Influenza Virus: Biological Properties 1在线视频

Hello everyone.
大家好

Today, we will learn viruses
今天我们学习

transmitted through respiratory route.
通过呼吸道传播的病毒

I'm Gang XIN from Department
我是辛岗

of Microbiology and Immunology,
来自中国汕头大学医学院

Shantou University
微生物学与免疫学

Medical College, China.
教研室

The diseases associated include,
本章相关疾病包括

first one,
第一个

coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19),
新型冠状病毒

I think everyone knows it.
我想大家都知道

The virus SARS-CoV2 induce
SARS-Cov2导致了今年

pandemic this year.
的大流行

And second one is more famous,
第二个更有名

influenza.
流感

And measles, mumps,
还有麻疹 腮腺炎

and rubella are all viral diseases
风疹 都是通过呼吸道

transmitted by respiratory route.
传播的病毒

Actually, 90-95 %
事实上，大约90-95 %

of acute infection
的急性呼吸道

of respiratory tract
感染

are caused by viruses.
是病毒引起的

There are many viruses associated.
相关的病毒有

The first one is Orthomyxoviridae.
第一个正粘病毒

You should still remember that
你应该记住

‘-rividae’ refers to a family name
-rividae 是病毒

of the virus.
科的名字

Influenze virus
流感病毒

belongs to Orthomyxoviridae.
属于正粘病毒科

‘orth-’ means straight,
orth- 的意思是正的

‘myxo-’ means mucus.
myxo- 的意思是黏膜

That means the virus can invade humans
这意味着病毒可以通过

through mucous membrane.
黏膜感染人体

Another group is Paramyxoviridae.
另一群是副粘病毒

Compared with Orthomyxoviridae,
和正粘病毒相比

the paramyxoviruses
副粘病毒

have many different characteristics.
有很多的不同特点

But both can infect humans
但是都可以通过黏膜

by mucous membrane.
感染人体

Parainfluenza, measles,
副流感病毒 麻疹病毒

mumps and respiratory syncytial virus
腮腺炎病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒

belong to Paramyxoviridae.
属于副粘病毒

Third one is Coronaviridae.
然后是冠状病毒

SARS CoV and SARS CoV-2
SARS CoV 和 SARS CoV-2

are in this family.
属于这个科

And there are many other viruses
还有很多其他病毒

can cause respiratory infection.
可以引起呼吸道感染

They are rubella virus,
包括风疹病毒

sometimes we call it
有时被称作

German measles,
德国麻疹

rhinovirus,‘rhino-’ means nose,
鼻病毒 rhino- 的意思是鼻子

human herpes virus
人类疱疹病毒

and adenovirus and reovirus.
和腺病毒和呼肠病毒

Please note,
请注意

just adenovirus is a DNA virus,
除了腺病毒是DNA病毒

all other viruses in this table
所有这张表格里的病毒

are RNA viruses.
都是RNA病毒

How do we get to know all about them？
我们怎么学习这些病毒呢

As what we have mentioned last time,
像我们之前提到过的

when we learn about the viruses,
当我们学习病毒的时候

we need to know the
我们需要知道

biological properties
病毒的

of the virus,
生物学性状

pathogenicity and immunity of the virus,
病毒的致病性和免疫性

lab diagnosis and
实验室检查和

prevention and treatment of the diseases.
预防和治疗的原则

And more importantly,
更重要的是

we need to apply the basic knowledge
我们需要应用这些知识

to analyze the clinical case.
去分析临床案例

Each time
每一次

we will discuss about the virus
我们都会基于临床案例

based on a clinical case.
讨论病毒

Please answer what is the disease,
我们要回答 患者得了什么病

why did the person become infected,
为什么会被感染

and how do we treat patient
以及怎么治疗患者

and protect others?
和保护其他人

To answer the first question
要回答这些问题

you need to know the clinical clue,
我们需要知道临床线索

the history, the symptoms and signs,
病史，症状和体征

then make a preliminary diagnosis.
据此做出初步的诊断

And then we need the lab test
然后，我们需要实验室检查的结果

to confirm our diagnosis.
帮助确诊

To answer the second question,
为了回答第二个问题

you need to know
我们需要知道

the source of infection,
传染源

transmission route,
传播途径

pathogenicity of the diseases.
疾病的发病机制

And the last question,
回答最后一个问题

we should discuss about the treatment
我们应该讨论

with antimicrobial drugs
治疗使用的抗微生物的药物

and supportive treatment,
支持治疗

and the methods
和预防感染

of prevention of the infection.
的方法

Now let's use influenza virus
现在，我们用流感病毒

as an example
为例

to see how to learn about the virus.
来看看怎么学习这些病毒

This slide shows you the
这张幻灯显示了

learning objectives of this chapter.
本章的学习目标

At the end of this chapter,
在本章学习完后

you should be able to
你应该能够

Describe the structure
描述流感病毒的

of influenza A virus,
结构

and analyze the target points
并且分析

of anti-flu drugs;
抗流感药物的靶点

Explain how to type
解释流感病毒

and subtype of influenza viruses;
分型和亚型

Differentiate antigenic drift
区分抗原漂移

and shift;
和抗原转换

List S&S of influenza illness;
列举流感的症状和体征

Compare the differences between
比较

orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses;
正粘病毒和副粘病毒

List the important paramyxoviruses
列举重要的副粘病毒

and coronaviruses
冠状病毒

and their associated diseases.
及其相关疾病

Let’s start from a case.
让我们从一个案例开始吧

Here is a girl
这是一位女生

who is a 19-year-old student.
19岁的学生

She got fever suddenly.
她忽然开始发烧

It's a high fever, 40.0 ℃.
高烧到 40.0 ℃

And she got a severe headache
她感觉头很痛

and muscle ache.
肌肉也痛

And a little bit of runny nose
有一点流鼻涕

and sore throat.
有一点喉咙痛

So what do you think,
所以，你觉得

it's a cold or flu?
她得了普通感冒还是流感？

The symptoms of cold and flu,
普通感冒和流感的症状

a little bit different.
是有不同的

For example the fever,
例如，发烧

flu patient almost
流感的患者

always get high fever,
一般都是高烧

greater than 38 ℃.
高于38 ℃

But cold,
但是普通感冒

usually mild rare,
通常不是高烧

less than 38 ℃.
一般低于 38 ℃

Headache, flu, very common,
头痛在流感非常常见

cold, rare.
普通感冒则少见

General aches and pain,
肌肉痛

flu usually/often severe,
流感常见，常常比较严重

and cold, slight.
普通感冒 轻微

And for the onset,
起病

flu, rapid onset,
流感一般快速起病

cold, gradual over a few days.
普通感冒一般持续几天慢慢起病

And stuff nose,
鼻塞

runny nose, and sore throat,
流鼻涕和喉咙痛

for cold, very common,
普通感冒，很常见

but flu, from rare to common.
但是流感，一般很少见到

The last one cough,
最后一个，咳嗽

flu can be very severe
流感可以非常严重

and it could be dry cough,
通常是干咳

and cold mild to moderate.
普通感冒轻微到中等

So just based on the symptoms,
所以，仅仅基于这些症状

what is the preliminary diagnosis
对这个女生的最初的诊断

of the girl?
是什么？

Influenza , sudden onset of high fever,
流感 突发的高烧

aching muscles,
肌肉痛

headache and severe malaise,
头痛和严重乏力

non-productive cough,
干咳

sore throat and rhinitis.
喉咙痛和鼻炎

Patients with underlying
有心血管呼吸基础疾病

cardiorespiratory disease,
的患者

people with immune deficiency,
免疫缺陷的人

the elderly and smokers
老年人和吸烟者

are more prone to have a severe case.
更倾向于发展为严重的病例

Influenza could be a
流感可以是

very serious disease.
非常严重的疾病

here I show you the known flu pandemics.
这里显示已知的流感全球大流行

Pandemic means worldwide outbreak.
Pandemic的意思是全球爆发

The first pandemic in 1918,
第一次有记载的全球大流行是1918年

20 to 40 million people died
2千万到4千万人

because of this disease,
因为流感而死亡

and subtype is H1N1.
亚型是HIN1

Forty years later,
40年后

1 to 1.5 million people died
100万到150万人

because of the disease,
死于流感

subtype H2N2.
亚型是H2N2

And ten years later,
10年后

one million death, H3N2.
1百万人死亡，亚型H3N2

And forty years later,
40年后

in 2009, H1N1.
2009年，亚型H1N1

We can see every 10 to 40 years
我们发现每隔10-40年

there will be a new pandemic.
就有一次新的流感全球大流行

The question is,
问题是

will a killer pandemic
像1918年那样致死率那么高

like the 1918 flu come again?
的全球大流行会再次出现吗？

What do you think?
你觉得呢？

And we will discuss this question
我们将在本章中

during this lecture.
继续讨论这个问题

If in flu season,
如果是流感季

just based on the symptoms,
仅仅根据症状

high fever suddenly headache,
突发高烧

and muscle pain,
肌肉痛

and a little bit of the runny nose
稍微流鼻涕

and sore throat,
和咽喉痛

the preliminary diagnosis could be flu.
对女生的初步诊断可以是流感

But how can we confirm the diagnosis?
但是，如何确认我们的诊断呢？

To answer all these questions,
为了回答这些问题

we need to learn about the virus.
我们需要学习流感病毒

Influenza virus belongs to ‘
流感病毒属于

Orthomyxoviridae,
正粘病毒

we just mentioned this,
我们已经提到过

‘orth-’ means right, straight,
orth-是正，直 的意思

and ‘myxo-’ means mucus.
myxo- 是黏膜的意思

It is a negative
流感病毒是

single stranded RNA virus.
单负链RNA病毒

The morphology of influenza virus：
流感病毒的形态

sphere, and the diameter
球形

is 80-120 nm.
直径80-120 nm

And it is an enveloped virus.
有包膜

In the middle is nucleocapsid.
中间是核衣壳

And it is surrounded by the envelope.
外面有包膜

Let's look at the nucleocapid.
我们来看看核衣壳

It is a negative single stranded RNA,
单负链RNA

containing 8 or 7 segments.
有8或7个节段

Type A and B, 8 segments,
甲型和乙型流感病毒 8个节段

C 7 segments.
丙型流感病毒 7个节段

Let's see one segment in detail.
每个节段

The core is a RNA,
核心是RNA

and at one side are the polymerases,
一端是多聚酶

PB2, PB1 and PA.
PB2, PB1 和 PA

They are transcriptase complex.
这是转录酶复合体

And the gene is surrounded by NP,
基因被NP包裹

nucleocapsid,
NP是核衣壳

which is helical symmetry.
螺旋对称

So the capsid, helical symmetry,
所以，衣壳是螺旋对称

contains PB2, PB1, PA and NP.
由PB2、PB1、PA和NP组成

Sometimes we use RNP
有时我们用RNP

(ribonucleoprotein)
(ribonucleoprotein)

to refer to the nucleocapsid.
来表示核衣壳

Just beneath the envelope,
在包膜的下面

there is a matrix protein.
有基质蛋白

We call it M1.
被称为M1

Based on NP and M1 proteins,
基于NP和M1蛋白

the flu virus can be divided
流感病毒被分为

into 3 types:
3型

A, B and C.
甲型、乙型和丙型

Influenza A viruses
甲型流感病毒

can infect a variety
可以感染

of different host species
广泛的宿主

(aquatic birds, chickens, ducks,
水鸭、鸡、鸭

pigs, horses, and seals).
猪、马、海豹

Influenza B infects only human beings.
乙型流感病毒一般只感染人

influenza C infects humans and swine.
丙型流感病毒一般只感染人和猪

Type A, B, and C
甲型、乙型和丙型

can cause seasonal epidemic.
都可以引起季节性流感

Type A, worldwide pandemic.
甲型，全球大流行

Sometimes B too.
乙型也可以

Let’s go back to the diagram.
我们回到结构图

Another protein is M2.
另一个蛋白是M2

It is an ion channel and is essential
是离子通道蛋白

for the replication of flu virus.
在流感病毒的复制中起到重要作用

We have one group of drugs to block M2,
我们有药物可以阻断M2

and to treat patients with flu.
用于治疗流感

The drug is amantadine,
药物是金刚烷胺

another one is rimantadine.
另一种是金刚乙胺

We use M2 ion channel blockers
我们使用M2离子通道阻断剂

to treat the patients.
来治疗患者

But after 2009,
但是在2009年

the last pandemic of flu,
最后一次流感全球大流行之后

the drug-resistance strains
药物抵抗的病毒株

became to be a big problem.
开始成为大问题

We need new drugs.
我们需要新的药物

We will cover the new drugs
我们将会在下一节讨论

in next section.
另一类流感治疗药物

Now have a break.
现在休息一下

We will continue
下一节

to learn about the spikes
来学习流感病毒的

of the influenza virus and new drugs.
刺突和新的药物

Thank you for your attention.
谢谢关注

See you next time.
下次见