Coronavirus and Rubella virus在线视频

We are done with the orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses.
我们已经学完了正粘病毒和副粘病毒

Now coronavirus and other viruses.
现在来学习冠状病毒和其他病毒

As for the other viruses,
关于其他病毒

I will only introduce rubella virus briefly in this video.
我将只简要介绍风疹病毒

Coronaviruses are named for the solar corona–like appearance
冠状病毒因其病毒体在电子显微镜下

of their virions when viewed with an electron microscope.
类似日冕的外观而被命名

Coronaviruses are the second most prevalent cause
冠状病毒是引起普通感冒的

of the common cold (rhinoviruses are the first).
第二大常见的病因（鼻病毒是第一常见病因）

Coronaviruses have caused outbreaks
冠状病毒曾经引起

of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003,
2003年的严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）

the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) recent years
近年的中东呼吸综合征（MERS），

and pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) this year.
以及今年的新型冠状病毒（COVID-19）的大流行

Coronaviruses are enveloped virions
冠状病毒是有包膜的病毒

with the longest positive ssRNA genome.
具有最长的单正链RNA基因组

Virions are sphere, and measure 60 to 220 nm in diameter.
病毒体是球形的，直径在60到200nm之间

The glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope appear
包膜表面的糖蛋白

as club-shaped projections
类似棒状突起

that appear as a halo (corona) around the virus.
形成病毒体外周的环状晕（日冕）

Unlike most enveloped viruses,
不像大部分包膜病毒

the “corona” formed by the glycoproteins
这个由糖蛋白形成的“日冕”

allows the virus to endure the conditions
使病毒能够耐受

in the gastrointestinal tract
胃肠道的环境

and be spread by the fecal-oral route.
并可以通过粪口途径传播

Pathogenicity and immunity of SARS-CoV.
SARS-CoV的致病性和免疫过程

The source of the infection is patients.
传染源是患者

Transmission route is close contact with droplets or secreta.
传播途径是近距离接触飞沫和分泌物

Although SARS-CoV is most
尽管SARS-CoV

likely transmitted in respiratory droplets,
最可能通过呼吸道飞沫传播

it is also present in sweat, urine, and feces.
它也存在于汗液，尿液和粪便中

SARS is a form of atypical
SARS是一种非典型的肺炎

pneumonia characterized by high fever (>38°C),
特点是高烧(>38°C)

chills, rigors, headache, dizziness, malaise,
发冷，寒战，头痛，头晕，乏力

myalgia, cough, or breathing difficulty,
肌痛，咳嗽，或者呼吸困难

leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）

Up to 20% of patients will also develop diarrhea.
高达20%的患者会同时出现腹泻

Mortality is about 12% of symptomatic people.
有症状的人群致死率大约在12%

Neutralizing antibodies
可以产生有保护性的

can be produced and are protective.
中和抗体

MERS-CoV also causes
MERS-CoV也可以引起

acute respiratory distress syndrome（ARDS）.
急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）

Mortality is up to 50% of those identified
那些被确认感染了MERS的人群

as infected with MERS.
死亡率高达50%

SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonoses.
SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV是人畜共患病

The outbreaks of these viral diseases have occurred
当动物宿主接触人类

when the animal reservoir has come in contact with man.
可以引起这些疾病的爆发

SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are cytolytic viruses
SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV可以在人体上皮细胞

that can replicate at body temperatures in epithelial cells,
淋巴细胞以及白细胞中增殖

lymphocytes, and leukocytes.
并裂解细胞

A combination of viral pathogenesis
病毒的直接损伤

and immunopathogenesis cause significant lung,
和免疫病理共同导致了

kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal damage
肺，肾脏，肝脏以及胃肠道的损伤

and depletion of immune cells.
以及免疫细胞的损耗

SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2

The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever,
COVID-19最常见的症状是发热

dry cough, and lethargy.
干咳和嗜睡

Symptoms can range from mild to severe
症状从轻微到严重不等

and may appear up to two weeks after exposure to the virus.
潜伏期可达2周

Some people with COVID-19 don't display any symptoms.
有些COVID-19感染者不出现症状

Most people (about 80%) recover from the disease
大部分人（大约80%）

without needing hospital treatment.
不需要住院治疗就可痊愈

Around 1 out of every 5 people who gets COVID-19
每5个感染者中

becomes seriously ill and develops respiratory problems.
有1个会发展为重症并出现呼吸系统问题

COVID-19 is mainly spread through respiratory droplets.
COVID-19主要通过呼吸道飞沫传播

While initial investigations suggest
尽管有研究发现

the virus may be present in feces in some cases,
病毒会出现在粪便中

but there have not been reports
但迄今尚未发现

of fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19 to date.
COVID-19可以通过粪口传播

