Assignment: Respiratory System
-Chapter 1 Care of Patients with Cardiovascular System Diseases
--Overview of Cardiovascular System
--Overview of Cardiovascular System
--Overview of Cardiovascular System
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Heart Failure
--Overview of heart failure
--Chronic heart failure (1)
--Chronic heart failure (2)
--Acute heart failure
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Arrhythmia
--Overview of arrhythmia
--Sick sinus syndrome
--Supraventricular tachycardia
--Supraventricular tachycardia
--Atrial fibrillation
--Ventricular tachycardia
--Atrioventricular block
--Nursing care of patients with arrhythmia
--Nursing care of patients with arrhythmia
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
--Overview of coronary heart disease
--Overview of coronary heart disease
--Stable angina pectoris
--Unstable angina pectoris
--Acute myocardial infarction (1)
--Acute myocardial infarction (1)
--Acute myocardial infarction (2)
--Acute myocardial infarction (2)
--Acute myocardial infarction (3)
--Acute myocardial infarction (3)
--Difference between angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Hypertension
--Primary hypertension (1)
--Primary hypertension (2)
--Safe nursing for patients with hypertension
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Myocardial Diseases
--Myocardial Diseases (1)
--Myocardial Diseases (2)
--Myocardial Diseases (3)
-Unit Assignment: Cardiovascular System
-Chapter 1 Overview of Digestive System
--Overview of digestive system(I)
--Overview of digestive system(I)
--Overview of digestive system(II)
--Overview of digestive system(II)
--Overview of Digestive System
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Peptic Ulcer
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of peptic ulcer
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of peptic ulce
--Treatment and nursing of peptic ulcer
--Treatment and nursing of peptic ulcer
--Care of Patients with Peptic Ulcer
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of hepatic cirrhosis
--Etiology and clinical manifestation of hepatic cir
--Treatment and nursing of hepatic cirrhosis
--Treatment and nursing of hepatic cirrhosis
--Care of Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy
--Etiology and pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy
--Etiology and pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopath
--Clinical manifestation,treatment and nursing of hepatic encephalopathy
--Clinical manifestation,treatment and nursing of he
-- Care of Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(I)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(I)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(II)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(II)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(Ⅲ)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(Ⅲ)
--Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
--Care of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
-Unit Test: Digestive System
-Unit Assignment: Digestive System
-Chapter 1 Overview of Urinary System
--Overview of Urinary System
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Care of Patients with Glomerular Diseases
--Acute Glomerulonephritis
-- Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
--Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
--Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
--Chronic Glomerulonephritis
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome
--Nephrotic Syndrome
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
--Care of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Care of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
--Unit Assignment: Urinary System
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Care of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
-Chapter 1 Overview of Hematologic System
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (I)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (I)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (II)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (II)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (I)
--Overview of hemopoietic system diseases (II)
-Chapter 2 Overview of Anemia
--Overview of Anemia
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia
--Overview,etiology and pathogenesis,clinical manifestation,auxiliary examination and diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia
--Treatment and nursing of iron deficiency anemia
--Treatment and nursing of iron deficiency anemia
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Aplastic Anemia
--Definition, etiology,clinical manifestation,auxiliary examination and diagnosis of aplastic anemia
--Definition, etiology,clinical manifestation,auxiliary examination and diagnosis of aplastic anemia
--Treatment and nursing of aplastic anemia
--Treatment and nursing of aplastic anemia
--Care of Patients with Aplastic Anemia
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Hemolytic Anemia
--Nursing of patients with hemolytic anemia
--Nursing of patients with hemolytic anemia
--Care of Patients with Hemolytic Anemia
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Diseases
--Overview of hemorrhagic diseases
--Overview of hemorrhagic diseases
--Nursing of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
--Nursing of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
--Nursing of patients with anaphylactoid purpura
--Nursing of patients with anaphylactoid purpura
--Overview of hemorrhagic diseases
--Nursing of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
--Nursing of patients with anaphylactoid purpura
-Chapter 7 Care of Patients with Leukemia
--Definition, etiology and classification of leukemia
--Definition, etiology and classification of leukemia
--Definition and clinical manifestation of acute leukemia
--Definition and clinical manifestation of acute leukemia
--Auxiliary examination of acute leukemia
--Auxiliary examination of acute leukemia
--Nursing of acute leukemia(I)
--Nursing of acute leukemia(II)
--Nursing of acute leukemia
--Definition ,clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination of chronic myeloid leukemia
--Definition ,clinical manifestation and auxiliary examination of chronic myeloid leukemia
--Treatment and nursing ofchronic myeloid leukemia
--Treatment and nursing ofchronic myeloid leukemia
--Care of Patients with Leukemia
-Chapter 8 Care of Patients with Lymphoma
--Definition ,clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination,treatment and nursing of lymphoma
