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3.4 late-Republic 146-63BC
Hi guys this is the fourth part of Chapter Three, late-Republic
1. SPQR, this is the symbol of Roma
SPQR is an initialism of a phrase in Latin: "Senātus Populusque Rōmānus" meaning "The Senate and People of Rome", referring to the government of the Roman Republic. This signature first appeared during the Late Republic, and continued to be used in the Roman Empire. This is a standard of a Roman legion. On the top there is an eagle and below the eagle here is a flag of SPQR.
2. Crisis of the Roman Republic
By 146 BC the Romans not only conquered Carthage, it also conquered Macedonian and Greek mainland, Spain and southern Gaul. It was an Empire now across the whole Mediterranean area. But the Republic now was facing new crisis which lasted for more than 100 years.
3. Optimates
In the late Republic the society was highly hierarchical. On the top was a group of people called the optimates meaning "best ones", including 300 senators and magistrates. By the end of the Punic Wars, only people from the 25 patrician families could become consuls. Optimates represent the patricians. They wished to extend the power of the Senate, and limit the Plebeian Assembly and Plebeian Tribune. Patricians were the ruling class, with inherited wealth, political powers and their political connections were strengthened by patronage. Patronage was the relationship between a patron and their clients. Patron was a man of wealth and influence; he protected and sponsored his clients.
Populares.
On the other side another group of political leader represents the ordinary citizens particularly the urban poor. They wanted to strengthen the power of the Plebeian Assembly and Plebeian Tribune.
4. The reform of Gracchus brothers
The real winner of the military victory were the ruling class, they owned large amount of land. Ordinary citizens often lacked minimum amount of land to support their family. In 133 BC Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune, he was the first of the populares, political leaders represents the ordinary citizens’ interests. He proposed a law to limit the amount of land that any individual could own. This of cause was opposed by the patricians. His law was enacted, but he was murdered together with 300 supporters. That time his one year term was just finished, and he was appealing to the Plebian Assembly to elect him for a second term.
In 123 BC Tiberius Gracchus’s brother Gaius Gracchus was elected tribune. He tried to weaken the senate by giving the second elite of the society the equites or equestrians more political power. He also proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. Gaius was elected the second term, but when he failed to be elected for a third term, he and his 3,000 supporters were murdered by supporters of the senate.
5. The Jugurthine War started from 112 BC, it was a war between Rome and Jugurtha, king of Numidia. Numidia is a kingdom on the North African coast roughly present-day Algeria. Jugurtha bribed many Roman magistrates including consul and tribune. This reflected Rome's moral and ethical decline. The war dragged for five years until Gaius Marius.
6. Gaius Marius, was elected consul in 107 BC. Marius was a leader of the populares, a successful general and an ex plebeian tribune.
Facing the threats of Jugurtha to the south and the invasion of Celtic and Germanic barbarians to the north, Marius made a dramatic reform to raise the Roman army. Traditionally the qualification to be a Roman soldier is that he must own land and could provide his own arms and uniform. Marius ignored this, he allowed all Roman citizens to become soldiers, regardless of social class. He armed the poor citizens at public expense, and promised lands would be given as reward at the end of their military service. In return his soldiers became more loyal to him than to the Republic. Form this time Roman armies became personal armies. Leading his loyal army Marius quickly defeated Jugurtha. Jugurtha was captured and killed. Marius was elected consul all together seven times. There was a legend, when he was a young boy Marius once found an eagle's nest with seven chicks in it; it was a miracle because eagles hardly ever have more than three eggs. This was considered an omen predicting he would be elected consul for seven times. When he became consul he ordered the eagle to be the symbol of the Senate and People of Rome. Marius married Julia, the aunt of Julius Caesar.
7. Mithridatic War 89–63 BC and Sulla's first Civil wars 88- 87 BC
From 89–63 BC there was a Mithridatic War. Mithridatic War was fought between Romans and Mithridates, the king of Pontus, a kingdom in Asia Minor. In 88BC, Mithridates invaded the Roman province of Asia, and massacred nearly 80,000 Romans. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla was sent to fight Mithridates. But he soon back home and marched on Rome to fight Marius. Sulla was a quaestor of Marius when he was elected consul in 107 BC, quaestor is a magistrate, a financial administrator. Marius was a leader of the populares, representing Plebeians the common people; Sulla was a leader of the Optimates, representing power of Senate and patricians, the ruling class. The civil war was very bloody. Rome was occupied by Marius one time and by Sulla two times. Each time they executed many opponents and confiscated their property and give them to their supporters. Finally Sulla became the winner and he ruled as dictator from 82 to 79 BC. He doubled the number of senators to 600, and reduced the power of tribunes. And in 63 BC Mithridates was finally defeated by Pompey, another Roman general.
