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8.1. The United Kingdom
1. The United Kingdom is a sovereign country, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the UK or Britain. The UK is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II. The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries: England (the capital London), Scotland (the capital Edinburgh), Wales (the capital Cardiff), and Northern Ireland (the capital Belfast). The territory of the UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of Ireland and many smaller islands. The Great Britain is an island within the British Isles; the British Isles are a group of islands that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. The parliament of the United Kingdom meets in the Palace of Westminster and has two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords. The UK's head of government is the prime minister.
2. before the eighteenth century
Julius Caesar made two expeditions into Britain, since then the southern Great Britain was controlled by Romans as province of Britannia. In the early 5th century, Germanic Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic tribes conquered Britain. They called it England, meaning land of Angles. England was unified as a Kingdom in the 10th century. In 1066 William the Conqueror conquered England and became the first Norman King of England. House of Normandy ruled England from 1066 until 1135. Then the House of Plantagenet and its two cadet branches, the Houses of Lancaster and York ruled from 1154 until 1485. Within this time the Hundred Year’s War happened from 1346 to 1452. After the War of Roses from 1455 to 1485, Henry Tudor became the first king from The House of Tudor. This house ruled England, Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603 when Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died. Elizabeth’ cousin James I, King of Scotland became King of England and Ireland. The kingdoms of Scotland and England remained two individual sovereign states, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James I was the first king from the House of Stuart. After the Glorious Revolution in 1685, Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange and Mary were crowned King and Queen. In 1689 parliament passed the Declaration of Right which finally changed the country into a Constitutional monarchy.
3. Anne and the Treaty of Union
During the reign of Anne, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, the parliaments of England and Scotland passed the Acts of Union in 1706. The kingdoms of England and Scotland united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. Anne continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death in 1714. Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart which ruled the British Isles from James I in 1603 until the death of Queen Anne in 1714. Except for the period of the Commonwealth from 1649 to 1660 during the English Revolution. During her reign in 1704, England captured Gibraltar from Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession. It remained today as a British Overseas Territory. Gibraltar is located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula; it controls the entrance and exit to the Mediterranean Sea.
4. House of Hanover
When Ann died in 1714, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover. George’s mother was granddaughter of James I, George’s father was the ruler of Duchy and Electorate of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire. Thus George I was both King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover until his death in 1727. House of Hanover originally from Germany, they ruled Great Britain from 1714 until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. After that the House of Windsor ruled the country until now, the current Queen Elizabeth II belong to the House of Windsor.
George I was not popular among Britons because he paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans. His son George II (1727–1760), by the help of Sir Robert Walpole, built up the First British Empire, strengthening the colonies in the Caribbean and North America.
5. Political parties
Political parties initially developed in the late seventeenth century. James Ⅱ became king from 1685 and he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Those who opposed James Ⅱ because he was a Catholic were called Whigs meaning Scottish horse thieves. Those supported James and the Anglican Church were called Tories meaning Irish cattle rustlers, rustler means stealer. Whigs supported George I to be the king and Tories opposed it, thus Whigs were supported by the king. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715 and remained totally dominant until King George III coming to the throne in 1760. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole.
Sir Robert Walpole was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain. He holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history, served George I then George II from 1721 to 1742. He was a great orator; his speech was passionate, reasonable and persuasive. He was confident and tried to be moderate. His policies for peace, lower taxes and growing exports and allowing a little more tolerance for Protestants attracted moderates from both parties. George II offered 10 Downing Street to Walpole as a personal gift in 1732; it still remained as the official residence of the Prime Minister. This is 10 Downing Street and the current Prime Minister Theresa May.
6. George III (1760–1820) was the grandson of George II. He never visited Hanover, and spoke English as his first language. He was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 1760 until the union of the two countries in 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820. During his reign, Britain won the Seven Years' War but lost its Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolutionary War in 1783.
The Seven Years' War was a global war fought between 1756 and 1763. Some historians called it the "World War Zero" because it was similar to other two world wars in scale. It involved every European great power and spanned five continents. It was fought by two coalitions. One led by Great Britain including Prussia, Portugal and other small German states. The other side led by the Kingdom of France including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Spain and the Swedish Empire. Conflict between Great Britain and France broke when the British attacked disputed French positions in North America. In Europe Prussia pre-emptively struck Saxony and this angered Austria. Austria wanted to retake Silesia which had been lost to Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession. Austria allied with France and declared war on Prussia. The war ended with the victory of the Great Britain.
7. In North America, Britain won full control of Canada. France lost the large territory New France to Britain. Britain also got Florida from Spain. The British victory over France in the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's dominant colonial power.so you can see this part formally belongs to France now belongs to UK and also Florida
8. Pax Britannica 1815-1914 is a Latin term for "British Peace", modelled after Pax Romana. It was a period about hundred years from the early 19th to the early 20th century, a period of relative peace between the Great Powers during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force. It may be a "British Peace", but it was a bloody disastrous time to India and China and many countries they conquered and colonized. The First and the Second Opium War all happened during this time.
The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 1837 until her death in 1901.Victoria was called "the grandmother of Europe" because her nine children married into royal and noble families across Europe. This era saw the Britain imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa. The British Empire became the largest empire in history. National self-confidence peaked.
9. Charles Dickens1812 – 1870, was the greatest novelist of the Victorian era, known for Oliver Twist, Hard Times, Great Expectations and many other novels. His best-known historical fiction A Tale of Two Cities set in London and Paris. Let’s read the opening sentence: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way……
Charles Darwin, 1809 –1882) was the greatest scientist in the Victorian era. He was a naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution explained in His book On the Origin of Species that was published in 1859.
10. British Empire
After the independence of the United States, Great Britain turned to conquer and colonize Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. It became the largest empire in history. By the early of the 20th century it ruled 23% of the world population, 24% of the Earth's total land area. It was called "the empire on which the sun never sets" because as an empire around the globe the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories. But remember one thing: the great power, the great glory and great prosperity of this empire was based on the great suffering, death and blood of the people they conquered and colonized.
11. British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921. From this map, we can see the British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921.
12. Key words: Now let’s look at the key words from this part: Whigs and Tories, House of Hanover, Sir Robert Walpole, the Seven Years' War, The Victorian era , Pax Britannica.
This is the end of the first part of the Eighteenth century. Now we finish the first part of Chapter 8.
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Hi everybody
Now we start Chapter 8
West in the eighteenth century
8.1 The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom
is a sovereign country
officially the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
commonly known as the UK or Britain
The UK is a unitary
parliamentary democracy
and constitutional monarchy
The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II
The United Kingdom consists
of four constituent countries
England the capital London
Scotland the capital Edinburgh
Wales the capital Cardiff
and Northern Ireland the capital Belfast
The territory of the UK includes
the island of Great Britain
the north-eastern part of Ireland
and many smaller islands
The Great Britain is an island
within the British Isles
the British Isles are a group of islands
that consist of the islands of
Great Britain
Ireland the Isle of Man
and over six thousand smaller isles
The parliament of the United Kingdom
meets in the Palace of Westminster
and has two houses
an elected House of Commons
and an appointed House of Lords
The UK's head of government
is the prime minister
Before the eighteenth century
Julius Caesar made two
expeditions into Britain
Since then the southern Great Britain
was controlled by Romans as
province of Britannia
In the early 5th century
Germanic Anglo-Saxons
and other Germanic tribes
conquered Britain
They called it England meaning
land of Angles
England was unified as a
Kingdom in the 10th century
In 1066 William the
Conqueror conquered England
and became the first
Norman King of England
House of Normandy ruled
England from 1066 until 1135
Then the House of Plantagenet
and its two cadet branches
the Houses of Lancaster and
York ruled from 1154 until 1485
Within this time the
Hundred Year’s War happened
from 1346 to 1452
After the War of Roses
from 1455 to1485
Henry Tudor became the first king
from The House of Tudor
This house ruled
England Wales and Ireland
from 1485 until 1603 when
Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died
Elizabeth’ cousin
James I King of Scotland
became King of England and Ireland
The kingdoms of Scotland and England
remained two individual sovereign states
though both were ruled by
James in personal union
James I was the first king
from the House of Stuart
After the Glorious Revolution in 1685
Dutch stadtholder William III
Prince of Orange and Mary
were crowned King and Queen
In 1689 parliament passed
Declaration of Right
which finally changed the country
into a Constitutional monarchy
During the reign of Anne
Queen of England Scotland
and Ireland
The parliaments of England
and Scotland
passed the Acts of Union in 1706
The kingdoms of England and Scotland
united as a single sovereign state
known as Great Britain
Anne continued to reign as Queen
of Great Britain and Ireland
until her death in 1714
Anne was the last monarch
of the House of Stuart
which ruled the British Isles
from James I in 1603
until the death of Queen Anne in 1714
Except for the period
of the Commonwealth
from 1649 to 1660 during the
English Revolution
During her reign in 1704
England captured Gibraltar from Spain
during the War of the Spanish Succession
It remained today as a
British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar is located at the southern tip
of the Iberian Peninsula
It controls the entrance
and exit to the Mediterranean Sea
When Ann died in 1714
she was succeeded by her second cousin
George I of the House of Hanover
George’s mother was
granddaughter of James I
George’s father was the ruler of Duchy
and Electorate of Hanover
in the Holy Roman Empire
Thus George I was both King
of Great Britain and Ireland
and Elector of Hanover
until his death in 1727
House of Hanover
originally from Germany
They ruled Great Britain from 1714
until the death of
Queen Victoria in 1901
After that the House of Windsor
ruled the country until now
The current Queen Elizabeth II
belong to the House of Windsor
George I was not popular among Britons
because he paid more attention to Hanover
and surrounded himself with Germans
His son George II
by the help of Sir Robert Walpole
built up the First British Empire
strengthening the colonies
in the Caribbean and North America
Political parties initially developed
In the late seventeenth century
James II became king from 1685
And he was deposed in the
Glorious Revolution in 1688
Those who opposed James II
because he was a Catholic
were called Whigs meaning
Scottish horse thieves
Those supported James and
the Anglican Church
were called Tories meaning
Irish cattle rustlers
Rustler means stealer
Whigs supported George I
to be the king
and Tories opposed it
Thus Whigs were supported
by the king
The Whigs took full control
of the government in 1715
and remained totally dominant
until King George III
coming to the throne in 1760
The first great leader of the Whigs
was Robert Walpole
Sir Robert Walpole
was a British statesman
who is generally regarded
as the de facto first
Prime Minister of Great Britain
He holds the record
as the longest-serving
British prime minister in history
served George I then George II
from 1721 to 1742
He was a great orator
His speech was passionate
reasonable and persuasive
He was confident and tried to be moderate
His policies for peace lower taxes
and growing exports
and allowing a little more
tolerance for Protestants
attracted moderates from both parties
George II offered 10
Downing Street to Walpole
as a personal gift in 1732
It still remained as the official residence
of the Prime Minister
This is 10 Downing Street
and the current Prime Minister
Theresa May
George III was the grandson of George II
He never visited Hanover
and spoke English as his first language
He was King of Great Britain
and King of Ireland
from 1760 until the union
of the two countries in 1801
after which he was King
of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland
until his death in 1820
During his reign
Britain won the Seven Years' War
but lost its Thirteen Colonies
in the American Revolutionary War in 1783
The Seven Years' War was a global war
fought between 1756 and 1763
Some historians called it the World War Zero
because it was similar to
other two world wars in scale
It involved every European great power
and spanned five continents
It was fought by two coalitions
One led by Great Britain including Prussia
Portugal and other smaller
German states
The other side led by the
Kingdom of France
Including the Austrian-led
Holy Roman Empire
the Russian Empire
Spain and the Swedish Empire
Conflict between Great Britain and France
Broke when the British attacked
disputed French positions in North America
In Europe Prussia pre-emptively
struck Saxony
and this angered Austria
Austria wanted to retake Silesia
which had been lost to Prussia
in the War of the Austrian Succession
Austria allied with France
and declared war on Prussia
The war ended with the victory
of the Great Britain
In North America Britain won
full control of Canada
France lost the large territory
New France to Britain
Britain also got Florida from Spain
The British victory over France
in the Seven Years' War
therefore left Britain as the world's