Laboratory diagnosis
实验室检查

Laboratory tests are not routinely performed to
除了SARS,MERS以及COVID-19

diagnose coronavirus infections other
实验室测试并不常规用于

than for SARS, MERS and COVID-19.
诊断冠状病毒感染

RT-PCR is a method for detection of
RT-PCR可用于检测呼吸道样本

the viral RNA genome in respiratory samples.
病毒RNA基因组

Serologic test
血清学检测

Anti-virus IgM and IgG could be detected by ELISA.
ELISA检查抗病毒IgM和IgG

Anti-virus IgM and IgG could be detected by ELISA.
ELISA检查抗病毒IgM和IgG

Antibody test results are especially important
抗体检测的结果可用于

for detecting previous infections with few or no symptoms.
无症状或轻微症状的新感染案例的诊断

However, whether the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
然而，SARS-CoV-2的抗体

can provide immunity for reinfection is still unknown.
是否能阻止二次感染仍未可知

Control of the coronavirus species causing common
因为症状很轻

cold is probably unnecessary
引起普通感冒的冠状病毒毒株

because of the mildness of the infection.
不需要特别控制

As for SARS, MERS, and COVID-19,
而对于SARS,MERS以及COVID-19

strict quarantine of infected individuals
就需要对感染者严格隔离

and screening of febrile individuals limit
筛查发热患者

the spread of these viruses.
从而切断病毒的传播

No specific antiviral therapy is available so far.
迄今为止没有特异的抗病毒治疗

Rubella is also called German measles.
风疹也被称作德国麻疹

Rubella virus is a member of the Togaviridae.
风疹病毒属于披膜病毒科

It is a mild infection.
感染轻微

Symptoms include small rash,
症状包括轻微的皮疹

usually lasting no more than 3 days (3-day measles),
一般不超过3天（3日麻疹）

light fever.
轻度发热

Only one serotype of rubella exists,
麻疹病毒只有一种血清型

and natural infection produces lifelong immunity.
自然感染就可以获得终身免疫能力

Rubella infection in a pregnant woman
怀孕妇女的风疹感染

can result in serious congenital abnormalities in the child.
可以导致儿童严重的先天畸形

Infection of rubella virus during the first trimester
早期妊娠时感染风疹病毒

of pregnancy may lead to fetal death,
会导致死胎

premature delivery and/or congenital rubella syndrome.
早产以及先天风疹综合征

Congenital disease is the most serious outcome
先天性疾病是

of rubella infection.
风疹感染最严重的结果

The most common manifestations are
最常见的并发症包括

cataracts, mental retardation, cardiac abnormalities,
白内障，精神发育迟滞，先天性心脏病

and deafness.
以及耳聋

No treatment is available for rubella.
风疹没有特异性治疗措施

The best means of preventing rubella is vaccination.
预防风疹最佳方法是接种疫苗

Summary of this chapter.
本章小结

We have learned all these viruses which
我们已经学习了

can be transmitted through respiratory route
可以通过呼吸道传播

and can induce respiratory infections.
并可以引起呼吸道感染的病毒

They are orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses,
包括正粘病毒，副粘病毒，冠状病毒

rubella virus and so on.
风疹病毒等

There are other viruses which
还有其他的病毒

can be transmitted by respiratory tract,
可以通过呼吸道传播

such as VZV, we will talk about them later.
例如VZV，我们之后会讲到

Now, we are done for one branch of this mindmap.
现在，我们完成了这张思维导图的一个分支

Thank you for your attention. See you next class.
感谢你的聆听。下节课再见