8. In 63 Cicero (106-43BC) was elected consul. Cicero was a "new man" from a wealthy family of the equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orator, lawyer, writer, political leader and philosopher. Cicero was influenced by Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic Philosophy. He was a devoted Stoic. In his work the republic and the laws he stated humans and god were bound together in a world governed not simply by might but by justice. The universe was rational and reason had to be the basic for society and its laws. Michael Grant said: "the influence of Cicero upon the history of European literature and ideas greatly exceeds that of any other prose writer in any language". Michael Grant is an English classicist (1914 – 2004), a classicist is someone who studies the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
During the civil wars and the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, Cicero tried to save the traditional republican government through the harmonious cooperation between the equestrians and the senators. When Caesar died, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony. He was declared an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and executed in 43 BC. Cicero told the soldier who was going to kill him: "There is nothing proper about what you are doing, soldier, but do try to kill me properly."
9. During his consulship Cicero thwarted a plot to assassinate him and overthrowing the Republic led by Lucius Catiline. Cicero declared a martial law and made four vehement speeches, called the Catiline Orations on the Senate floor to denounce Catiline and his followers and demanded them leave the city. These speeches remained best examples of Cicero’s rhetorical talent. Catiline is the one sitting there to the right, looks very desperate.
10. Slave uprising
Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three "Servile Wars", slave uprisings against the Roman Republic. The final one was led by gladiator Spartacus (c. 111–71 BC), a gladiator was a man who had to fight against other men or wild animals in order to entertain an audience. Under Republican law, an owner could abuse, injure or even kill their slaves, a slave was not considered a person, but property. Some slaves were trained in gladiator schools. In 73 BC, 70 gladiators escaped from a gladiator school in Capua; they chose Spartacus as a leader and defeated the Roman force sent to recapture them. Within two years, they became a strong army of 120,000 to 150,000 slave fighters including men, women and children. Roman Republic sent an army of eight legions led by Marcus Crassus. In 71 BC the revolt was totally suppressed.
11. Spartacus fought to death,
12. His 6,000 followers were captured and crucified along the road from Capua to Rome. Crucified means killed by being tied or nailed to a cross and left to die. From this event we can see how cruel and inhuman the Roman Republic was.
13 Let’s look at Key words: Optimates and Populares, Gracchus brothers, Gaius Marius, Sulla, Cicero.
This is the end of the fourth part of Chapter Three Late Republic.
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
Hi guys
This is the fourth part of Chapter Three
Late Republic
SPQR
This is the symbol of Rome
SPQR is an initialism
of a phrase in Latin
Senatus Populusque
Romanus meaning the Senate
and People of Rome
referring to the government
of the Roman Republic
This signature first appeared
during the Late Republic
and continued to be used
in the Roman Empire
This is a standard of a
Roman legion
On the top there is an eagle
And below the eagle there is a flag
of SPQR
By 146 BC
the Romans not only conquered Carthage
it also conquered
Macedonian and Greek mainland
Spain and southern Gaul
It was an Empire now across
the whole Mediterranean area
But the Republic now was
facing new crisis
which lasted for more than 100 years
In the late Republic the society
was highly hierarchical
On the top
was a group of people called the
Optimates
meaning best ones including 300
senators and magistrates
By the end of the Punic Wars
only people from 25
patrician families could become consuls
Optimates represent the patricians
They wished to extend
the power of the Senate
and limit the Plebeian Assembly
and Plebeian Tribune
Patricians were the ruling class
with inherited wealth political powers
and their political connections
were strengthened by patronage
Patronage was
the relationship between a patron
and their clients
Patron was a man of wealth and influence
He protected and sponsored his clients
Populares
On the other side
another group of political leader
represents the ordinary citizens
particularly the urban poor
They wanted to strengthen the power
of the Plebeian Assembly
and Plebeian Tribune
The reform of Gracchus brothers
The real winner
of the military victory
were the ruling class
They owned large amount of land
Ordinary citizens often lacked
minimum amount of land
to support their family
to support their family
In 133 BC
Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune
He was the first of the populares
political leaders
represent the ordinary
citizens interests
He proposed a law
to limit the amount of land
that any individual could own
This of cause was opposed
by the patricians
His law was enacted
but he was murdered together
with 300 supporters
That time
his one year term was just finished
and he was appealing to the
plebian assembly
to elect him for a second term
In 123 BC
Tiberius Gracchus’s brother
Gaius Gracchus
was elected tribune
He tried to weaken the senate
by giving the second elite
of the society the equites
or equestrians more political power
He also proposed a law
which would grant citizenship
rights to Rome’s Italian allies
Gaius was elected the second term
but when
he failed to be elected for a third term
he and his 3000 supporters
were murdered by
supporters of the senate
The Jugurthine War
started from 112 BC
It was a war between Rome and
Jugurtha king of Numidia
That is Numidia
A kingdom on the North African coast
roughly present day
Algeria
Jugurtha bribed
many Roman magistrates
including consul and tribune
This reflected Rome’s
moral and ethical decline
This war dragged for five years
until Gaius Marius
Gaius Marius was elected consul in
107 BC
Marius was a leader of the
populares
a successful general and an ex
plebeian tribune
Facing the threats
of Jugurtha to the south
and the invasion of Celtic and
Germanic barbarians to the north
Marius made a dramatic
reform to raise the Roman army
Traditionally the qualification
to be a Roman soldier is that
he must own land and could
provide his own arms and uniform
Marius ignored this
He allowed all Roman citizens
to become soldiers
regardless of the social class
He armed the poor citizens
at public expense
and promised lands
would be given as reward
at the end of their military service
In return his soldiers became more
loyal to him than to the Republic
Form this time
Roman armies became personal armies
Leading his loyal army
Marius quickly defeated Jugurtha
Jugurtha was captured and killed
Marius was elected consul
all together seven times
There was a legend
When he was a young boy
Marius once found
an eagle’s nest with seven chicks in it
It was a miracle
because eagles hardly
ever have more than three eggs
This was considered an omen
predicting he would be
elected consul for seven times
When he became consul
he ordered the eagle to be the symbol
of the Senate and People of Rome
Marius
married Julia the aunt of Julius Caesar
From 89 to 63 BC there was a
Mithridatic War
Mithridatic War was fought
between Romans and Mithridates
the king of Pontus
a kingdom in Asia Minor
In 88 BC
Mithridates invaded
the Roman province of Asia
and massacred nearly 80000 Romans
The Roman general Lucius
Cornelius Sulla
was sent to fight Mithridates
But he soon back home and marched
on Rome to fight Marius
Sulla was a quaestor of Marius
when Marius was elected consul
in 107 BC
Quaestor is a magistrate
a financial administrator
Marius was a leader of the populares
representing Plebeians the common people
Sulla was a leader of the Optimates
representing power
of Senate and patricians
the ruling class
The civil war was very bloody
Rome was occupied by Marius
one time and by Sulla two times
Each time they executed many opponents
and confiscated their property
and give them to their supporters
Finally Sulla became the winner
and he ruled as dictator
from 82 to 79 BC
He doubled the number of senators to 600
and reduced the power of tribunes
And in 63 BC
Mithridates was finally defeated
by Pompey
another Roman general
In 63 Cicero was elected consul
She cicero was a new man from
a wealthy family of the equestrian order
a wealthy family of the equestrian order
and he is considered one of Rome’s
greatest orator
lawyer writer political leader and
philosopher
She cicero was influenced by Stoicism
a school of Hellenistic Philosophy
He was a devoted Stoic
In his work the Republic and the Laws
he stated humans and god
were bound together in a world
governed not simply by might
but by justice
The universe was rational
and reason had to be the basic
for society and its laws
Michael Grant said
the influence of Cicero
upon the history of
European literature and ideas
greatly exceeds that of any
other prose writer in any language
Michael Grant is an English classicist
A classicist is someone
who studies the ancient Greek
and Roman civilization
During the civil wars and the
dictatorship of Julius Caesar
Cicero tried to save the traditional
republican government
through the harmonious cooperation
between the
equestrians and the senators
When Caesar died
Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony
He was declared an enemy of the state
by the Second Triumvirate
and executed in 43 BC
Cicero told the soldier
who was going to kill him
There is nothing proper about
what you are doing soldier
But do try to kill me properly
During his consulship Cicero
thwarted a plot to assassinate him
and overthrowing the Republic
by Lucius Catiline
Cicero declared a martial law
and made four vehement speeches
called the Catiline Orations
on the Senate floor to denounce
Catiline and his followers
and demanded them leave the city
These speeches remained best examples
of Cicero’s rhetorical talent
Catiline is the one sitting there to the right
looks very desperate
Between 135 BC to 71 BC
there were three Servile Wars
slave uprisings
against the Roman Republic
The final one was led by
gladiator Spartacus
A gladiator was a man
who had to fight against other men
or wild animals in order
to entertain an audience
Under Republican law
an owner could abuse
injure or even kill their slaves
A slave was not considered a person
but property
Some slaves were trained
in gladiator schools
In 73 BC 70 gladiators escaped
from a gladiator school in Capua
They chose
Spartacus as a leader
and defeated the Roman force
sent to recapture them
Within two years
they became a strong army
of 120000 to 150000 slave fighters
including men women and children
Roman Republic sent an army
of eight legions
led by Marcus Crassus
In 71 BC the revolt was
totally suppressed
Spartacus fought to death
His 6000 followers were captured
and crucified
along the road from Capua to Rome
Crucified means killed by being tied
or nailed to a cross and left to die
From this event
We can see how cruel and inhuman
the Roman Republic was
Let’s look at Key words
Optimates and Populares
Gracchus brothers
Gaius Marius
Sulla
Cicero
This is the end of the fourth
part of Chapter Three
Late Republic
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion