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6.5 French war of religion and Russia’s time of trouble
Hi! This is the last part of chapter 6:the French war of religion and Russia’s time of trouble.
1. French war of religion 1562-1598
In the history of Europe the deadliest religious war is the Thirty Years' War from 1618-1648, an international war took 8 million lives, we will talk about it the next chapter. The French war of religion is the second deadliest religious war in European history, 3 million people were killed. It is a France civil war between Catholics and Protestants between 1562 and 1598. We mentioned John Calvin had established the Calvinist church in Geneva. Calvinism was brought back to France, they were called Huguenots. At that time 10% of the French population was Huguenots.
2.Francis Ⅱ 1559-1560
King HenryⅡruled France from 1547 to 1559, he was killed in a jousting tournament, his 15 years old son Francis Ⅱ became a new king. Francis’s wife Mary was from the Guise family, a Catholic family. Mary’s two uncles soon controlled the power of the army and church. Their enemy was the House of Bourbon, leader of Huguenots. Francis Ⅱ belongs to the House of Valois, and House of Valois and House of Bourbon were two cadet branches of House of Capet.
Charles Ⅸ 1560-1574
In 1560 Prince of Condé from the house of Bourbon was sentenced to death for his involvement in a plot against the king and House of Guise. 5 days before his execution the king died. Another son of HenryⅡbecame a new king , called Charles Ⅸ from 1560 to 1574. He was only 10 years old. His mother, Henry’s widow Catherine de' Medici became the regent. A regent is a person who rules a country when the king or queen is unable to rule, for example because they are too young or too ill. Prince of Condé was released by Catherine as a move towards reconciliation between Catholic and Huguenots.
3. Civil War started
Both sides raised armies. In 1563 Duke of Guise Francis was assassinated by a Huguenot, and this added fuel to the flames. The Guises asked help from Spain, the Bourbons brought Swiss and German mercenaries. The war intensified. The leader of Bourbons was Henry Bourbon, king of Navarre, future king of France.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
In 1570 the queen mother and regent Catherine attempted another reconciliation by announcing a marriage between her daughter Margaret and Henry of Navarre. Bartholomew was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. 24 August 1572 was the St. Bartholomew's Day, a religious day, few days after the wedding of Margaret and Henry. This day the celebration turned into a massacre. Thousands of Huguenots who came to Paris for the wedding were killed. Henry of Navarre luckily fled.
4. Look at the horrible scene from the massacre
5. The War of three Henrys
Charles Ⅸ died in 1574, Henry III, another son of Henry II became king who ruled until 1589. His mother Catherine was still the regent. He was the last king of the House of Valois. Henry III didn’t like war and hunting, some historians believed he was a gay. One thing is certain he failed to produce a son. If he died the legitimate heir would be his distant cousin Henry, King of Navarre. But the Catholic League, led by Henry I, Duke of Guise, wanted the Catholic Cardinal Charles to be the next king. Now the religious war turned into a war of succession between three Henrys: Henry the king, Henry of Bourbon, leader of Huguenots and Henry the Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League,
In1588 Henry the king summoned Henry the Duke of Guise to his royal bedchamber and murdered him. The Catholic League declared open war against the King who fled Paris and joined forces with his cousin Henry of Navarre. The next year king Henry III was assassinated by a fanatic Catholic priest. There was only one Henry left who became the new king Henry IV
6. This is the assassination of Henry the Duke of Guise, and King Henry
7. Henry IV 1589-1610. One King two faiths
For a country with 90% population being Catholics, a Huguenot king is impossible. Henry soon converted into Catholic. He issued the Edict of Nantes. Edict is a command or order. The edict upheld Catholicism's position as the established religion of France but granted limited toleration to the Huguenots. He ended the war and brought peace to the country. In 1610 Henry IV was assassinated by a fanatic Catholic. Henry IV was the first monarch from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the house of Capet. House of Bourbon ruled France until 1792 the French Revolution overthrew the monarch.