--Definition ,clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination,treatment and nursing of lymphoma
--Care of Patients with Lymphoma
-Unit Test: Hematologic System
-Unit Assignment: Hematologic System
-Chapter1 Overview of Endocrine ystem
--Overview of Endocrine System
--Overview of Endocrine System
--Overview of Endocrine System
-Chapter2 Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism 1
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism 1
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism 2
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism2
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism
--Care of Patients with Hypercortisolism
-Chapter3 Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 1
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 1
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 2
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism 2
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism
--Care of Patients with Hyperthyroidism
-Chapter4 Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus1
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 1
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus2
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 2
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 3
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 3
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 4
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 4
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 5
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 5
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
--Care of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
-Unit Review: Endocrine System
--Unit Assignment: Endocrine System
--Unit Test: Endocrine System
-Chapter 1 Overview of Infectious Diseases
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 1
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 1
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 1
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 2
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 2
--Overview of Infectious Diseases 2
--Overview of Infectious Diseases
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 1
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 1
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 1
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 2
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 2
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 2
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 3
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 3
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 3
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 4
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 4
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis 4
--Care of Patients with Viral Hepatitis
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome 2
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2
--Care of Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Rabies
--Care of Patients with Rabies 1
--Care of Patients with Rabies 1
--Care of Patients with Rabies 1
--Care of Patients with Rabies 2
--Care of Patients with Rabies 2
--Care of Patients with Rabies 2
--Care of Patients with Rabies
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Encephalitis B
-Chapter 7 Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 1
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis 2
--Care of Patients with Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
-Chapter 8 Care of Patients with Cholera
--Care of Patients with Cholera
--Care of Patients with Cholera
--Care for patients with cholera
-Chapter 9 Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
--Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
--Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
--Care of Patients with Bacillary Dysentery
-Chapter 10 Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 1
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 1
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 2
--Care of Patients with Schistosomiasis 2
--Care for patients with schistosome
-Chapter 11 Care of Patients with COVID-19
--Care of Patients with COVID-19
--Care of Patients with COVID-19
-Chapter 12 Psychological Coping Modes to the Epidemic of COVID-19
--Psychological Coping Modes to the Epidemic of COVID-19
--Psychological Coping Modes to the Epidemic of COVID-19
-Unit Test: Infectious Diseases
--Unit Test: infective disease
-Unit Assignment: Infectious Diseases
--Unit Assignment: Infectious Diseases
-Chapter 1 Overview of Nervous System Diseases
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(I)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(I)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(I)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(II)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(II)
--Overview of Nervous System Diseases(II)
-Chapter 2 Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
--Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
--Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
--Care of Patients with Facial Neuritis
-Chapter 3 Care of Patients with Cerebrovascular Diseases (Episode 1)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases (I)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases (I)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases (I)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases(II)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases(II)
--Overview of Cerebral Vascular Diseases(II)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(I)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(II)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(II)
--Intracerebral Hemorrhage(II)
-Chapter 4 Care of Patients with Cerebrovascular Diseases (Episode 2)
--Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
--Transient Ischemic Attack
--Cerebral Thrombosis(I)
--Cerebral Thrombosis(II)
-Chapter 5 Care of Patients with Epilepsy
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(I)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(I)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(II)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy(II)
--Care of Patients with Epilepsy
-Chapter 6 Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(I)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(I)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(II)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease(II)
--Care of Patients with Parkinson Disease
-Unit Assignment: Nervous System
--Unit Assignment: Nervous System