dominant colonial power
So you can see this part
formally belongs to
France now belongs to UK
and also Florida
Pax Britannica is a
Latin term for British Peace
modelled after Pax Romana
It was a period about hundred years
from the early 19th
to the early 20th century
a period of relative peace
between the Great Powers
during which the British Empire
became the global hegemonic power
and adopted the role as a global police force
It may be a British Peace
but it was a bloody
disastrous time to India
and China and many countries
they conquered and colonized
The First and the Second Opium War
all happened during this time
The Victorian era was the period
of Queen Victoria's reign
from 1837 until her death in 1901
Victoria was called the
Grandmother of Europe
because her nine children married into
royal and noble families across Europe
This era saw the Britain imperial expansion
particularly in Asia and Africa
The British Empire
became the largest empire in history
National self-confidence peaked
Charles Dickens was the greatest novelist
of the Victorian era
known for Oliver Twist
Hard Times
Great Expectations and many other novels
His best-known historical fiction
A Tale of Two
Cities set in London and Paris
Let’s read the opening sentence
It was the best of times
It was the worst of times
It was the age of wisdom
It was the age of foolishness
It was the epoch of belief
It was the epoch of incredulity
It was the season of Light
It was the season of Darkness
It was the spring of hope
It was the winter of despair
We had everything before us
We had nothing before us
We were all going direct to Heaven
We were all going direct the other way
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was
the greatest scientist in the Victorian era
He was a naturalist
geologist and biologist
best known for his contributions
to the science of evolution
explained in his book
On the Origin of Species
that was published in 1859
After the independence
of the United States
Great Britain turned to conquer
and colonize Asia Africa and the Pacific
After the defeat of France
In the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Britain emerged as the principal naval
and imperial power of the 19th century
It became the largest empire in history
By the early of the 20th century
it ruled 23% of the world population
24% of the Earth's total land area
It was called the empire
on which the sun never sets
Because as an empire
around the globe
the sun was always shining on
at least one of its territories
But remember one thing
the great power the great glory
and great prosperity of this empire
was based on the great
suffering death and blood
of the people they
conquered and colonized
From this map
we can see the British Empire
at its territorial peak in 1921
Now let’s look at the
key words from this part
Whigs and Tories
House of Hanover
Sir Robert Walpole
The Seven Years' War
The Victorian era
Pax Britannica
This is the end of the first part
of the Eighteenth century
Now we finish the first part of Chapter 8
-1.0 Introduction
--1.0.3 Exercises
-1.1 Greek Bronze Age and Dark Age
--1.1.3 Exercises
-1.2 Greek Gods
--1.2.3 Exercises
-1.3 Archaic Greece
--1.3.3 Exercises
-1.4 Athens and the Persian Wars
--1.4.3 Exercises
-1.5 Discussion
-2.1 War and politics in the fifth century BC
--2.1.3 Exercises
-2.2 Greece in the fourth century BC
--2.2.3 Exercises
-2.3 Classical Greek Philosophy
--2.3.3 Exercises
-2.4 Athenian Drama
--2.4.3 Exercises
-2.5 Alexander the Great and Hellenistic World
--2.5.3 Exercises
-2.6 Discussion
-3.1 Roman Kingdom
--3.1.3 Exercises
-3.2 Early Republic
--3.2.3 Exercises
-3.3 Mid-Republic
--3.3.3 Exercises
-3.4 Late-Republic
--3.4.3 Exercises
-3.5 End of the Republic
--3.5.3 Exercises
-3.6 Discussion
-4.1 Pax Romana 1
--4.1.3 Excecises
-4.2 Pax Romana 2
--4.2.3 Excecises
-4.3 Crisis of the Third Century and Constantine
--4.3.3 Excecises
-4.4 The Victory of Christianity
--4.4.3 Exercises
-4.5 The Fall of the Roman Empire
--4.5.3 Exercises
-4.6 Discussion
-5.1 Early Middle Ages
--5.1.3 Excecises
-5.2 Carolingian Dynasty
--5.2.3 Excecises
-5.3 High Middle Ages
--5.3.3 Excecises
-5.4 Late Middle Ages 1
--5.4.1 Excecises
-5.5 Late Middle Ages 2
--5.5.3 Excecises
-5.6 Discussion
-6.1 The Renaissance
--6.1.3 Exercises
-6.2 Protestant Reformation
--6.2.3 Exercises
-6.3 Italian Wars and Rise of Russia
--6.3.3 Exercises
-6.4 Age of Discovery
--6.4.3 Exercises
-6.5 French War of Religion and Russia’s Time of Trouble
--6.5.3 Exercises
-6.6 Discussion
-7.1 The Thirty Years War
--7.1.3 Exercises
-7.2 English Revolution
--7.2.3 Exercises
-7.3 Three Absolute Monarchs
--7.3.3 Exercises
-7.4 Dutch Golden Age
--7.4.3 Exercises
-7.5 Science and Culture in the 17th Century
--7.5 Text
--7.5.3 Exercises
-7.6 Discussion
-8.1 The United Kingdom
--8.1.3 Exercises
-8.2 The American Revolution
--8.2.3 Exercises
-8.3 The French Revolution
--8.3.3 Exercises
-8.4 Age of Enlightenment
--8.4.3 Exercises
-8.5 West after the 18th century
--8.5.3 Exercises
-8.6 Discussion