8. Let’s look at the kings during the War of Religion.
At the beginning,HenryⅡwas the king and the queen called Catherine. HenryⅡ from the House of Valois, a cadet branch of the house of Capet. And they have their son FrancisⅡ,the king. And he married Mary, from house of Guise. And when FrancisⅡ died, CharlesⅨ became the new king. And when he died,the next king was Henry III. There are three Henry. First Henry is Queen Mary’s cousin from Guise.
The second is Henry the king and the third is the king’s distant cousin Henry from Bourbon. This is why we call the war of three Henrys
9. Revolt of the Netherlands
The second Spanish Habsburg king, Philip II, son of Charles V ruled from 1556 to 1598. That time the Spain was the greatest power in Europe. From 1568 Philip II faced a crisis, the Revolt of the Netherlands. Netherlands also called the Law Countries; it was the Spanish territory that time. There were two reasons for the revolt: resentment towards the Spanish authority and religious tension. Netherlands was the richest region in Europe, an international leader in manufacturing, banking and commerce. After the Protestant Reformation, Catholics and some protestant denominations peacefully coexisted there. Spain is a Catholic country. It had a strict religious policy and enforced it with the Inquisition. Spain couldn’t accept the existence of Protestants in their territory. From 1566 some Calvinists attacked Catholic churches; they broke stained glasses and statues of the Virgin Mary and the saints. Spanish army invaded Netherlands led by Duke of Alba. He established a military court which was called the "Council of Blood" because they executed many Protestants. The army pillaged many towns and slaughtered the entire population. In 1576 the mutinous Spanish troops sacked Antwerp, 7,000 people were slaughtered, and one third of the city was burned. This was called the "Spanish fury". Protestants were united under the leadership of Prince William of Orange to fight Spanish. They were supported by the protestant England under Queen Elisabeth. A fleet of 130 ships, called Spanish Armada were sent to the Netherlands but they were defeated by the English navy. In 1609 Spain and Netherlands signed the Twelve Years Truce which stopped the war and tacitly recognized the existence of Dutch Republic or United Provinces in the north of the Netherland. This new independent country soon became a great power in the 17th century. The Southern Netherlands still controlled by Spain.
10. Russia’s Time of Trouble 1598-1613
In 1585 Ivan the "Terrible", the first Tsar of Russia died. 4 year ago he killed his son Ivan Ivanovich in a fury. When he died his another son Feodor was crowned Tsar, he was the last ruler of the House of Rurik, Rurik Dynasty ruled from 882 to 1585. Feodor was half-witted, the real power controlled by his wife's brother Godunov as regent. Feodor died without a son. Russia turned into a time of trouble. Feodor’ young brother Dimitri, the legitimate successor was lost, maybe sent into exile or murdered by Godunov. Godunov was elected Tsar and ruled until his death in 1605. From 1601 to 1603 the country suffered from the worst famine in Russia’s history which killed two million people, a third of the population. There were many "Dimitri" appeared all claimed the real son of Ivan the "Terrible" and all protected by groups of boyars and their armies.
11. Polish–Russian War
Since 1569 Poland and Lithuania were united called the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1587 Sigismund III was elected to the crown. During Russia’s time of trouble, Sigismund led Polish army invaded Russia. He also had a false Dimitri who soon was assassinated. Polish army conquered Moscow and Sigismund proclaimed himself tsar. His greed of uniting the two countries made the Russian boyars united to save the country.
12. In 1613 Michael Romanov was elected tsar and by the help of Sweden he led Russians drove the poles away. He was the first tsar of the House of Romanov, Romanov dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on 15 March 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.
13. Now let’s look at the Key Words: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, the War of three Henrys, Revolt of the Netherlands, Russia’s time of trouble, Michael Romanov
14. Let’s look at the Questions from this chapter:
The first one: What is Renaissance Humanism? Give a brief introduction of the three great masters of the Italian High Renaissance.
And second: What caused the Protestant Reformation? What is Martin Luther’s Faith?
And third: Why Columbus changed the world, but Zheng He didn't?
This is the end of chapter 6.
返回《History of Western Civilization 全英文西方文明史》慕课在线视频列表
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion